ti奖金实际能拿到多少:汉英翻译讲座(3)

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2 词美
2.1 connotation(转义)
2.1.1 何谓connotation?
connotation又可进一步细分为figurative meanings(比喻义)和associated meanings(相关义)。
1.Whenever I go, my little brother dogs my footsteps.
2. The starving man wolfed down the food.
1.无论我上哪儿,我的小弟弟总与我形影不离。
2.饿汉狼吞虎咽地吃完了食物。
3. He fished out a coin for the boy.
4. Jack craned to see the coins in the well.
5. Do not ape your betters.
3.他摸出了一块硬币给这男孩。
4.杰克伸长了脖子看水井中的硬币。
5.不要效颦。
2.1.2 汉语的比喻义及英语的转义
Most of us, however, take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future. When we are in buoyant (本义:有浮力的) health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life.(Helen Keller – Three Days to See)
然而,我们大多数人都把生命视作理所当然。我们知道迟早自己会离开这个世界,但是,人们通常把这一天想象得遥遥无期。我们身强体健的时候,死亡是不可思议的。死,我们很少想到。日复一日,光阴无限。我们为区区小事而奔忙,碌碌无为而不知自身对待生命的态度何等消极冷漠。
2.1.3 词汇转义现象风行英语的原因
2.1.3.1 硬件:词性灵活转换(conversion)及派生(derivative ability)
1. Her singing took New York by storm.
2. Their only hope of victory was to storm the enemy camp at night.
3. He stormed at me for five minutes on end.
1.她的歌唱在纽约引起了轰动。
2.他们获得胜利的唯一希望就在夜间突袭敌军的营地。
3.他对我咆哮了整整五分钟。
2.1.3.2 软件:synaesthesia(通感;联觉)的理论支持
假如我们从更高的角度来审视synaesthesia(通感)就会发现,“五大感官”的感受之所以能互通,能借用,能转移,完全受心理感受的支配,或者可以更准确地说,都归结到心理感受上去。心理感受既是桥梁,又是终点。转义现象所以风行英语,其根本原因在于转义词汇比普通词汇能更多地激起读者或听者更多更大的心理涟漪。
1. The job began to grow sour on him.
2. The market for these commodities shows signs of turning sour.
1.他开始对这工作开始感到乏味。
2.这些商品出现了滞销的迹象。
2.1.4 英语转义的审美价值
2.1.4.1 便捷美
1.他的爸爸正在为锯子锉齿。
2.他的讲话离题了。
3.她的额头上缀满了晶莹的汗珠。
1. His father was toothing a saw.
2. His talk branched off from the subject.
3. Sweat pearled her forehead.
2. 1.4.2 丰腴美
1. Gold shares jumped at the Stock Exchange yesterday.
2. John bent before the storm of his father’s anger.
3. You cannot offer me a loose translation like that.
1.金矿股票昨天在证券交易所飙升。
2.在父亲的震怒之下约翰终于屈服。
3.你不该向我提供那么不精确的译文。
2.1.4. 3 形象美
1.我必须在离开之前把这几封信给赶出来。
2. Patty虚度了四年的大学生活,所学甚少。
3.孩子们难免走神。
1.I must dash off some letters before I leave.
2. Patty dawdled away four years in college.
3. Children cannot keep their minds from straggling.
2.1.4.4 委婉美
转义词常含“弦外之音”(implication)。这不是直言,而是“曲言”,这不是“开门见山”,而是“旁敲侧击”。从语用学看,这是磨去语锋,令表达得体礼貌。
1.汤姆毫无音乐鉴赏力。
2.马琳的身世有不愿他人提及之处。
3.他不善辞令。
1. All music is alike to Tom.
2. Marline has a history.
3. He does not shine in conversation.

3. big words (大词)
big words(大词)是一种通俗的说法,泛指语言中的大词、长词、难词、生僻词,其正式程度及语域皆高出一般词汇。大词,英汉皆有。然而,细心读者会发现,英语使用大词,频率高于汉语,且能溢出别样的美。
3.1.1 传递庄重
美国第35任总统John F. Kennedy在其就职演说中有如此一句:
We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficiently beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.
我们不敢以软弱去引诱他们,因为,只有当我们的武器毋容置疑地达到了充足的地步,我们才能毋容置疑地确信:这些武器将永远“入库”。
3.1.2 传递委婉
大词,还是用于语意扬升(inflating and magnifying)的最有效手段之一。所谓语意扬升法,指用一些比较温和、刺激性较少的词语代替难听的禁忌语以求避讳和文雅,用美好动听的词语代替中性词,以迎合人们的自尊和虚荣心理。
dustman(清洁工) → sanitary engineer(直译:清洁工程师)
file clerk (档案管理员) → research consultant (直译:研究顾问)
mechanic(机修工)→ automobile engineer (直译:汽车工程师)
dry cleaner(干洗工)→ dry cleaning engineer(直译:干洗工程师)
school principal(中小学校长)→ educational engineer(直译:教育工程师)
teacher(老师)→ educator (直译:教育家)
barber(理发师)→ beautician(直译:美容师)
undertaker (承办葬仪者)→ grief therapist (直译:哀伤治疗专家)