私家庭院鱼池设计图:将中国带入现代的伟人

马萨诸塞剑桥——1979年，正当美国人开始思考日本崛起时，哈佛大学心理学家埃兹拉·F·福格尔（Ezra F. Vogel中文名傅高义，著名汉学家-译者注）写了一本他的畅销书：“日本名列第一 :对美国的教训”。

Now 81 and retired from Harvard as a professor emeritus, Mr. Vogel has written an equally compelling study of the rise of another Asian superpower. 

现年81岁，退休担任哈佛大学名誉教授的福格尔先生完成了另一项同样引入注目的研究，对象是亚洲另一个超级大国的崛起。

In “Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China,” he chronicles the life of China’s paramount leader during the 1980s and ’90s and his determined push to open up and modernize the world’s most populated country. 

在《邓小平与中国的转型》一书中，福格尔记录了这位前中国最高领导人上世纪80到90年代的生活以及他推动这个世界上人口最多的国家对外开放与实现现代化的坚定决心。

“My book ‘Japan as Number One’ played a role in educating Americans about Japan,” Mr. Vogel said during a recent interview at his home here, a few hundred yards from the Harvard campus. “With this book, I thought I could write something new that would educate Americans about China.” 

最近在他家里举行的一次访谈中，他说“在教导美国人如何认识日本方面，我写的《日本第一》发挥了作用。在这本新书里，我想写一些新的东西，教导美国人如何认识中国。”福格尔的家离哈弗校园只有几百英尺。

The book, published last month by Harvard University Press, has already been called a monumental biography of Deng and the most comprehensive survey to date of China’s spectacular but rocky road to economic reform. 

这本书上月已由哈佛大学出版社出版，被誉为邓小平不朽的传记，以及有关如何中国走上宏伟而艰巨的经济改革之路方面最为全面的研究。

Some reviews, however, have accused Mr. Vogel of devoting too little space to Deng’s iron-fisted rule, including his 1989 decision to allow the military to use deadly force against demonstrators in Tiananmen Square. 

不过，有些评论指责福格尔先生对邓的铁拳统治，包括1989年他决定允许军队使用致命武器对抗TAM广场示威活动没有足够的论述。

But other scholars say that Mr. Vogel’s new volume offers a deeply textured portrait of Deng and the reforms he championed. 

然而，其他则学者认为，福格尔新作对邓小平以及他领导的改革做了深入而清晰的论述。

“It’s a major accomplishment,” said David Shambaugh, a leading China scholar who teaches at George Washington University. “This book pushes our knowledge of Deng further. And while much of this information is not necessarily new, this is the first time we’ve seen it all in one place, analyzed with scholarly detachment.” 

“这是一项重大的研究成就，”在乔治·华盛顿大学任教的中国问题研究权威专业David Shambaugh（中文名：沈大伟-译者注）说。“这本书进一步拓展我们对邓小平的认识。尽管书中提供的信息并不一定都是新的，不过这书第一次将所有资料汇集在一起，作者用一种学者的超脱态度进行研究。”

Deng, of course, was one of the giant political figures of the 20th century and has been credited with setting China on a path that helped lift hundreds of millions out of poverty while reshaping global trade patterns. But only a handful of biographies have been written about the man, among them Richard Evans’s 1993 “Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China.” 

当然，邓小平是20世纪伟大的政治人物之一，是他使中国走上一条让数亿民众脱贫的道路，同时重塑了全球的贸易格局。不过，写的邓小平传记为数并不多，其中有1993年理查德·埃文斯写的《邓小平与现代中国的构成》。

Historians have largely focused on Mao, the revolutionary commander-philosopher who led the Communist takeover in 1949. But scholars have begun to conclude that it was Deng (1904-97), Mao’s diminutive and long-suffering lieutenant, who deserves credit for truly reshaping China after Mao’s death. 

历史学家将大部分注意力放在毛的身上，这位富有革命精神的军队司令员兼哲学家领导共产党于1949年夺取了政权。然而，学者们已经开始作出这样的结论，毛领导的这位身材矮小，长期受到贬斥的中尉邓小平，称得上真正重新构造毛后中国的美誉。

Few scholars were better positioned to write a biography of Deng than Mr. Vogel, who retired from teaching in 2000. For decades Mr. Vogel had studied China, Japan and the other dragons of East Asia. He traveled to Guangdong Province in southern China in 1987 and 1988, when China began opening its special economic zones to foreigners, to study the reforms. He had also covered some of this material in his groundbreaking 1969 book, “Canton Under Communism,” a study of Guangdong’s capital in the time after the Communist takeover. 

福格尔先生2000年从教学岗位上退休。在撰写邓小平传记方面，其他学者几乎都不具备他所具有的有利条件。福格尔数十年来一直从事中国、日本等东亚巨龙的研究。1987年和1988年，中国刚刚开始对外国人开放经济特区时，他就到中国南方的广东省从事改革研究。1969年他的开山之作《共产主义下的广州》一书，已经包含一些这方面的内容。那本书研究共产党人夺取政权后当时的广东的资本情况。

Mr. Vogel, who worked for a decade on this huge biography, spent a year brushing up on his Chinese-language skills with a tutor. (Most of his interviews were conducted in Chinese without an interpreter.) He talked to people close to Deng, including two of his daughters, as well as relatives and aides of Communist leaders like Chen Yun, Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang, who had worked with Deng. 

这本恢弘的传记花去了福格尔10年的心血，其中一年时间他还聘请一位教员学习中文。（他的大部分采访是在没有翻译的情况下用中文完成的。）他采访了与邓关系紧密的人士，包括他的两位女儿、亲戚以及与邓共过事的共产党领袖的助手，如陈云、胡耀邦以及赵紫阳。

He also talked to former Chinese President Jiang Zemin, who rarely grants interviews. 

他还采访过很少愿意接受采访的中国前国家主席。 

Mr. Vogel visited Deng’s birthplace in Sichuan Province, as well as remote Jiangxi Province, where Deng was exiled during the Cultural Revolution; consulted all of Deng’s official writings; and was given access to newly released documents from United States and Russian archives. 

福格尔访问了邓的四川故乡，还采访了文革期间邓被流放地偏远的江西。他研究了所有邓小平的官方文件；还阅读了美国及俄国档案最新公布的文件。

The result is an exhaustive, 876-page study of Deng’s life that includes his multiple falls from power and his final comeback, when he assumed the top position in 1978; the book offers new details into how Deng pushed aside Mao’s chosen successor, Hua Guofeng. 

成果就是这项穷尽一切，长达876页邓小平生平研究，包括邓数次从权力高位跌落以及最后的复出，1978年他取得了最高的权力地位。该书还提供了邓小平推开毛选定的接班人华国锋新的细节。

Mr. Vogel compresses the first 65 years of Deng’s life into 30 pages, offering a sweeping overview of his journey from being the son of a small landlord in Sichuan to his transformation into a Communist revolutionary living in France and Russia, and then on to his role as military commander and, later, Mao’s vice premier. 

福格尔将邓小平生平的前65年压缩到30页，概述了他从四川一位小地主的儿子转变为一名生活在法国及俄国的共产党革命者，然后又担任军事领导人后来担任毛泽东手下的副总理的历程。

Deng loosened state controls over the lives of ordinary people, opened the door for Chinese to study overseas and, Mr. Vogel explains, he retreated from Maoist doctrine and Communism without ever really saying so. He lured foreign investors to China and tapped outside expertise to jump-start a largely moribund economy, setting the stage for China’s three-decade-long economic boom. 

福格尔解释说，邓放松了国家对普通大众生活的控制，打开了中国向外国学习的大门，他不动声色地从毛主义教条及共产主义撤退。他吸引外国投资人到中国来，利用外国专业知识，启动了在很大程度上已经奄奄一息的经济，为中国30年的经济高速增长奠定了基础。

Much of this happened, Mr. Vogel explains in minute detail, despite stiff opposition from Communist Party elders, some of whom feared the reforms were too aggressive, and others who viewed them as bourgeois liberalization. 

福格尔以详尽的细节描述了在共产党元老的坚决反对下这些事情发生的经过。这些元老中有些人担心改革过于激进，其他人则认为改革是资产阶级自由化。

Mr. Vogel also writes about Deng’s darker periods, like his role in the “antirightist campaign” during the 1950s, which harshly targeted scientists and intellectuals and set the stage for the Great Leap Forward, which led to mass starvation. 

福格尔还描述了邓小平较为阴暗的时期，比如他在上世纪50年代反右运动发挥的作用。这场运动严厉批斗科学家及知识分子，为“大跃进”奠定了基础，而大跃进则造成巨大的饥荒。

And he makes clear that in June 1989 it was Deng who ordered the military action to end demonstrations in and around Tiananmen Square, a course that led to the deaths of hundreds of people and incited international outrage. 

The political scientist Richard Baum, a professor emeritus at University of California, Los Angeles, said the book offered an enormous amount of new material about Deng’s leadership and internal power struggles in China during the ’70s. But he also said that those achievements were mildly diminished by sections that read like “an uncritical paean to Deng’s character.” 

洛杉矶加州大学荣誉教授、政治学家Richard Baum（中文名：包嘉瑞-译者注）说，这本书提供了大量有关邓小平领导艺术以及上世纪70年代中国内部政治斗争的最新材料。不过他又指出，有些章节读起来就像“不加批评的邓小平个性赞美之歌”，这样在一定程度上减低了这些研究的成就。”

Other critics have been harsher, saying some passages read as if they came from Communist Party headquarters. 

其他批评家则更为严厉，认为有些章节读起来跟共产党中央文件如出一辙。

During an interview Mr. Vogel defended his work. “This is unfair, because in some places I’m very critical,” he said, noting: “A lot of Americans’ view of Deng is so colored by Tiananmen Square. They think it was horrible. I have the same view. But it’s the responsibility of a scholar to have an objective view.” 

福格尔在访谈为自己的作品辩护。“这是不公平的，因为在有些地方，我的批评是非常尖锐的，”他解释说: “许多美国人队邓小平的看法总带着TAM事件的色彩。他们认为那个事件太恐怖了。我也有同样的观点。但是，学者的责任是具有一个客观的视角。”

With this book, Mr. Vogel said he tried to put Deng’s life in context, to show him as a survivor, obsessed with social and political stability and economic progress. 

福格尔说，在这本书里，他希望将邓小平生平置于当时的背景之下，把他作为执迷与社会及政治稳定以及经济进步的幸存者形象展现给读者。

“Who in the 20th century had more influence on more people?” he asked. “He took 300 million people out of poverty. They’d been trying to do it in China for 150 years, and they couldn’t. And he did it.”

“在20世纪，谁在最大程度上影响了最多的人口？”他问。“他带领3亿人民脱离了贫穷。150年来中国人一直想这么做却一直没有成功。而邓小平则做到了。”