黄壳sn5w30机油怎么样:可能低估了十几岁女孩对别人的性侵犯

可能低估了十几岁女孩对别人的性侵犯

Stephanie Pappas, LiveScience Senior Writer

斯蒂芬妮·帕帕斯（Stephanie Pappas），《生活科学》的资深作家

Date: 15 December 2011 Time: 11:13 AM ET

日期：2011年12月15日,  时间：美国东部时间上午11:13

Male victims of female abusers likely underreport sexual coercion, a new study finds.

一项新的研究发现，我们很可能低估了女性对男性受害者的性要胁。

CREDIT: Shutterstock 

提供者：图片素材库

Teenage girls who admit to sexually abusing others are more likely to indulge in victim-blaming and to be preoccupied by sex than their peers who aren’t sexual offenders, a new study finds.

一项新的研究发现，承认犯有性侵犯的未成年少女，有可能容易沉湎于谴责受害者，同没有性犯罪的同龄人相比，她们更全神贯注于色情。

The findings are similar to what is seen in men, researchers report in the December issue of The Journal of Sexual Medicine.

有关的研究人员在《性医学杂志》12月份期刊上报道说，对女性的调查结果与男性相似。

Female sex offenders are less common than male sex offenders, but women who sexually abuse are under-studied, said lead researcher Cecilia Kjellgren of the department of child and adolescent psychiatry at Lund University.

瑞典隆德大学儿童和青少年精神科的首席研究员，塞西莉亚·谢尔格伦（Cecilia Kjellgren）说，女性的性犯罪者相对男性的性罪犯者来说，比较少见，可是女性对别人的性侵犯还在研究之中。

"People have a tendency to neglect the fact of females who sexually offend," Kjellgren told LiveScience. "Young people who have been sexually abused by a female, they don't get the same attention." [6 Gender Myths Busted] 

“人们有一种倾向，往往忽视女性对他人性骚扰的事实，” 谢尔格伦对《生活科学》说。 “年轻人受到女性的性侵犯，他们没有得到与女性受到男性性侵犯同样的重视。 ” [ 6个性别神话的坍塌]

Studying sexual offenses

对性犯罪的研究

Kjellgren and her colleagues wanted to move beyond the small, clinical samples of female sexual offenders that have been the main source of information about this group. In 2003 and 2004, they surveyed third-year high-school students in cities in Norway and Sweden, gathering anonymous responses from 5,059 young women between the ages of 17 and 20.

谢尔格伦和她的同事们想要跨过已成为这一群体信息主要来源的女性性犯罪者微小的临床样本。她们在2003~2004年，调查了挪威和瑞典的城市里高中三年级的学生，收集了其中包括有17到20岁之间的5059名年轻女性的匿名反应。

The students completed the surveys during school hours, answering questions about alcohol consumption, drug use, sexual behavior, their relationships with their parents and certain attitudes, including their acceptance of gender stereotypes and their belief in "rape myths." Rape myths are common but false beliefs about rape, Kjellgren said, such as "many guys think sex is more exciting if the girl resists his advances," and "a girl who follows a guy home after the first date implies that she is willing to have sex."

学生们于在校时间内完成了的她们提供的问卷调查，回答了有关饮酒、使用药物、性行为、同父母的关系，以及对某些问题的态度，包括他们所能接受的性别角色定型，以及对“强奸神话”的信念等。强奸神话是很大家都知道的，可是对强奸有着各种各样的错误想法， 谢尔格伦说，比如“很多小伙子认为如果少女抗拒他们的性要求时，那么这时所发生的性行为更能使人兴奋” 以及 “一个女孩在第一次约会后就跟随一个小伙子回家，意味着她愿意同他发生性关系。” 

The students also reported whether they had "ever talked someone into, used pressure or forced somebody to masturbate them, have oral or anal sex, or sexual intercourse." This was defined as coercive sex, which falls under the umbrella of sexual abuse. Gender of the victim was not specified.

学生们还报告了他们是否“曾经与人谈到过，使用压力或强迫别人为他们手淫，是否有过口交、肛交或性交。” 这些都可以规定为强制性的性交，已经陷入了性侵犯的范围。受害人的性别没有规定。

Sexual coercion

性要胁

Of the 4,363 female students who completed enough of the survey to be included in the study, 0.8 percent admitted to coercing someone into sexual activity. Only the Swedish data allowed a gender-to-gender comparison, Kjellgren said. In the Swedish subset, of the 124 students who said they'd coerced someone sexually, 23 were female and 101 were male.

在全面完整地回答书面调查研究的4363名女生中，有0.8％的人承认曾经强迫别人与她们进行过性活动。仅有瑞典的数据允许对两种性别之间作了比较， 谢尔格伦说。在瑞典的调查子集里，有124名学生承认曾经强迫别人与他们发生性关系，其有23名为女性，101名为男性。

Among those teens, "females constitute one-fifth of the total of sexually coercive young people," Kjellgren said. That number was higher than seen in studies on sexual abuse incidents reported to the police or social services, she said, where women make up about 1 percent of sex offenders.

在这些青少年中， “女性在构成性要胁的年轻人的总数中占了五分之一， ” 谢尔格伦说。这个数字大大高于警察或社会服务机构关于性侵犯事件的研究报告，她说，在这些报告中，妇女的性罪犯大约只占1％。

"It's really a small tip of the iceberg that is reported to authorities," Kjellgren said.

谢尔格伦说，“事实上，这仅仅是报告给官方的冰山的小小一角而已。”

The researchers compared the characteristics of the sex offender females with those of girls who had nonsexual behavior problems, such as aggressive behavior, to find out whether there were any risk factors specific to sex offenses. Several turned up.

研究人员比较了那些性犯罪者的女孩同那些没有性行为问题的女孩的特征，如攻击行为，以寻求是否存在着任何针对性罪犯的危险因素。他们找到了几个。

For both young men and women, those who reported more preoccupation with sex and sexual thoughts were more likely to have coerced someone sexually, the researchers found. Another risk factor was acceptance of rape myths — even though those myths typically cast men as aggressors and women as victims. Kjellgren suspects that the victim-blaming inherent in these myths helps justify sexual coercion no matter the genders.

研究人员发现，对于男女青少年，报告说他们更专注于性欲和性幻想的那些人，就更有可能强制与他人进行性行为。另一个危险因素是接受强奸神话——尽管这些神话通常把男人设想为侵略者，而把妇女看做受害者。 谢尔格伦怀疑，这些神话里面所内部固有的对受害者的谴责，不管是什么性别，都有助于证明强迫的性行为是正当的。

"When you do something wrong, you turn to excuses," she said. "Those rape myths work for you in a sense. They help you find excuses."

“当你做错了事，你就转向去找借口，” 她说。 “那些强奸神话在某种意义上正在为你效劳，它们帮助你找寻借口。”

Violent pornography

暴力的色情文学

Having friends who watched a lot of violent pornography was also associated with being a female sex offender, Kjellgren found, though the girls' own rates of watching violent porn was not. That could be because the girls are hiding their own porn-viewing habits under the veil of their friends, Kjellgren said.

有观看很多暴力色情书刊、影视的朋友，也与女性的性罪犯有关，谢尔格伦发现，虽然还没有获得看暴力色情文学女孩的比例。这可能是由于女孩具有以她们的朋友为借口来隐藏自己观看色情书刊、影视的习惯, 谢尔格伦说。

"It's easier to tell on the questionnaire when it comes to friends, not to yourself," she said.

“在问卷调查里，更容易谈到的是朋友，而不是她们自己，” 她说。

The study doesn't prove, however, that violent porn in a social circle causes sexual assault, as there are too many variables to be sure of such a connection. For one thing, porn-watching was common across all young people, Kjellgren said, not just behaviorally troubled youth.

然而，这项研究并不能证明暴力的色情描写会在社交圈里导致性侵犯，因为，要肯定这两者之间的联系，还有太多的变数。首先，几乎所有的年轻人都观看过色情文学， 谢尔格伦说，不仅只是那些有行为有困扰的年轻人。

"It could be different factors all influenced by each other," she said. "To watch a lot of porn, that could get you sexually occupied, or you could be very sexually occupied and you turn to lots of porn."

“这里可能有是不同的因素在相互影响，”她说。 “观看大量色情文学，就可以让你的头脑充满着性欲，或者你的头脑已经充满了性欲，而促使你去观看大量的色情文学。 ”

Sexual abusers also reported worse parental care, more aggression and alcohol consumption and more sexual partners than teens who didn't show any behavioral issues. They had also been victims of sexual assault themselves more frequently. However, sexually abusive teens did not show higher level of any of these factors than non-sexually abusive but otherwise troubled teenagers, so these risk factors were not specific to sexual abuse.

性侵犯者还报告了他们与没有表现出任何行为问题的青少年相比，父母的照顾更为糟糕、 有更多的侵略行为、 饮酒和多个性伴侣等。他们还使自己频繁地也成为性侵犯的受害者。然而，在上述的这些因素中，性侵犯的青少年没有表现出比非性侵犯者有更高的等级，除了正在受困扰的青少年以外，因此，这些危险因素并不为性侵犯所专有。

Kjellgren said that while the studies were on Scandinavian teens, she would expect to see similar results in other countries. Two U.S. surveys in 1996 and 1997 found that 0.8 percent and 1.3 percent of female ninth- and 12th-grade girls had ever forced someone to have sex.

谢尔格伦说，尽管这个研究仅对斯堪的纳维亚的青少年，她希望在其他国家也能看到类似的调查结果。美国曾于1996年和1997年进行过两次调查，发现 9到12年级的女生中，有0.8％和1.3％的人曾经强迫别人与她们发生性关系。

The estimates in this study are likely conservative, Kjellgren said, as about 10 percent of Swedish youth have dropped out of school by the third year of high school. That's a relatively small drop-out rate compared with other nations, she said, but the 10 percent of kids who do drop out — and thus weren't included in this survey — are more likely to be troubled, and are more likely to be both victims and perpetrators of sexual abuse.

在这项研究中估计可能还是保守的， 谢尔格伦说，大约10％的瑞典青少年在进高中后的第三年就退学了。与其他国家相比，这个辍学率还是相对较小的，她说，但这10％的辍学孩子 并没有包括在本次调查之中，他们可能是受到了困扰，更可能是性侵犯的受害者，或者是性侵犯的肇事者。

"I think this study just encourages us in Sweden and in other parts of the world to do further research on young people who sexually offend," Kjellgren said. "For a few individuals, this can be a starting point for being abusive more than once in life."

“我认为这项研究只是鼓励我们在瑞典和世界其他地方，对青少年性侵犯做进一步研究，” 谢尔格伦说。 “对于一些人来说，这可以是他们在生活中性侵犯不止一次的起始点。 ”

You can follow LiveScience senior writer Stephanie Pappas on Twitter @sipappas.Follow LiveScience for the latest in science news and discoveries on Twitter @livescience and on Facebook.

译注：强奸神话 
对于社会问题，普通民众都会持有一些观点和信念，而其中很多是与事实不符、背离真相的，我们称这种扭曲的文化信念为神话（myth）或者刻板印象（stereotype）。社会大众心中关于强奸的神话在一定程度上鼓励、促成了强奸的发生，因为这些信念将遭受强奸的罪过归咎于被害女性，认为是她们的过失导致自己被强奸，因而免除或者减轻了强奸者的罪责，从而纵容了强奸现象的发生。社会大众所相信的强奸神话主要有以下几种...可以查阅《关于强奸的神话》马里奥/文http://www.yadian.cc/weekly/list.asp?id=103249