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主谓一致
主谓一致是高中英语中的一个重要语法项目。下面将这个问题分类向大家说明,以期同学们更好地掌握这一语法项目。
一、名词作主语时应注意以下问题:
1. 有的名词既可被看作一个整体,又可被看作这个整体中的成员。被看作整体时,其谓语动词应用单数形式。被看作这个整体中的成员时,其谓语动词应用复数形式。这类名词有:group,family,enemy,class,team,government,crew,crowd,audience,committee等。
2. 有些集体名词只能被看作复数。这类名词有:people,police, cattle(牛,家畜)等。
3. 有的名词单复数形式相同。这时,要根据具体的意义来确定其谓语动词的单复数形式。如:
There is a sheep under the tree. / Five sheep are eating grass on the hill.
4. 当一个名词短语表示时间、度量、距离、金额、书名等时,往往根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,其谓语用单数形式。
5. 不定代词each,every,no所修饰的名词被and或or 连接时,即使有多个并列的主语,仍看作是单数。
6. 主语由more than one或many a 修饰时,尽管从意义上表示的是复数,但其谓语动词仍用单数。
但是,“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后的谓语动词用复数形式。如:
More students than one have gone there before.
7. 有的名词表示的是由两个对称的部分构成的物品。如:trousers, glasses, shoes, gloves, shorts, scissors等,这类名词作主语时,谓语常用复数形式。但如果其前有a pair of,a kind of修饰时,则应被看作单数形式。
8. 如果名词被most of, all of, half of, the rest of等词语修饰时,谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于这些词语所修饰的是可数名词还是不可数名词,是单数还是复数,即谓语动词应与它们所修饰的词语保持一致。如:
Half of the population in this city are workers. / Half of the land has been developed.
9. 在倒装句中,谓语动词要与后面的主语保持一致。如:
On the wall hangs a picture. (a picture为主语)
二、由连词连接的名词或代词作主语时的主谓一致问题:
1. 由and,both ... and连接的两个词语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。但是,如果and所连接的两个名词指的是同一个人或物,或者同一个概念时,谓语动词用单数。
如:
Bread and butter is his favourite food.(同一个)
Both rice and wheat are grown in
Fish and chips is a popular supper here. (炸鱼土豆片是一个整体概念,所以用单数)
两个不可数名词用and连接,后面谓语动词用单数还是复数?
as the exchange and communication between China and foreign countries 【is/are】becoming more dynamic(答案:are)
2.主语的后面有as well as,as much as,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,besides,including等词语所接的名词或代词时,谓语动词要与主语保持一致。如:
Tom as well as his parents is going to visit
3. 以or,either ... or,neither ... nor,not only ... but also等连接的两部分作主语时,谓语动词要与最近的那一个保持一致。如:
Either you or I am wrong. /Are either you or I wrong?
三、代词作主语时的主谓一致问题:
1. 名词性物主代词作主语时,既可用作单数,也可用作复数。这要取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如:
Your pen is old. Mine is new. / My books are expensive. Hers are cheap.
2. such用作指示代词时,应根据其所指的内容来决定其单复数。如:
Such is Albert Einstein, a simple man with a warm heart. (Such指Albert Einstein)
Such are his words spoken at the meeting. (Such指his words)
3. 疑问代词who,what,which用作主语时,其谓语动词可用作单数或者复数。这要取决于它所要表达的意思是单数还是复数。如:
1) —Who is to go there? —It’s Xiao Li.
2) —Who are talking over there? —Mary and Betty.
4. 不定代词any, either, neither, none, all, some等作主语时,视其在句中的意义,谓语动词可用作单数或复数。如: Now all has changed. / All are silent at the meeting.
四、分数、量词作主语时的主谓一致问题:
1. “分数或百分数 + (of) + 名词”结构作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于其中的名词。如:
Two thirds of the population here are workers. / Two thirds of the land is covered by water.
2.被a lot of,half of,plenty of,a large quantity of等修饰的名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所修饰的名词。如:
Half of the food has been sent to that area. / Half of the students have seen the film.
3. quantity修饰名词时,谓语动词用单数还是复数形式取决于quantity是单数还是复数形式。如:
Large quantities of books / cloth are on sale. / A large quantity of books (rice) is on sale.
4. a year and a half作主语时,谓语动词用作单数,因为谓语动词与half接近(就近原则);one and a half years作主语时,谓语动词用作复数,因为谓语动词与years接近。
五、由 or,not only … but also …, either … or …, neither … nor …,not … but …等连接两个名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式要根据就近原则来确定。
如:
You or he is going to be sent to study abroad .
He or we are going to be sent to study abroad .
六、“名词 + 介词 / 介词短语( with,together with,along with,as well as 等) + 名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由介词前的名词的单复数形式决定。
如:
Tom as well as his parents enjoys fishing .
You as well as your brother have been accepted .
七、主语从句、不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
如:
What we can’t get seems better than what we have .
Taking more exercise is good for your health .
八、定语从句中,当先行词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语与先行词的人称和数保持一致;但“ one of + 名词复数”作先行词时,如在 one 前有 the,the very,the only 等词修饰时,从句谓语动词要用单数形式,若没有,则用复数形式。
如:
He is one of the students who have been praised by the headmaster .
He is the only one of the students who has been praised by the headmaster .
九、there be 句型中,be 的单复数形式由其后的名词决定,如果有两个或两个以上的名词,则按就近原则决定。
如:
There is only a desk in the room .
There is only a desk and two chairs in the room .
There are two chairs and a desk in the room .
十、“ the + 形容词”作主语表示一类人时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
如:
The rich don’t understand the life of the poor .
The wounded have been given careful attention .
【就近原则】
也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”(Proximity),即:谓语与靠近的名词、代词(有时不一定是主语)在“人称、数”上一致。
I.在正式文体中:
1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:"there be+句型; or ; either …or;nor; neither…nor;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g.
There are two pears, some oranges and an apple on the plate. 盘子里有两个梨子,一些桔子和一个苹果。
①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。
②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。
④Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了。
2. 在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.
①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。
②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。
II. 非正式文体中:
有时依“就近一致原则”,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g.
Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。(非正式)
Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式)
但是,如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时,则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g.