纹唇红色反色后的图片:研析短文改错，探秘备考策略--车应森

研析短文改错，探秘备考策略　

本文已被北京光明日报主办的《考试》杂志（英语版）2009年第8期、杭州《英语画刊》2009年第10期刊登。

研析短文改错，探秘备考策略
   高考试卷中“短文改错”题所涉及的考查点看似零乱，但若将近年的高考试题进行对比就不难发现该题型的常考点及命题规律，本文将最近三年（2007～2009）高考试题中的“短文改错”进行分析纵向和横向对照，归纳出在高中学习及备考阶段考生应重点把握的几个方面，从而提高复习的针对性和效率。文中涉及的四大方面也是书面表达中考生最容易出错之处，从这个意义上说，对“短文改错”的关注也就是对“书面表达”关注，这样就能提高写作能力。

考点扫描
第一部分 词法
一、动词
-----谓语
1、 上下文中时态不一致。
主要表现为短文中某个句子的谓语时态和整个语篇中的时态不一致。例：
①、(2009全国卷I) The Sichuan Restaurant and the old fish shop across the street from our middle school were gone. There exists now a park that has a small river running. (are)
解析：整个语篇的中心时态为现在时，故需将were改为are。
②、(2009重庆卷) I’m glad to know that you had an interest in Chinese food. (have)
③、(2009全国卷II) I mean to give it back to you before four in the afternoon, but I was held up on my way back. (meant)
④、(2009四川卷) “Don’t touch me!” he cries. “I’m on disability pay! I don’t want to be a normal person.” (cried)
⑤、(2009辽宁卷) My father was pleased when I showed him the money a month later. He gives me the other fifty. (gave)
⑥、(2009浙江卷) I stood there and couldn’t believe that a complete stranger is so thoughtful. (was)
2、 时态使用错误。
主要表现为某个句子中的谓语动词时态构成错误和不符合语境要求。例：
①、(2009重庆卷)…, because each has a delicious taste and∧good for health. (is)
②、(2009四川卷) The angel touched his back, and he had recovered.( had)
③、(2009宁夏/海南卷) I remember asking for a room as far away from the lifts as possible and they find me a comfortable one on the second floor.(found)
3、 主谓不一致。
主要考查主语和谓语动词在单复数上需保持一致，通常遵循“单对单，复对复”的原则，即“单数主语对单数谓语，复数主语对复数谓语。”例：
①、(2009全国卷I) There exist now a park that has a small river running through. (exists)
②、(2009重庆卷) For example, Shanghai food, a little bit sweet, differ from Sichuan food that is rather hot. (differs)
③、(2009全国卷II) When I got back, it were already 6 pm.(was)
-----非谓语
1、 动名词
主要表现为特定动词、介词后及固定搭配中要接-ing形式。例：
①、(2009重庆卷) I’m looking forward to meet you here so that I can tell you more about Chinese food at table. (meeting)
②、(2009陕西卷) He is not losing any time from school because he is busy study what he has missed in class. (studying)
③、(2009浙江卷) It was a lesson to us that it was possible to give without expect anything in return. (expecting)
2、 不定式
主要从动词不定式在句中所充当的成分、表达的意义及固定搭配加以考查。例:
①、(2009全国卷I) I find that the neighborhood which I used to living in has changed a lot. (live)
②、(2009陕西卷) He was walking to school the other day when he let a bicycle ran right into him.(run)
③、(2009全国卷II) So I helped them going to the nearest hospital. (go)
④、(2009浙江卷) It was a lesson to us that it was possible∧give without expecting anything in return. (to)
3、 分词
重点考查分词作定语、表语、状语和补语时在语境中的语意及现在分词和过去分词的区别。例：
(2009陕西卷) My classmate, Joseph, is at present in hospital with a breaking leg.(broken)
解析：“一条断了的腿”应为：a broken leg。
-----语态
  主要考查主动语态和被动语态的正确使用以及被动语态的构成。例：
①、(2009全国卷I) The market at the corner of Friendship Street and Xinhua Road has been given way to a supermarket. (been)
②、(2009全国卷II) I meant to give it back to you before four in the afternoon, but I was hold up on my way back. (held)
二、名词
  主要考查可数名词单复数的正确使用，就英语句子中的单数可数名词而言，究竟是在其前加限定词还是将其变为复数形式，这取决于特定的语境及语意表达需要。例：
①、(2009全国卷I)…and∧sports centre has been built in their place. (a)
②、(2009重庆卷) Since the restaurant in China usually serves special dish of different areas, you can…(dishes)
③、(2009陕西卷) Some friends of his go to see him every day, and they take him lots of good book and fresh fruit. (books)
④、(2009全国卷II) I stayed there for one and a half hour and made sure that the girl was all right. (hours)
⑤、(2009四川卷) The second man pointed to his glass and asked if the angel could cure his poor eyesight. (glasses)
⑥、(2009宁夏/海南卷) There are two girls from my course here and I plan to make friend with them…(friends)
⑦、(2009辽宁卷) When I was in high school, most of my friend had bicycles.(friends)
⑧、(2009浙江卷) One rainy day while I was walking home with one of my friend, a truck came to a stop beside us. (friends)

三、冠词
    主要考查不定冠词表泛指，定冠词表特指，零冠词及固定搭配用法。例：
-----漏用
①、(2009全国卷II) Just before I turned∧corner of Park Street, I happened to see an accident.(the)
②、(2009宁夏/海南卷) I remember asking for a room as far away from the lifts as possible and they found me a comfortable one on∧second floor. (the)
-----误用
①、(2009四川卷) Three men were fishing when the angel appeared in the boat with them. (an)
②、(2009浙江卷) The driver put the window down and offered us a umbrella because he found we were wet through.(an)
-----多余
①、(2009重庆卷) However, every kind of the Chinese food is worth trying, … (the)
②、(2009陕西卷) He never watches where he is going, so he often gets into the trouble. (the)
四、形容词和副词
主要考查形容词和副词在句中的句法功能（形容词在句中常作名词的前置定语或在系动词后作表语；副词在句中常修饰动词或动词短语作状语。），同时也会涉及形容词和副词的辨析及等级变化的正确使用。例：
-----句法功能错误
①、(2009重庆卷) The food in one area can be easy told from that in another. (easily)
②、(2009陕西卷) He has a comfortable room, patiently nurses, and a great deal of time to read. (patient)
③、(2009四川卷) “I’m on disability pay! I don’t want to be a normally person.” (normal)
④、(2009宁夏/海南卷) Everyone else seems very nice and warmly here. (warm)
⑤、(2009浙江卷) The man insisted, so I grateful accepted the offer,… (gratefully)
-----混淆形容词和副词
①、(2009全国卷II) I stayed here for one and a half hours and made sure that the girl was all
right. (there)
②、(2009辽宁卷) My father was pleased when I showed him the money a month after. (later)
-----等级使用错误
①、(2009全国卷I) The Sichuan Restaurant and the older fish shop across the street from our middle school are gone. (old)
②、(2009陕西卷) The doctor says he is recovering fast than expected and will be out of hospital in a few weeks.(faster) 
-----形容词、副词多余
(2009辽宁卷) You can imagine how much happy I was when I rode to school on my own bicycle. (much)
五、代词
-----考查语境中代词是否一致
①、(2009全国卷1) The factory at the corner of Friendship Street and Zhongshan Road has been moved out of the city, and a sports centre has been built in their place. (its)
②、(2009重庆卷) I’m glad to know that you have an interest in Chinese food. Here I’d like to tell you something about them.(it)
③、(2009四川卷) The second man pointed to his glasses and asked if the angel could cure her poor eyesight.(his)
④、(2009辽宁卷) But he said he could only give me half of the money. He should find the other half myself.( I )
-----代词使用错误
①、(2009宁夏/海南卷) I’m glad to say that anything has worked out fine in the dorm. (everything)
②、(2009辽宁卷) When I was in high school, most of my friends had bicycles. I hoped I could also have it. (one)
③、(2009浙江卷) This man might need the umbrella himself, but he preferred to give it to everyone else. (someone/somebody)
④、(2009宁夏/海南卷)I’m going to attend mine first lesson this morning,….(my)
六、介词
-----误用
(2009浙江卷) One rainy day while I was walking home with one of my friends, a truck came to a stop besides us. (beside)
-----漏用
(2009陕西卷) The doctor says he is recovering faster than expected and will be out of hospital∧a few weeks. (in/within)
-----多余
①、(2009全国卷II) I’m sorry that I wasn’t able to return to your bike on time yesterday. (to)
②、(2009浙江卷) I stood there and couldn’t believe in that a complete stranger was so thoughtful.
(in)
③、(2009宁夏/海南卷)Well, I had better to stop now. (to)
第二部分 句法
“三大从句”
主要考查定语从句中的关系词、状语从句中的关联词和名词性从句中连词的正确使用。例：
-----定语从句
①、(2009四川卷) The angel then turned to the third man, ∧threw up his hands in fear. (who)
②、(2009辽宁卷) One day I saw a second-hand bicycle, that was only one hundred yuan.(which)
-----状语从句
①、(2009重庆卷)…, you can enjoy various Chinese foods whenever you are. (wherever)
②、(2009辽宁卷) My father was pleased if I showed him the money a month later. (when)
-----名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句）
(2009宁夏/海南卷)No lectures this morning so I think I’d email you and let you know what things are going. (how)
第三部分 逻辑关系
主要考查并列句中连词and, but, so, or, yet, for等以及句子中副词however, besides, therefore等的正确使用；偶尔也考查对语篇中语意的理解（主要表现为对语境中肯定语意和否定语意的判断，即：是添加还是删除表示否定的副词如not或never等。）。例：
①、(2009全国卷I) Besides the bookstore next to our middle school is still there. (But)
②、(2009全国卷II) I meant to give it back to you before four in the afternoon, and I was held up on my way back. (but)
③、(2009四川卷) The angel touched his eyes,  but he could see everything clearly. (and)
④、(2009浙江卷) This man might need the umbrella himself, and he preferred to give it to someone else. (but)
⑤、（2009陕西卷）Some friends of his go to see him every day, ∧they take him lots of good books and fresh fruit. (and)
⑥、(2009宁夏/海南卷)I’m going to attend my first lesson this morning, for I’ve got some preparation to make. (so)
第四部分 搭配
  该部分考查范围较宽，涉及所有词类（尤其是动词、名词、形容词及副词等与小品词的搭配）、各种惯用法及固定搭配。例：
①、(2009全国卷I) After five years away in my hometown, I find that the neighborhood which I used to live in has changed a lot. (from)
②、（2009重庆卷）Chinese food is famous with its wide variety. (for)
③、(2009四川卷) “I’ve suffered by back pain for years. Can you help me?” (from)
④、(2009宁夏/海南卷) There are two girls from my course here and I plan to make friends with them so that we can help each other on the course work. (with)
⑤、(2009辽宁卷) I asked my father∧the money. (for)