京剧老生流派综说:任务型阅读解题策略

杜凤伯
从2008年开始江苏省高考英语试题中新增了任务型阅读这一题型，要求考生根据阅读文章提供的信息用恰当的词语完成与短文相关的图表，并有一定字数的限制，09年开始改为只填一个词。那么，我们如何才能做好这种类型的题目呢？下面我们就以09年江苏英语高考试题为例来加以说明。
首先，要读懂表格，弄清结构
09年考试说明中任务型阅读提供了两种示例——网状式和树状式。
树状表格从上到下是从总到分式结构，最上面是标题，第二层则可能是构成文章各个部分，再下面则是构成每一部分的段落，最后则是段落中的细节内容。因此，我们在填表格的时候，要按照从上到下的顺序去考虑，先弄清文章的中心思想，总体结构，再一步步往下，直到最后对细节的把握。
网状表格的最左边是文章的段落，或是文章的各个分要点，而右边则是细节，同样的，表格的最上面是总的要求，而下面则是具体内容。因此，我们在解这种题时，顺序一般是从左到右，从上到下，关注内容的的包含和被包含的关系，从而使所填的词正确无误。09年采用的就是这种设置方式，表格左边的内容是段落大意（paragraph outline），而右边则是相应的细节（supporting details）.弄清这点，我们阅读文章就有了方向：读每一段，然后，从左到右去完成相应的任务。
其次，科学阅读，认真解题
1.读文章
阅读文章。此时，要注意文章是否标题，如果有标题，可以利用标题来了解文章大意。
09年没有考察文章的标题，因此，我们不必把文章通读一遍，而只需按照每一段来读就行。
2.解题
一般分为如下步骤：
1)．利用表格中的信息提示，初步确定空白处要填的词的词性。
根据表格中的上下文关系，我们可以判断出空白处所需词的词性。
2)．根据表格的提示，准确地在文中找到答案的信息来源。
要根据表格中相应的关键词，如地名、人名、时间、数字等，在文章中快速找到对应的信息源，然后进行分析，处理。
3)．进行信息处理，填入适当的词。
信息处理一般会出现如下三种情况：
一是信息再现：所填词是原文中的原词，如72、75、77、79。
二是词形转换：是把文中的词进行必要的词形变化。如：73、74。
三是信息概括：文中找不到对应词，而是要根据上下文的意思，进行归纳、总结，然后进行概括，从而写出新词，如71、76、78、80。
所填词要尽可能完整,准确地表达出文中信息，更要符合表格的要求，因此要注意以下方面：
动词: 要注意时态,语态，人称和数的变化，以及非谓语形式。如：72（involves）、75(occurs)用了第三人称单数形式，而76（reading／understanding/knowing）则用了非谓语形式。
名词: 要注意单复数 如: 74(expectations／hopes／desires／wishes)、77（behaviors／acts／action（s）／activities）都用了复数形式。
形容词副词: 要注意各自不同的修饰功能
连词: 要注意行文的逻辑关系
4).通读表格，从而再次确保答案与表格内容的一致性和意语意的流畅性
最后，典题引路，触类旁通
下面我们就来看一下09年江苏省的任务阅读，以期从中发现对我们有用的东西，从中获得某种启发。
第四部分：任务型阅读(共１０小题，每小题１分，满分１０分)
请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应的横线上。
Communication Principles
How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate．“Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he（or she）is the center”．Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them．But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication．A student．for instance，may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment：“I know my teacher doesn’t like the fact that I don’t agree with his opinions．and that’s why he gave me such a poor grade in that class．”The teacher might say the opposite．Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person’s view is wrong．
The concept of self originates in communication．Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others．You establish self-image。The sort of person you believe you are，by how others think of you．Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are．Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process．Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people．In a more obvious way．communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share．So，the communication begins with the self，as defined largely by others，and involves others，as defined largely by the self．
Communication occurs almost every minute of your life．If you are not communicating with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you），you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior．Even if the other person did not intend a message for you．you gather observations and draw specific conclusions．A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message．A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you．A third person smiles（perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently） and you believe that he is attracted to you．We are continually picking up meanings from others’ behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them．
More often than not，you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement．You may have made a joke out of your rude statement．Nonetheless，your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind．You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others．Communication cannot be reversed（倒退），nor can it be repeated．When you tried to re—create the atmosphere，the conversation，and the setting，nothing seemed right．Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results．
Paragraph outline
Supporting Details
Communication begins with the self
●People are somewhat products of others’ treatment and messages．
●we are always（71）  ▲  in communication with others．
Communication （72） ▲ others
●Experiences of others help children learn to accept roles．
●Messages from others help you（73）  ▲  who you are．
●Needs and（74）  ▲  of others should be considered．
Communication
（75）  ▲ everywhere
●We are communicating with ourselves by thinking，planning and reacting to the outside world．
●We are always（76）  ▲  other people by observing even if they do not intend any message for you．
●We are constantly collecting meanings from others’（77）  ▲  ．
●We are constantly（78）  ▲  meanings by what we do．
Communication cannot be reversed nor repeated
●You may explain what you have done，but you cannot（79）  ▲    what remains in the other person’s mind．
●Yon may redo the conversation，but you（80）  ▲  achieve the same results．
71、【答案】self-cent, red／subjective
【解析】从句子“Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person’s view is wrong．”可知，但需要将其意思转换为是自我为中心的或个体主观的意思。
72、【答案】involves
【解析】从文中第二段内容可以找出对应词。
73、【答案】determine／define／know／understand
【解析】根据句子“neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are．”可以找出相应信息，然后对信息进行适当的转换。
74、【答案】expectations／hopes／desires／wishes
【解析】根据句子“communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share．”可以定位信息，然后根据表格要求对词形进行转化。
75、【答案】occurs／happens／exists／arises
【解析】由“Communication occurs almost every minute of your life．”可直接得出答案，也可用其它具有相近意思的词来替代。
76、【答案】reading／understanding/knowing
【解析】从“if you are not communicating with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you）”和“Even if the other person did not intend a message for you．you gather observations and draw specific conclusions”归纳可得答案。
77、【答案】behaviors／acts／action（s）／activities
【解析】从文中的“you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior．”可直接得到答案。
78、【答案】conveying／expressing
【解析】根据句子“We are continually picking up meanings from others’ behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them．”进行适当的转化得出答案。
79、【答案】erase／remove／delete/change
【解析】从句子“You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others．”中直接找到答案。
80、【答案】can’t／cannot
【解析】根据“Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results．”，进行同义转化而来。