网络盒子接电脑显示器:定语从句与同位语从句的区别 & 现在分词和动名词的区别 & whether与if的区别 & 形容词常见后缀

来源:百度文库 编辑:偶看新闻 时间:2024/04/27 14:31:03
第一项目:定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1)  先行词不同
同位语从句的先行词常是一些具有具体信息内容或一定内涵的名词,如idea, news, fact, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, promise, order, possibility等,而 定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. (同位语从句)
Word came that he had married in America. (同位语从句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. (定语从句,先行词为名词)
His mother did all she could to help him overcome the difficulty. (定语从句,先行词为代词)
Our team has won the game, which made us very excited. (定语从句,先行词为整个主句)
2)  从句表达的含义不同
定语从句是从句对先行词的修饰和限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步解释和说明,属于名词性从句的范畴。
The news that our team has won the game was true. (同位语从句,补充说明news到底什么消息)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. (定语从句,这里news作told的宾语)
I made a promise that if anyone invest in my company I would make him very rich.(同位语从句,补充说明promise到底是一个什么样的诺言)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.(定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语)
3)  引导词及其在句子中的成分不同
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。
The question whether we need new staff has not considered.(同位语从句)
I have no idea what has happened to him.(同位语从句)
4)that 引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略。that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,不能省略,也不能用which代替。
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. (同位语从句,是对order的解释,虽不作成分,但不能省略。)
The order that we received yesterday was to send a few people to help the other groups. (定语从句,对名词order的修饰,that在从句中作receive的宾语,可以省略。)
参考:《张道真大学英语语法》
第二项目:现在分词和动名词的区别
定义:
1、  动名词是非谓语动词,不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化。
2、  分词是形容词性质的动词形态,由于不在句中作谓语,因此其形式固定不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化。
作表语时:动名词表示一定的概念,具有名称的性质
My hobby is collecting ancient coin.
My part time job is teaching yoga in a school.
现在分词,具有形容词特征
The story is very moving.
Your speech is very encouraging
作定语时:.
u       动名词作定语是表某种用途
a walking stick
a washing machine
现在分词作定语时表:
A、某种主动意义
a moving movie
a boring meeting
an interesting experience
B、表正在进行
the rising sun
a changing situation
u   现在分词不重读,动名词必须重读
a sleeping ¢child(现在分词不重读)
a ¢sleeping car(动名词必须重读)
u       现在分词表示其所修饰的名词的动作,也可以说,现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系
如:a sleeping child指Child is sleeping.
The rising sun指The sun is rising.
动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质,二者在逻辑上无主谓关系
如:a sleeping bag指a bag for sleeping
a walking stick指a stick for walking
u       现在分词作定语时,其前可有副词、形容词、名词,这些词与现在分词皆有密切关系
a hard-working student(hard是working的状语)
a good-looking girl(good是looking的表语)
动名词作定语时,其前可有形容词,但此形容词不是修饰动名词,而是修饰“动名词+名词”结构
a big waiting room(big不是修饰waiting,而是修饰waiting-room)
名词(代词)之后:现在分词常表进程,动名词常表事实
I saw him smoking. (现在分词表进程,him不可变为his)
I dislike him smoking. (him可变为his,全句=I dislike the fact that he smokes.)





主动语态
被动语态
句法功能
一般式
进行式
完成式
一般式
完成式






动名词
doing
having done
being done
having been done
Ö
Ö
Ö
Ö
Ö
现在分词
doing
having done
being done
having been done
Ö
Ö
Ö
Ö
参考:《张道真大学英语语法》、《Super English Grammar》
第三项目:whether与if的区别
whether
If
引导宾语从句的不同

后可直接和or not连用
不可以
例句:1、I don’t care whether or not your car breaks down.
2、I don’t known whether or not he’s coming.

引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构(选择问句的后语一部分除外)
可以跟否定结构
例句:1、I don’t care if she doesn’t come.
2、I don’t care if it doesn’t rain.
但某些形容词后whether可引导一个否定结构的句子,这样结构往往表示肯定含义,如:I wonder whether he doesn’t think too much of himself.=I think he doesn’t think too much of himself.

个别动词后,如discuss等,只跟用whether引导的定语从句,如:1、They discussed whether they should close the shop. 2、We discussed whether Mary could join us.

引导从句作介词的宾语
不能
例句:1、I’m not very interested whether they’ll go or not.
2、It depends on whether we have got enough money.

可直接跟动词不定式连用
不能
例句:1、I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
2、She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.
引导主语从句只能用whether,不能用if, 如:1、Whether it is true remains a problem. 2、Whether he will come, I’m not sure.
引导表语从句只能用whether,如:1、The question is whether you should accept it. 2、The question is whether he will speak at the meeting.
引导同位语从句只能用whether, 如:1、The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is essential. 2、I an in doubt whether I should agree to the plan.
引导让步状语从句
可以,意为“不管,无论”
不能
例句:1、I shall tell her about it whether you agree or not.
2、Whether or not we have a baby, we could not survive just on my salary.
引导条件状语从句
不可以
可以,意为“如果,假如”
例句:We shall do this experiment if we have time.
其它一些情况

If表示条件状语从句易混淆时,应避免使用,如:Please let me known if they are coming.

动词不定式之前只能用whether,如:I can’t decided whether to stay.

介词后只能用whether,如:His father is worried about whether he lose his job.

宾语从句放句首表示强调时,只能用whether,如:Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem.
whether和if都可以作连词,连接名词性从句,表是否。whether可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同谓语从句,而if只能引导宾语从句。
参考网站:百度文库
第四项目:形容词常见后缀
后缀
后缀含义
例子
-able
可……的,能……的
valuable, comfortable
-al
……的,具有……性质的
national, cultural
-an, -ian
属于……的,有……性质的,属于某地方的
american, urban
-ant
具有……性质的,……的
important, significant
-ary
……的,有……性质的
monetary, necessary
-ate
具有……特征的,充满……的,如……形状的,具有……的
fortunate, considerate
-ed
有……的,如……的
excited, aged
-en
由……制造成的,含有……质的
woolen, silken
-ent
具有……性质的,关于……的
different, dependent
-ese
某国的, 某地的
chinese, Japanese
-ful
充满……的,有……性质的,有……倾向或能力的
beautiful, cheerful
-ible
可……的,易……的
sensible, comprehensible
-ic, -ical
属于……的,有……性质的, 具有……的
poetic, economic, classical , musical
-ing
正在……的,使……的,……的
amusing, amazing
-ish
加名词后时:如……的,似……的,有……性质的, 加形容词后时:略……的,稍……的,具有……性质的
selfish, boyish
-ive
能……的,具有……性质的,属于……的
effective, expensive
-less
无……的,不……的
endless, restless
-like
如……的,有……性质的
childlike, warlike
-ly
如……的,有……性质的,属于……的,反复发生的,每一特定时期发生一次的
friendly, lively, daily, weekly
-ous
属于……的,有……性质的
dangerous, mysterious
-some
易于……的,有……倾向的,产生……的
troublesome, awesome
-y
多……的,有……的,如……的
bloody, dusty
-th
第……,……之一
fourth, fifth
-fold
表倍数
twofold, tenfold
-ern
表方向,性质
western, eastern
-ward
向……方向的
upward, backward
-etic
……的,有……性质的,关于……的,患……病的
energetic, sympathetic
-fic, -ific
含……的,使……的,具有……性质的
horrific, scientific
-ial
属于……的,具有……的
facial, presidential
-id
具有……性质的,如……的
liquid, stupid
-ile
属于……的,有……性质的,如……的,易于……的
fertile, fragile
-ist
具有……特性的
socialist, nationalist
-ite
具有……性质的
polite, opposite
-logical
……学的
biological, geological
-or
较……的,……的
superior, minor
参考《张道真英语语法》、《21世纪英美文法》、《英语词根、前缀、后缀》