广州有什么广告公司:全日制高级中学英语教学大纲(试验修订版)

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全日制高级中学英语教学大纲(试验修订版)
中华人民共和国教育部制订
  前言
  随着社会生活的信息化和经济生活的全球化,我国对外开放的进程日益加快。学习和掌握一门外国语,开展对外交流是对21世纪国民素质的基本要求。
  外国语是学习文化科学知识、获取世界各方面信息与进行国际交往的重要工具。通过学习他国的语言,加深对他国文化的认识和理解,学会尊重他国的语言和文化,进而更好地认识并热爱本民族的语言和文化,培养和提高学生的人文素质。
  外国语学习必须贯彻国家的教育方针,面向现代化,面向世界,面向未来;必须以科学的教育理论为指导,联系社会生活和高中声的生活经验以及知识积累,加强教学实践,注重培养学生的创新精神和实践能力,外国语教学必须积极进行教学方法的改革,努力提高教学质量。
   
  一、教学目的
  全日制高级中学英语教学的目的是:在义务教育初中英语教学的基础上,使学生巩固、扩大基础知识,发展听、说、读、写的基本技能,提高初步运用英语进行交际的能力,侧重培养阅读能力;使他们在英语学习过程中,受到思想品德、爱国主义和社会主义等方面的教育,增进对外国文化,特别是英语国家文化的了解;在学习中,发展学生的智力,培养创新精神和实践能力,形成有效的学习策略,为他们的可持续发展奠定基础。
   
  二、教学目标和要求
  根据《全日制普通高级中学课程计划》(实验修订稿)的规定,高中英语总课时量为384课时,周课时累计为12课时。
  全日制普通高级中学英语教学目标分为一级目标和二级目标。一级目标是全日制普通高级中学毕业的教低水平;二级目标是教高水平。一级目标和二级目标的教学内容相同,而对语言运用能力的要求不同。
  (一) 一级目标与要求
  听
  1.能听懂课堂用语和教师用学生所学过的简单英语对新词语意义的解释。
  3.能听懂教师用所学过的简单英语叙述已学课文内容,以及围绕课文内容提出的问题。
  3.能听懂对方在学生所学过的语言范围内,用略慢的语速谈有关日常生活的内容,有时需要对方重复。
  4.能基本听懂没有生词、题材熟悉、内容简单的语段,语速为每分钟110个词。
  5.能听懂广播、电视及其它音像制品中,与本学段水平相当的语言材料或教学内容。除教材外,泛听总量应达到40小时左右。
  说
  1.能就课文的基本内容进行简单的问答并能复述课文大意。。
  2.能在日常生活中,运用《日常交际用语》表中的教学内容,进行简单的谈话。
  3.经过准备,能够用简单的语句介绍本人、家庭、朋友、班级和学校等基本情况。
  读
  1.能以每分钟50-70个词的速度,独立阅读生词率不超过3%的有关人物传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品和有关社会文化、文史知识等内容的材料。
  2.能读懂简单的应用文,如信件、请柬、通知、便条和常见标志等。
  3.能基本把握所读材料的中心思想、主要事实、主要逻辑线索,时间和空间的顺序。。
    4.除课文外,课外阅读量应达到10万字以上。
    写
  1.具有良好的书写习惯。能用书写体熟练而清楚地书写,要求书写格式、连笔、词距、标点正确。
  2.能就已学课文的内容,笔头回答简单的问题。
  3.能听写没有生词的句子和内容简单的语段。语速为每分钟100-110个词;书写速度为每分钟12个词。
  4.能运用所学过的词汇、习惯用语和句型造简单的句子,意思表达基本准确,无严重的拼写和语法错误。
  5.能根据提示,依照所学过的题材和体裁在30分钟内写60-80个词的文段。意思表达清楚,无严重语言错误。
  语音
  1.能借助常用的拼读规则和音标读生词。
  2.能较连贯地朗读课文,语音、语调基本正确。
  3.在各种口头表达中,语调自然,语音基本正确。
  词汇
  1.在初中所要求掌握的词汇量的基础上,累计掌握1200个词和一定数量的习惯用语和固定搭配,要求能在口笔语中运用。此外,还要学习750个左右单词和一定数量习惯用语及固定搭配,只要求在语篇中理解其意义。
  2.能根据单词的发音和基本的拼读规则记忆单词的拼写形式。
  3.能根据所学的构词法在上下文中理解派生词和合成词的词义。
  语法
  掌握语法项目表中的内容。其中加*号的项目只要求理解。
   
  (二)二级目标与要求
  听
  1.能听懂课堂用语,并做出相应的反应。
  2.能听懂教师用学生已学的英语解释新的语言现象和教学内容。
  3.能听懂对方基本在学生所学过的语言范围内,用略慢的语速谈有关日常生活的内容,偶尔需要对方重复。
  4.能基本听懂没有生词、题材熟悉、难度略低于所学材料的语段。语速为每分钟110-120个词。
  5.能听懂广播、电视及其它音像制品中,与本学段水平相当的语言材料或教学内容。除教材外,泛听总量应达到40小时左右。
   
  说
  1.能就课文内容较熟练地进行问答,并能进行简单的讨论。
  2.经过准备,能简单地复述所听到的或读过的文段,内容有一定的连贯性。
  3.能够较熟练、灵活地运用《日常交际用语》表中的教学内容,围绕日常生活的话题,进行初步的交际。
  4.能够用简单的语句,比较连贯、清楚地介绍本人、家庭、朋友、班级、学校和与课文内容有关的社会、文化、科技等情况。
  读
  1.能以每分钟70-80个词的速度,读懂生词率不超过3%的有关人物传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品和有关社会文化、文史知识等不同题材的材料。
  2.能读懂简单的应用文,如信件、请柬、通知、便条和常见标志等。
  3.能运用一般的阅读技巧,基本把握所读材料的中心思想、主要事实、主要逻辑线索,时间和空间的顺序。
  4.能根据上下文理解作者的态度和观点。
  5.能根据已知的事实推断出语篇未直接写出的意思。
  6.除课文外,课外阅读量应达到20万字左右。
  写
  1.能就已学课文的内容作简单的改写。
  2.能听写结构简单、没有生词的语段。语速为每分钟110-120个词;书写速度为每分钟15个词。
  3.能在日常生活中,写简单的书信、便条和通知;能填写简单个人履历表等。书写格式、行文及常用语等无严重错误。
  4. 能根据提示,在30分钟内写80-100个词的短文。意思表达清楚,无严重语言错误。
  语音
  1.能熟练地借助一般的拼读规则和音标读出生词。
  2.能较流利地朗读课文,语调、语音基本正确。
  3.经过准备,能较连贯地朗读没有生词,难度略低于所学课文的材料。
  4.在口头表达时语调自然,语调自然,语音基本正确。
  词汇
  1.掌握1200个词和一定数量的习惯用语及固定搭配,要求能在口笔语中运用。此外,还要学习750个左右单词和一定数量习惯用语及固定搭配,只要求在语篇中理解其意义。
  2.能在上下文中理解《词汇表》中的兼类词和多义词的意义。
  3.能根据所学的构词法在上下文中理解派生词和合成词的意义。
  语法
  掌握语法项目表中的内容。其中加*号的项目只要求理解。
   
  三、教学内容
  为了达到上述的教学目标与要求,全日制高级中学阶段应教学下列几方面的内容:
  (一)日常交际用语(见附表一)
  附表一中所出现的日常交际用语中,凡未列入附表三的词汇,都只要求理解。
  (二)语音(见附表二)
  该表与《九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲》中的附表相同。
  (三)词汇(见附表三)
  词汇表(2)中的词语,为要求理解的内容。
  (四)语法(见附表四)
  附表四中,标注*号的项目为只要求理解的内容。
   
  四 、教学中应该注意的几个问题
  (一)遵循英语教学规律,寓思想教育于语言教学之中
  外语教学应以学生的发展为宗旨,以培养他们的创新精神和实践能力为重点,寓思想教育于语言教学之中,在教学过程中,要有机地渗透爱国主义、社会主义和思想品德教育,帮助学生形成健全的人格和良好的品德,明确学习外语的目的,树立正确的学习态度,培养学习的兴趣及有效的学习策略。
  (二)处理好语言基础知识和语言运用的关系,培养学生用英语进行交际的能力
  要遵循英语教学规律,处理好语言基础知识和语言运用的关系。词汇和语言形式是进行语言运用的基础,进行词汇、语法和语音等基础知识的教学和组织各项基本技能活动,其目的是使学生更好地开展语言实践活动,培养实际运用英语进行交际的能力。
  英语课是一门实践性很强的工具课程。教师应杜绝对学生进行单纯语言知识的传授和灌输,应结合他们的生活实际和今后使用英语的需要,通过大量语言实践和有意义的语言运用,如运用教材中的话题进行讨论、协作等活动,帮助他们掌握语言知识,提高言语技能和实际运用英语的能力。
  (三)听、说、读、写综合运用,侧重培养阅读能力
  听、说、读、写训练是相辅相成,互相促进的。高中英语教学,仍要坚持听、说、读、写各项活动,发展学生的综合语言技能,以提高他们用英语进行交际的能力。
  听和读是语言接受技能,读和写是语言生成技能。只有达到足够的语言输入量,才能有效地组织学生围绕所理解和吸收的口头及书面信息开展听、说、读、写活动,提高他们综合语言技能的水平。为此,高中阶段应加强学生听、读能力的培养,侧重培养他们的阅读能力。
  阅读是理解和吸收书面信息的最重要手段,它能给学生提供更为丰富的教育教学资源,要有计划地指导学生掌握科学、有效的阅读方法和技巧;指导他们使用词典、语法等工具书及各种英语教育教学资源;鼓励他们在阅读中根据上下文猜测词义等,使他们逐步获得较强的独立阅读的能力,为他们继续学习和发展奠定坚实的基础。
  (四)尽量使用英语,适当利用母语
  为了使学生的英语与客观事物建立直接联系,提高英语教学的效果,在英语教学中要尽量使用英语。随着学生英语知识的增长和运用英语能力的提高,在高中阶段使用英语组织教学和讲解语言材料的可能性越来越大。教师要利用学生已学的英语来解释或介绍新的教学内容,以便在真实的教学情景中增强运用英语的能力。
  对于抽象的词语或英语的特殊表达结构,可以适当地利用母语加以说明或翻译。为了确定教学的重点和难点,在备课中教师可采用英语同母语对比的方法。但是,在讲课中不宜过多地进行两种语言的对比。
  (五)处理好语言教学和文化的关系
  语言是文化的重要载体,语言与文化有着密切的联系。教师要处理好二者的关系,努力使学生在英语学习的过程中,增进对于外国文化,特别是英语国家文化和社会风俗习惯的了解。这不仅有助于他们扩大视野、提高领悟英语和运用英语的能力,还有助于他们加深对本民族文化的理解,增强世界意识。
  (六) 确立学生的主体地位,发挥教师的指导作用,
  教学活动是师生间的双边活动。在教学中要充分发挥学生的主体作用,使他们排除心理障碍,建立信心,提高学习兴趣,改进学习方法。同时,在教学中要发挥教师的指导作用。教师的指导作用在于组织好课内外各种活动和指导学生学习英语的方法,为他们选材、解疑,帮助他们养成良好的学习习惯和培养自学能力,从而保持较高的学习积极性。
  为此,教师不但要提高自己的语言素养,还要提高教学理论水平。在教学中要善于根据学生的生理和心理发展的特征认真研究教学法,采用有效的教学方法。教师要面向全体学生,因材施教,发挥不同学生的特长,耐心帮助学习上有困难的学生。要注意帮助学生掌握正确的学习方法和技巧,提高学习效率。
  (七)提高课堂教学质量,积极开展课外活动
  课堂教学是帮助学生学习英语和惊醒素质教育的主要途径。教师要不断努力改进教学方法,增加课堂上语言实践的广度和密度,讲究科学和实效,努力减轻学生的负担,提高课堂教学质量。
  课外活动有利于学生提高兴趣、增长知识、开阔视野、发展智力和个性、培养能力。有目的、有组织地开展各种课外活动,有助于学生更加生动、活泼、主动地学习。教师应有计划地组织内容丰富多彩,形式应多种多样的课外活动,如朗诵、唱歌、讲故事、演讲比赛、写作竞赛、短剧演出、英语角、英语主题班会和展览等。教师要加强对课外活动的指导,不要放任自流,也不要把课外活动作为课堂教学的延伸,加重学生的负担。
  (八)充分利用直观教具和现代化教学手段,努力创设英语学习环境
  利用实物、图片、幻灯、录音、电视、电影和计算机等进行教学,形象直观,生动活泼,有助于学生直接理解英语和培养他们直接用英语表达思想的能力。有条件的学校应配备电视机、录音机、计算机、CD、VCD和DVD等设备。要鼓励教师利用现代教育技术,开发软件。鼓励学生借助广播 电视、英语报刊以及网络等进行自主学习。教师应充分利用现有设备,努力为学生创设更好的英语学习环境。
   
  五、教学评价
  教学评价是获取英语教学的反馈信息,对教学质量进行有效监控并对教学做出准确导向的必要手段,教学评价,一定要坚持以人为本,以促进学生素质的全面发展;促进教师不断提高教学水平;促进英语教育教学的发展。
  对学生英语学习的评价应采用形成性评价和终结评价等多种方式,既关注结果,又关注过程。形成性评价是对学生学习过程的评价;终结性评价是对学生学习结果的评价。
  教学中,应重视形成性评价对学生英语学习的激励作用。教师可通过考查、观察、交谈和学生自我评价及相互评价等方式,对学生的课内外学习行为、学习态度和学习策略以及所表现出的发展潜能等进行全面综合性的评价。评价的表现形式应采用等级或分数评定和宽松、开放式的描述性评定相结合,评价要有益于树立和巩固学生的自信心,促进他们的个性发展,培养他们的学习能力并形成继续进步的动力。形成性评价的结果在学生的学业评价中应占有一定比例。
  终结性评价应侧重对学生实际运用英语的能力进行考查。考试是终结性评价的主要手段和形式。考试形式要包括听力测试、笔试和口试。大型考试,如高等学校入学考试、毕业考试和学年考试等,都应有听力测试项目;学期、学所考试中,应积极创造条件,增设口试项目。考试命题,必须遵循测试的基本理论和原则,依据教学大纲年规定的教学目标与要求,力求试题的科学性的质量。应减少单纯语法知识题并适当降低语法试题难度;要注重交际,突出语篇,增加具有语境的应用型试题;可适当减少客观题,增加主观题的比例。
  
  
  附表一
  日常交际用语Daily Expressions in Communication
  1.问候Greetings
   a.Good morning/afternoon/evening.
   Hello/Hi.
   How are you?
   Fine,thank you,and you?
   Very well,thank you.
   b.Best wishes/regards to....
   Please give my regards/best wishes/love to....
   Say hello to....
   Please remember me to....
  2.介绍Introductions
   a.This is Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms/Comrade....
   May I introduce you to...?
   I’d like you to meet....
   b.How do you do?
   Nice/Glad/Pleased to see/meet you.
   Nice meeting you,Mr/Mrs/Miss....
   c.My name is....
   I’m a(student/teacher,etc.).
   d.I’m Chinese.
  3.告别Farewells
   a.I’m afraid I must be leaving now.
   I think it’s time for us to leave now.
    b.Good-bye!(Bye-bye! Bye!)
   See you later/tomorrow.(See you.)
   Good night.
  4.感谢和应答Thanks and responses
   a.Thank you (very much).
   Thanks a lot.
   Many thanks.
   Thanks for....
   b.It’s very kind of you to....
   Not at all.
   It’s/That’s all right.
   You’re welcome.
  5.祝愿、祝贺和应答Good wishes,congratulations & responses
   a.Good luck!
   Best wishes to you!
   I wish you good luck/success!
   Good journey(to you)!
   Have a good trip.
   Have a nice/good time.
   Congratulations.
   I’d like to congratulate you on....
   b.Thank you.
   The same to you.
   c.Happy New Year!
   Merry Christmas!
   Happy birthday to you.
  6.道歉、遗憾和应答Apologies,regrets,sympathies & responses
   a.Sorry/Pardon.
   I’m sorry.
   I’m sorry for/about....
   I’m sorry to hear....
   I’m sorry to...have+V-ed/that....
   b.Excuse me(for...).
   I’m afraid of....
   What a pity/shame!
   It’s a pity that....
   c.That’s all right.
   It doesn’t matter.
   That’s nothing.
  7.邀请和应答Invitations and responses
   a.Will you come to...?
   Would you like to....?
   I’d like to invite you to....
   b.Yes,I’d love to(...).
   Yes,it’s very kind/nice of you.
   c.I’d love to,but....
  8.提供(帮助等)和应答Offers and responses
   a.Can/Could/Shall I help you?
   Would you like me to...?
   Is there anything(else) I can do for you?
   Do you want me to...?
   What can I do for you?
   Let me do/carry/help...(for you).
   Would you like some...?
   b.Thanks. That would be nice/fine.
   That’s very kind of you.
   Thank you for your help.
   Yes,please.
   Here,take this/my....
   c.No,thanks/thank you.
   No,thanks/thank you. I can manage it myself.
   Thank you all the same.
      That’s very kind of you,but....
  9.约会Making appointments
   a.Are you/Will you be free this afternoon/tomorrow?
   How about tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening?
   Shall we meet at 4:30 at...?
   b.Yes,that’s all right.
   Yes,I’ll be free then.
   c.No,I won’t be free then. But I’ll be free....
   d.All right. See you then.
  10.意愿和希望Intentions and wishes
   a.I’m going to....
   I intend/mean/plan to....
   I will....
   I feel like V-ing(going out for a walk).
   I’d like to....
   I (do not) want/hope to....
   I’m ready to....
   I would rather not tell you.
   b.I want/hope/wish to....
   I wish that....
   I would like to....
  11.请求、允许和应答Asking for permission and responses
   a.May I...?
   Can/Could I...?
   I wonder if I could....
   Would/Do you mind if I open the window?
   b.Yes/Sure/Certainly.
   Yes,(do) please.
   Of course(you may).
   Go ahead,please.
   That’s OK/all right.
   Not at all.
   c.I’m sorry you can’t.
   I’m sorry,but....
   You’d better not.
  12.同意和不同意Agreement and disagreement
    a.Certainly/Sure/Of course.
   No problem.
   Yes,please.
   Yes,I think so.
   That’s true.
   All right/OK.
   That’s a good idea....
   It’s a good idea to/that....
   I/We agree(with you).
   I agree to.../that clause
    b.No,I don’t think so.
   I’m afraid not.
   I’m afraid I(really) can’t agree with you.
  13.喜好和厌恶 Likes and dislikes
   a.I like/love...(very much).
   I like/love to....
   b.I don’t like(to)....
   I hate(to)....
  14.决断和坚持 Determination,decision and insistence
   a.I will....
   I have decided to/that...
   I have decided wh-clause/wh-words to....
   b.I insist on/that....
  15.判断和意见Judgement and opinion
   a.It certainly is.
   It’s correct to do....
   Well done/Good work!
   b.In my opinion....
   It seems....
   So far as I know....
  16.职责Obligation
   You must/have to/should/ought to....
   It is necessary to/that....
  17.能力Ability
   I can....
   He is able to....
  18.偏爱Preference
   I prefer...to...
   He’d prefer them not to....
   He’d rather begin at once.
  19.责备和抱怨Blame and complaint
   a.He is to blame.
   She blamed him for....
   He shouldn’t have done it.
   b.I’m sorry to have said that,but....
   *Why can’t you do something about it?
  20.肯定和不肯定Certainty and uncertainty
   a.I’m sure(of that).
   I’m sure(that)....
   b.I’m not sure(of that).
   I’m not sure whether/if....
   I doubt if....
   c.Perhaps/Maybe.
  21.禁止和警告 Prohibition and warnings
   a.You can’t/mustn’t....
   If you...,you’ll....
   You’d better not do it.
   Don’t smoke!
   Don’t be late!
   b.Look out!
   Take care!
   Be careful!
  22.可能和不可能Possibility and impossibility
   a.He can/may....
   It is possible that....
   b.He may not....
   He is not likely to....
   It is likely that....
  23.预见、猜测和相信 Prediction,conjecture and belief
   a.He will....
   b.I guess that....
   He must have done....
   It seems(that)....
   It looks as if....
   c.I believe that he is right.
  24.请求Requests
   a.Can/Will/Could/Would you...for me?
   Will/Can/Could/Would you please...?
   May I have...?
   b.Please give/Pass me....
   Please wait(here/a moment).
   Please wait(for) your turn.
   Please stand in line/line up.
   Please hurry.
   Make sure that...please.
   c.Don’t rush(hurry)/crowd.
      No noise,please.
   No smoking,please.
  25.劝告和建议 Advice and suggestions
   a.You’d better(not)....
   You should/ought to....
   You need(to)....
   b.Shall we....?
   Let’s....
   What/How about...?
   Why not...?
   Why don’t you...?
  26.许诺 Promises
   I promise....
   You shall have...tomorrow.
   I will give...to you.
  27.提醒Reminding
   Don’t forget to....
   Don’t you remember the days when...?
   Make sure that everything is OK now.
  28.表示焦虑 Expressing anxiety
   What’s wrong?
   What’s the matter(with you)?
   Is there anything the matter?
   I’m/He’s/She’s worried.
   Oh,what shall I/we do?
   We were all anxious about....
  29.表示惊奇 Expressing surprise
   Really?
   Oh dear!
   Is that so?
   Good heavens!
  30.表示喜悦Expressing pleasure
   I’m glad/pleased/happy to....
   That’s nice/wonderful/great.
   Hopefully tomorrow will turn fine.
  31.谈论天气 Talking about the weather
   a.What’s the weather like today?
   How’s the weather in...?
   b.It’s fine/cloudy/windy/rainy....
   It’s getting cold/warm....
   It’s rather warm/cold/hot...today,isn’t it?
   It’s a beautiful day today.
  32.购物Shopping
   a.What can I do for you?
   May/Can I help you?
   b.I want/I’d like....
   How much is it?
   That’s too expensive,I’m afraid.
   That’s fine. I’ll take it.
   Let me have....
   c.How many/much do you want?
   What colour/size/kind do you want?
   d.Do you have any other kind/size/colour,etc.?
  33.问路和应答Asking the way and responses
   a.Excuse me. Where’s the men’s/ladies’ room?
   Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to...?
   b.Go down this street.
   Turn right/left at the first/second crossing.
   It’s about...metres from here.
   Go straight ahead till you see....
  34.问时间、日期和应答Asking the time,date and responses
   a.What day is(it) today?
   What’s the date today?
      Excuse me. What time is it by your watch?
   What’s the time,please?
   b.It’s Monday/Tuesday....
   It’s January 10th.
   It’s five o’clock/five thirty(half past five)/
   a quarter past (to) six.
   It’s time for/to....
  35.就餐Taking meals
   a.What would you like(to have)...?
   Would you like something(to eat/drink)?
   b.I’d like....
   Cake/Two eggs...,please.
   c.Would you like some more...?
   Help yourself to some....
   d.Thank you. I’ve had enough.
   I’m full,thank you.
   Just a little,please.
  36.打电话 Making phone calls
   a.Hello! Is (Tom) in?
   May/Could I speak to...?
   Is that...(speaking)?
   b.Hold on,please.
   Hello,who is it?
   He/She isn’t here right now.
   Can I take a message for you?
   c.Hello,this is...speaking.
   I called to tell/ask you....
  37.传递信息 Passing on a message
   a.Will you please give this note/message to...?
   b....asked me to give you this note.
   c.Thanks for the message.
  38.看病 Seeing the doctor
   a.There’s something wrong with....
   I’ve got a headache and a cough.
   I feel terrible(bad).
   I don’t feel well.
   I’ve got a pain here.
   This place hurts.
   b.Take this medicine three times a day.
   Drink plenty of water and have a good rest.
   It’s nothing serious.
   You’ll be all right/well soon.
  39.求救 Calling for help
   a.Help!
   Thief!
   b.What’s the matter?
  40.语言困难Language difficulties
    Pardon?
    Would you please say that again/more slowly?
    What do you mean by...?
    I’m sorry I can’t follow you.
    I’m sorry I know only a little English.
  41.常见的标志和说明 Some common signs and instructions
  a. BUSINESS HOURS MENU
   OFFICE HOURS NO SMOKING
   OPEN NO PARKING
   CLOSED NO PHOTOS
  b. PULL ENTRANCE    PUSH EXIT
  c. INSTRUCTIONS
   MADE IN CHINA/JAPAN/U.S.A.(USA)/U.K./HK(Hong Kong)
   THIS SIDE UP ON DANGER OFF
  d. PLAY STOP PAUSE
  e. *Insert here. *Split here.
  
  附表二
  语音项目表 Phonetic Items
  一、国际音标 英语的元音音标和辅音音标
  二、基本的拼读规则
  1.元音字母a,e,i(y),o,u在重读开音节和重读闭音节中的读音
  2.辅音字母在单词中的基本读音
  3.-r音节在重读节中的读音
  4.常见的元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音
  5.常见的元音字母和辅音字母组合在重读音节中的读音
  6.常见的辅音字母组合在单词中的基本读音
  三、辅音连缀和成音节
  1.辅音连缀 [bl-],[kl-],[fl-],[l-],[pl-],
   [sl-],[br-],[kr-],[sk-],[sm-],
   [sp-],[st-],[tw-],[sw-],[kw-]
  2.成音节 [-bl],[-pl],[-dl],[-tl],[-sl],
   [-fl],[-vl],[-sn],[-zn],[-fn],
   [-vn],[-tn],[-dn]
  四、单词重音
   1.双音节词的重音
   2.多音节词的重音和次重音
  五、语调
   1.句子重音
   2.连读
   3.不完全爆破
   4.意群和停顿
   5.升调和降调
  
  
  附录三
  词汇表
  Vocabulary (1)(1200个词)
  Vocabulary (2)(740个词)
  (略)
   
  
  附表四
  语法项目表Grammar Items
  1.词类
  名词 形容词 副词 动词 代词 冠词 数词 介词 连词 感叹词
  2.名词
   (1)可数名词和不可数名词
   (2)名词的复数形式
   (3)专有名词
   (4)所有格
  3.代词
   (1)人称代词
   (2)物主代词
   (3)反身代词
   (4)指示代词
   (5)不定代词
   (6)疑问代词
  4.数词 基数词和序数词
  5.介词 掌握词汇表中所列介词的用法
  6.连词 掌握词汇表中所列连词的用法
  7.形容词
   1)作定语、表语和宾语补足语的用法
   2)比较等级 原级、比较级、最高级
    (1)构成-er;-est;more;the most
    (2)基本句型
    比较级形式+than...
    (the+)最高级形式+in/of...
    as+原级形式+as...
    not as(so)+原级形式+as...
  8.副词
   1)时间、地点、方式、程度、疑问、连接、关系等副词
   的用法
   2)比较等级 原级、比较级、最高级
    (1)构成-er;-est;more;the most
    (2)基本句型
    比较级形式+than...
    (the+)最高级形式+in/of...
    as+原级形式+as...
    not as(so)+原级形式+as...
  9.冠词的一般用法10.动词
   1)动词的基本形式
    (1)现在时(原形,-s/-es形式)
    (2)过去时(-ed形式)
    (3)过去分词(-ed形式)
    (4)-ing形式
   2)行为动词的及物性与不及物性
   3)连系动词be,get,look,seem,turn,grow,become,etc.
   4)助动词be,do,have,shall,will,etc.
   5)情态动词can,may,must,ought,need,dare,etc.
   6)动词的时态
    (1)一般现在时
  We usually go to school at half past seven.
   Are you tired?
   The earth goes around the sun.
   There goes the train!
    (2)一般过去时
   I got to school at a quarter past seven this morning.
   When I lived there, I went to the cinema twice a month.
    (3)一般将来时
   A.shall(will)+动词原形
   We’ll meet you at the airport.
   He’ll come here every other day.
   B.用be going to+动词原形表示
   We are going to listen to a talk tomorrow afternoon.
   There’s going to be a meeting this evening.
    (4)现在进行时
   They’re listening to music.
   What are you doing these days?
    (5)过去进行时
   I was watching television at half past eight yesterday evening.
   We were having a basketball match when you came to see me.
    (6)现在完成时
   We’ve learned about 1,200 English words.
   I’ve been here in Beijing for half a month now.
   He has travelled to several places in South China since he came to China.
    (7)过去完成时
   By ten o’clock we had already done half of the work.
   The meeting had already begun when they arrived.
   I told him that we had known each other for many years.
    (8)过去将来时
   He said they would return before the end of this month.
   She said there was going to be an English talk next Sunday.
   7)动词的被动语态
   (1)一般现在时的被动语态
   The Great Wall of China is known all over the world.
    (2)一般过去时的被动语态
   This city was liberated in 1948.
    (3)一般将来时的被动语态
   The matter will be discussed at the next meeting.
   (4)现在进行时的被动语态
   The question is being discussed at the meeting.
    (5)现在完成时的被动语态
   The bridge has been built this month.
   (6)带情态动词的被动语态
   The bike must not be put here.
   Can it be finished in two hours?
   8)动词的不定式
    (1)作主语
   To learn a foreign language is not easy.
   It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
    (2)作宾语
   I wanted to see a doctor.
   Do you think it necessary to go there?
    (3)作宾语补足语
   The teacher warned the students not to be late.
   He saw her leave the house.
    (4)作表语
   She seems to be tired.
    (5)作定语
   There is nothing to worry about.
   We have no time to think about rest.
    (6)作状语
   She knows English well enough to read books.
   He stopped to talk to an old man.
    (7)用在how,when,where,what,which,who,whether 等后面
   The question is where to get a computer.
   I really don’t know what to do.
  9)动词的过去分词
   (1)作定语
   A broken cup is lying on the floor.
   (2)作表语
   The cup is broken.
   (3)作宾语补足语
   He’s going to have his hair cut.
   (4)作状语
   Once seen,it can never be forgotten.
   She walked out of the house,followed by her little daughter.
    10)动词的-ing形式
   (1)作主语
   Talking is easier than doing.
   It’s no use talking about it.
   (2)作宾语
   I don’t mind going on foot.
    (3)作表语
   Seeing is believing.
   The story is moving.
    (4)作宾语补足语
   I saw them coming across the road.
    (5)作定语
   There is a swimming pool in our school.
   China is a developing country.
   The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.
    (6)作状语
   Being ill,she went home.
   Having finished their work,they had a rest.
  11.句子
   1)句子的种类
   (1)陈述句(肯定式和否定式)
   (2)疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句)
   (3)祈使句
   (4)感叹句
   2)句子的成分
   (1)主语
   Mary was born in Germany.
   I’ll stay in this city for a few years.
   To listen to her songs is a pleasure.
   (2)谓语
   He learned some English at school.
   She is writing a letter.
   He looks strong.
   You can go now.
   Will you have to go tomorrow?
   (3)表语
   Her mother is a doctor.
   It’s I(me).
   Are you ready?
   It remained to be seen.
   The football match was very exciting.
   The book is in the desk.
   (4)宾语
   She loved her mother.
   He refused to come.
   (5)直接宾语和间接宾语
   He gave me some advice on how to learn a foreign language.
   Father bought some books for me.
   (6)宾语补足语
   He told us to come on time.
   I think it a good thing.
   We found him busy with his work.
     (7)定语
   Lucy is wearing green trousers and a yellow sweater.
   We often do morning exercises.
   Can I borrow your pen,please?
   The woman in the red coat is Mrs. Brown.
   Do you have anything more to say?
    (8)状语
   Every day he went there by bus.
   She feels quite well.
   He went to buy some fruit.
   This room is too small for us to live in.
   *3)主谓的一致关系
   There is a pen and some books on the desk.
   Either you or I am to go.
   4)简单句的五种基本句型
    (1)主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)
   The weather is very cold.
   She felt happy.
    (2)主语+不及物动词(S+V)
   Summer is coming.
    (3)主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+O)
   I like Chinese food.
   She knows what to do.
    (4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)
   She taught them physics.
   He showed me a new TV set.
    (5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)
   They won’t let me go.
   We must keep the room warm.
   5)并列句
   I turned on the TV and we sat down and watched it.
   I bought my sister a present,but she didn’t like it.
   6)复合句
    (1)名词性从句
   *a.主语从句
   Who will go is not important.
   What we need is more time.
     b.宾语从句
   I hope (that) everything is all right.
   I’d like to know whether it is worth doing.
   Do you know where he is?
   He has found out why she was late.
   c.表语从句
   The question was who could go there.
   That is why he was late.
   *d.同位语从句
   I have no idea when he will be back.
   The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
   (2)定语从句
   A plane is a machine that can fly.
   Who is the man that is sitting by the window?
   A chemist’s shop is a shop which sells medicine.
   She is the girl who sings best of all.
   The comrade with whom I came knows French.
   This is the room in which we lived last year.或:
   This is the room which we lived in last year.
   The man that you were talking about has come to our school.
   I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
   The hospital where my mother works is in the north of the city.
   *Yesterday I met Li Ping,who seemed to be very busy.
    (3)状语从句
   She was reading the newspaper when I came in.
   I’ll give the letter to him as soon as I see him.
   We’ll go where the people need us.
   He didn’t come yesterday because he was ill.
   We should study harder (so) that we may work better in the future.
   It is such a big box that nobody can move it.
   We’ll go to the Great Wall if it’s fine tomorrow.
   Although the place is quite pleasant, I don’t think we should go
   there all the time.
   No matter what he says, I don’t believe him.
   He ate so much as if he hadn’t had a meal for days.
   I want to speak English as an Englishman does.
   *7)倒装句
   *8)省略句
  12.构词法
   1)合成法 blackboard,man-made,overthrow,however,everyone
   2)转化法 hand(n.)-hand(v.),break(v.)-break(n.)
   empty(adj.)-empty(v.)
   3)派生法
   A.加前缀 dis-,in-,re-,un-,non-
   B.加后缀 -able,-al,-an,-ful,-ive,-er,-ese,-ist,-ment,-ness,-tion,
   -fy,-ian,-ing,-is(z)e,-ly,-teen,)-ty,-th,-y