buchi的粉碎机怎么样:令人误解的病态人格：心理变态

"Psychopathy tends to be used as a label for people we do not like, cannot understand, or construe as evil," notes Jennifer Skeem, Professor of Psychology and Social Behavior at the University of California, Irvine. Skeem, Devon Polaschek of Victoria University of Wellington, Christopher Patrick of Florida State University, and Scott Lilienfeld of Emory University are the authors of a new monograph focused on understanding the psychopathic personality that will appear in the December issue of Psychological Science in the Public Interest, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. 

　　加利福尼亚大学欧文分校心理变态与社会行为教授 Jennifer Skeem说：“心理变态会被习惯的贴在那些我们不喜欢，不理解的人身上。当做邪恶，讨厌等使用。”Skeem和惠灵顿维多利亚大学的Devon Polaschek， 佛罗里达州立大学的Christopher Patrick 及 埃默里大学 的Scott Lilienfeld 共同撰写了一部以理解变态人格的专著。这部专著将在12月份由心理科学发布在心理科学协会的期刊《公共利益》上，

In the course of their research, the authors reviewed many scientific findings that seemed to contradict one another. "Psychopathy has long been assumed to be a single personality disorder. However, there is increasing evidence that it is a confluence of several different personality traits," Skeem says. The authors of the monograph argue that rather than being "one thing" as often assumed, psychopathy appears to be a complex, multifaceted condition marked by blends of personality traits reflecting differing levels of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. And scientific findings also suggest that a sizable subgroup of juvenile and adult offenders labeled as psychopathic are actually more emotionally disturbed than emotionally detached, showing signs of anxiety and dysphoria. 

　　在他们研究过程中，作者们检查了那些看似互相矛盾的科学发现。Skeem说，“一直以来，心理变态都被假定为单一的病态人格，然而，越来越多的证据显示，它是一些不同人格特质共同作用的结果。”该专著的作者们表明，心理变态似乎是一个复杂的，多方面的，反应不同层面的挣脱抑制，大胆冒失，卑鄙的混合性格特质.研究结果还表明，相当大的一部分少年和成年犯罪群体被认定为精神变态，实际上他们大多数表现出焦虑和烦躁不安只是情绪障碍和情绪孤立。

According to Skeem, these important distinctions have long escaped the attention of psychologists and policy-makers. As a result, she and her co-authors set about to try to dispel some of the myths and assumptions that people often make about psychopathy. Although many people might assume that psychopaths are 'born,' not 'made,' the authors stress that psychopathy is not just a matter of genes - it appears to have multiple constitutional causes that can be shaped by environmental factors. Many psychologists also assume that psychopathy is inalterable - once a psychopath, always a psychopath. However, there is currently scant scientific evidence to support this claim. Recent empirical work suggests that youth and adults with high scores on measures of psychopathy can show reduced violent and other criminal behavior after intensive treatment. 

　　据Skeem讲，这些重要的区别一直未受到心理学家和法律制定者关注。于是，她和她的共同作者开始尝试摒除人们经常为精神变态者所做的假定和杜撰出来的东西。虽然很多人会假定精神变态者都是“天生的”而非“人为的”，作者强调精神变态不只是基因的事---它似乎还有多种多样的受环境因素影响的本质原因。很多心理学家也假定心理变态是不能改变的--一旦成为了心理变态者，就永远是心理变态者。然而，现在缺乏科学证据支持这一主张。最近的实验工作表明，那些在心理变态测试中得分很高的青少年和成年人，在经过集中治疗后也可以表现出减少暴力和其它犯罪行为。

Along with challenging the assumption that psychopathy is a monolithic entity, perhaps the other most important myth that the authors hope to dispel is that psychopathy is synonymous with violence. Skeem points out that psychopathic individuals often have no history of violent behaviour or criminal convictions. "Psychopathy cannot be equated with extreme violence or serial killing. In fact, "psychopaths" do not appear different in kind from other people, or inalterably dangerous," she observes. Nor is it clear that psychopathy predicts violence much better than a past history of violent and other criminal behavior - or general antisocial traits. 

　　除了挑战心理变态是独立实体的臆断外，或许另外一个作者希望摒除的最重要的虚构事实是，心理变态同义于暴力。Skeem提出，心理变态个体一般没有暴力行为史或犯罪记录。她说：“心理变态不能被换算为极度暴力或者一系列杀戮。事实上，心理变态患者看起来和其它人并没有什么不同，或者并没有比其它人危险。”心理变态也没有比过去有过暴力史或犯罪行为的更有暴力倾向，或反社会人格。

Effectively dispelling these myths is important, the authors argue, because accurate policy recommendations hinge on which personality traits - and which groups of people - associated with psychopathy one is examining. "Decisions about juvenile and adult offenders that are based on faulty assumptions about violence risk, etiology, and treatment amenability have adverse consequences, both for individual offenders and the public," Skeem says. 

　　作者表明，有效的驱散这些谬论是重要的，因为准确的政策建议取决于考察的是哪个和心理变态个体有关的个性品质，及是哪类和心理变态个体有关的群体。“关于青少年和成年犯罪者的结论是基于对暴力风险，病源论，治疗服从义务的错误假定，结果对犯罪者个人和社会来说都是不利的。”Skeem说。

In clarifying the personality traits that characterize psychopathy, scientists can contribute to prevention and treatment strategies that improve public health and safety. "In short, research on psychopathy has evolved to a level that it can greatly improve on the current, 'one size fits all' policy approach," concludes Skeem.

　　通过澄清塑造心理变态的个性特征，科学家可以在防治方法上做出贡献，从而改善公共健康和安全。“总之，对心理变态的研究已经上升到可以改善现在“一刀切”的政策方法层面上了。”Skeem总结说。