北京污水泵销售:初中英语被动语态小结

初中英语被动语态小结
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
例如:Many people speak Chinese.
谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。例如:Chinese is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
时态
被动语态结构
一般现在时
am/is/are done
一般过去时
was/were done
现在进行时
am/is/are being done
过去进行时
was/were being done
一般将来时
shall/will/be going to be done
过去将来时
Would be done
现在完成时
have/has been done
过去完成时
had been done
三、被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如:Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。
(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。
例如:The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如:
All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are made by them in the factory.
He cut down a tree.
A tree was cut down by him.
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由"情态动词+be+过去分词"构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后"to"仍要保留。
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
They should do it at once.
It should be done at once.
六、特殊情况
1.宾语的复合结构：这种情形如果要把主动语态变为被动语态，需把复合结构的逻辑主语变为被动语态的主语，此时，原来的宾补变成了主语补足语。（如果原句是由省“to”的不定式作宾补，变成被语态时应把省掉的“to”加上）
He made the boy work for two hours yesterday.
The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday.
Mother never lets me watch TV .
I am never let to watch TV by mother.
2.双宾语形式：此时要变被动语态，一般是把人（间接宾语）变为主语；如果非得把直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，则应加上介词“for”或“to”。
Jack gave Peter a Christmas present just now.
(1)A Christmas present was given to Peter by Jack just now.
(2)Peter was given a Christmas present by Jack just now.
3.有些动词习惯上用被动语态。born（出生）、 situate（坐落于）、 build（建造）、break（打破）、publish（出版）等。
He was born in this city.  他出生在这个城市。
The school is situated in the suburbs.  这所学校位于郊外。
4、短语动词的完整性：
We should take good care of the old and the children. 我们应该照顾好老人和小孩。
The old and the children should be taken good care of.
5、.“get+过去分词”结构也可以表被动get burnt（着火）、get killed（被杀）、get hurt（受伤）、get lost（迷路）get dressed（穿衣服）、get changed（变化）、get married（结婚）、get washed（洗）等。
The boy got hurt on his way to school.  这个男孩在上学的路上受伤了。
七、需用主动语态表被的几种形式：
1、某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。
如：That dog looks dangerous.
.2、 当open, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。The window won’t lock. 这窗户锁不住。注：该用法的不及物动词通常与can’t, won’t 等连用，注意它与用被动语态含义不同：The window won’t shut. 这窗户关不上。(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了)
3. 当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。His book doesn’t sell well. 他的书不好销。
注：该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quicklywell, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用
4表示状态特征的连系动词+adj./n.,用主动式表被动义。
(look,sound,feel,smell,taste, prove, appear,make,...)
The steel feels cold．
5 表示“开始、结束、运动”的动词用主动式表被动义。
(begin,open,start,stop,end,finish,shut, move,run,...)
The shop opens at 6 am. every day．
6. 作“需要”讲的want/need/require后接动名词作宾语时，用主动式表被动义；当然也可接不定式的被动式作宾语。
Your jacket needs washing/ to be washed
八、注意哪些动词不用于被动语态
1. 不及物动词没有被动语态。因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是，有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，这类动词如：take place(发生)，happen(发生)，)come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，arise(出现，发生)等：Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季。Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就使用这笔钱。
2. 英语中的静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态：My shoes don’t fit me. 我的鞋不合适。The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。< experience. lacks>
九、被动语态和系表结构的区别：
当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态，be是助动词，be后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词；说明主语的性质、特征等。其区分办法如下：
1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如:
The glass is broken．玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）
The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）
2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如：
The magazine is published in Shanghai．这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态）
The shop is opened．这家商店开门了。（系表结构）
The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday．
这家商店每天上午八点开门。（被动语态）
3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
The machine is being repaired．机器正在修。
A new school will be built here．这里将要建一所新学校。
4、从过去分词的修饰语来看，系表结构中的过去分词可被very , too , so 来修饰；被动语态中的过去分词多用much , so much , very much 等来修饰。例如：
He was very agitated . 他很激动。（系表结构）
5、从谓语动词的特征上来讲，“be + 不及物动词的过去分词”通常是系表结构，如：be gone , be learned , be ashamed , 这些动词通常是表示状态、智力活动或心态的动词；“be +延续性动词的过去分词”通常是被动语态，如：be loved , be encouraged , be praised 等。
The way was lost between the trees . （系表结构）
We students are encouraged to take the Public English Test . （被动结构）
初中英语被动语态专项练习
Exercise:
1.Newspapers are made __ paper. Paper is made __ wood.
A.from/of      B. of/from   C. of/in      D. in/from
2.A lot of new roads ___ built in the west of China.
must       B. must be  C. has          D. have
3.This dictionary mustn’t ____ from the library.
A.take away  B. taken away  C. are taken away  D. be taken away
4.My shoes ____ . I went out for a new pair.
A.is worn out  B. wore out  C. were worn off  D. were worn out
5.His car ___ tomorrow.
A.will be repaired  B. is repaired  C. is being repaired  D. has been repaired
6.When your homework ____ , we will go to play football.
A.is done       B. are done  C. had done  D. will be done
7.He asked me _______.
A.what the paper is used       B. what the paper was used for
C. what was the paper made of   D. what’s the paper used as
8.Three fourths of the information on the internet ___ in English.
A.am  B. is  C. are  D. be
9.English is widely used. Many business letters around the world ___ in it.
A.are written      B. were written  C. are writing  D. were writing
10.This pair of scissors ___ in China.
A.Make      B. made   C. is made  D. are made
11.Three quarters of the messages _____ by telegraph.
Was sent  B. were sent    C. Sent       D. send
12. In the past 10 years, China ____ up many man-made satellites.
A.has been sent  B. has sent   C. was sent          D. sent
13.They ___ to help the farmers with the harvest last autumn.
asked       B. asking   C. to ask      D. were asked
14.We are always kept ____.
to smoking  B. on smoking  C. from smoking  D. off smoking
15.Nothing can stop us ___ English.
A.learn        B. learning   C. learned  D. learns
16.Mary ___ some songs in her room in the morning.
A.heard sing  B. heard to sing  C. was heard sing  D. is heard to sing
17. Mary ___ an English song in her room last night.
A.was heard to sing   B. is heard to sing   C.was heard singing  D. is heard singing
18. The guide said that the dinosaur eggs ____ about 95 million years ago.
lay        B. were lay  C. laid     D. were laid
19. We found the ground ____ snow.
A.cover with        B. is covered with  C.was covered with  D. was covering with
20. The shop assistant showed a hat _____ red silk to us.
A.made from     B. made of  C. was made of  D. was made from
21. We can find many pictures ____  by Xu Beihong in the museum.
A.drawing  B. drawn  C. drew       D. to draw
22.Have these words _____ by us yesterday?
been learnt  B. learnt  C. learned        D. were learnt
23. Have you heard of a dinosaur _____ feathers?
A.was covered by  B. was covered with  C. covered with  D. covered by
24.About 500 cars ___ in the factory next month.
A.were produced  B. will be produced  C. will be made  D. have been produced
25.She ______ for 10 years.
A.has been marry  B. has married  C. has been married  D. have marry
26.The sentence “Thank you” ___ in our everyday life.
A.Often use  B. often use  C.is often used  D. are often used
27.Most business letters are ___ English.
A.Wrote by     B. writing with  C. Written in  D. written by
28.The box is used __ sitting ___ a chair ___ Mike.
A.for,as, by      B. by,for,of    C. as,for,by     D. for,by,as
29.Middle school students ___ not to smoke.
A.always tell  B. are told always  C. tell always  D. are always told
30.The room had better ____ this afternoon.
A.be cleaned  B. to be cleaned    C. clean       D. to clean
31. Everyone knows that paper ____ in China.
A was made first     B. at first was made  C. was made at first  D. was first made
32. He said that his teeth needed ____.
A.to be repaired  B. repair  C. repaired       D. to repair
33.The idea seems good but it needs_____.
A.Trying on  B. To try at   C. To be tried out  D. Being tried
34. Tell me what _____ next.
A.to be finished   B. Be finished    C. To finish     D. Finish
35. The dirty clothes ___ by his mother now.
are washed  B. are washing  C. were washed  D. are being washed
36.Tom !  You _____on the phone just now, but you _____in.
A.wanted , were     B. are wanted , are  C. were wanted , weren’t    D. called , aren’t
参考答案：1-5 BBDDA   6-10 ABBAC  11-15 BBDCB   16-20 DCDCB
21-25 BACBC   26-30 CCADA       31-36 DACADC