偶看新闻任丘市市长电话:中考英语语法精讲精练（2）
来源：百度文库 编辑：偶看新闻 时间：2024/04/30 00:23:39
动词目录
5.2 助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态。例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态。例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句。例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气。例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。
动词目录
5.3 助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2） be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
动词目录
5.4 助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
动词目录
5.5 助动词do 的用法
1）构成一般疑问句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3） 构成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5）用于倒装句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代动词。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？
动词目录
5.6 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
动词目录
5.7 助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么？"我问道。
可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
动词目录
5.8 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1）动词+副词，如：black out；
2）动词+介词，如：look into；
3）动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。
动词目录
5.9 非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。
1）不定式
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
2）动名词
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
3）分词
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
动词目录
助动词练习答案
5.10 助动词练习
1. 1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2. 2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3. 3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4. 4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had b. didn’t/have c. didn’t/had d. don’t/have
5. 5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6. 6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7. 7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8. 8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9. 9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10. 10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended
11. 11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12. 12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13. 13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14. 14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15. 15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16. 16.______ to see a film with us today?
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17. 17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18. 18.“Time is running out,______?”
a. a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start
a. b. hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19. 19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20. 20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21. 21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
22. 22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23. 23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24. 24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a. a. must b. could c. should d. might
25. 25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take
26. 26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
a. b. must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27. 27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28. 28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried
a. b. need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry
29. 29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight?
a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do
30. 30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
31. 31.He ______ hardly say anything more, since you know about it.
a. don’t need to b. needn’t c. needs d. need
32. 32.You ______ the look on his face when he won the prize.
a. would have seen b. should have seen c. must see d. can be seeing
33. 33.Some people think the stock market will crash, but ______.
a. a. I wonder if it happens b. I doubt if it will happen
c. I am afraid it wouldn’t happen d. I doubt if it does happen
34. 34.“Whatever has happened to George?” “I don’t know. He ______ lost.”
a. can have got b. may have got c. might get d. could get
35. 35.He has no idea what the book is about. He ______read the book.
a. couldn’t b. couldn’t have c. mightn’t have d. shouldn’t have
36. 36.New studies show that two of Saturn’s rings ______ longer than the 4.5 billion years since the birth of the Solar System.
a. could have lasted b. should have lasted c. would have lasted d. must be lasting
37. 37.Take the telescope with you in case you ______ it in your expedition.
a. will need b. would need c. should need d. could need
38. 38.Need he come at once? Yes, he ______.
a. must b. must not c. need d. may
39. 39.Please answer the phone. It ______ be by your father. If it is, would you tell that I want to see him?
a. will b. should c. would d. could
40. 40.We’ll never give in whatever they ______ say or do.
a. may b. will c. shall d. should
41. 41.With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.
a. mustn’t go b. wouldn’t go c. oughtn’t go d. shouldn’t have gone
34. 42.Everyone ______ the cake because there wasn’t even a small piece left.
a. must like b. must have liked c. must have been liking d. had liked
35. 43.I wish to recollect where I met her, ______?
a. a. would I b. may I c. may not I d. can I
44. 44.I ______ think he will ______ dare the risk.
a. not/ .. b. do/not c. ../not d. don’t/..
45. 45.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it ______ be active.
a. may not b. must c. might d. is not
46. 46.You ______ your seats today if you want to go to the game.
a. a. had better to reserve b. had better reserve
c. had to better reserve d. had to reserve better
47. 47.I ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
a. a. would rather not have b. would not rather had
a. b. rather would not have d. rather not would have
48. 48.Many scientists ______ their own eyes and ears than the theories of the ancients.
a. a. would rather to believe b. would rather believe
c. rather would believe d. will rather believe
49. 49.To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport.
a. haven’t got b. mustn’t have c. needn’t d. don’t need
50. 50.One of the statements ______ to be untrue.
a. is turned out b. has turned out c. have been turned out d. have turned out
51. 51.I don’t know whether it will rain or not, but if it ______ rain, I shall stay at home.
a. will b. did c. does d. shall
52. 52.“You’d like some tea,______?”
a. wouldn’t you b. shouldn’t you c. hadn’t you d. didn’t you
53. 53.“May we take the books out?”
a. No, you may not b. No, you can not c. No, you can’t d. Please don’t
54. 54.“I would have come sooner, but I ______ that you were waiting.”
a. didn’t know b. hasn’t known c. hadn’t know d. haven’t known
55. 55.If you don’t want to, you ______ to get there with us.
a. mustn’t b. can’t c. don’t have d. have not
56. 56.I would go to visit them but I ______ think they are anxious to see me.
a. haven’t b. don’t c. doesn’t d. didn’t
57. 57.Whatever you can do,______.
a. a. I can do so as well b. I can do this as well
a. b. I can do it as well d. I can do as well
58. 58._____- I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated getting involved.
a. Had b. Have c. Having d. Has
59. 59.“Perhaps she is working for John.” “Yes, she ______ for him.”
a. a. need have been working b. may be working
a. b. ought have been working d. ought be working
60. 60.“I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door.” “She ______ the bell.”
a. a. may not be hearing b. may not have heard
a. b. must not have heard d. must not be hearing
61. “He was smoking.” “Then he ______ .”
a. a. ought to have been not smoking b. ought to have not been smoking
a. b. ought not to have been smoking d. ought to not have been smoking
62. 62.You ______ out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.
a. oughtn’t have gone b. shouldn’t have gone c. mustn’t have gone d. can’t have gone
63. 63.“Paul was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry.”
“He _____ a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed.”
a. a. shouldn’t have been riding b. couldn’t have been riding
c. oughtn’t have been riding d. can’t have been riding
64. 64.I am listening. But you ______.
a. need be listening b. should be listening c. need have been listening d. ought be listening
65. 65.He ______ with us last night.
a. a. would have liked to go b. should like to be going
a. b. should be liked to go d. would like to go
66. 66.I ______ his face when he opened the letter.
a. a. should like you to see b. would have liked you to be seen
a. b. should like you to have seen d. would like you to see
67. 67.You say you ______ do it, but I say you ______ do it.
a. ought not/could b. will not/shall c. could not/need d. shall not/ought
68. 68.We ______ put the meeting off for a week.
a. can as well b. will as well c. shall as well d. may as well
69. 69.______ wind your watch every day?
a. Do you need b. Must you have to c. Have you to d. Do you have to
70. 70.______ give him a chance to try?
a. Oughtn’t to we b. Oughtn’t we to c. Ought to we not d. Oughtn’t we
71. 71.“Did you blame him for his mistakes?” “______”
a. I’d rather not do b. I’d not rather do c. I’d better not do d. I’d rather not doing
72. 72.You had better ______ your hair cut.
a. had b. have c. to get d. to have
73. 73.My sister didn’t go to the party last night because she ______ the baby for her friend until 9:30.
a. a. must have looked after b. would have to look after
a. b. had to look after d. should have looked after
74. 74.Mary is very late, she ______.
a. a. may miss her train b. may have missed her train
c. must miss her train d. could miss her train
75. 75.No matter what you may say, he ______ to his own views.
a. a. would always stick b. will always stick c. should always stick d. must always stick to
76. 76.It’s wonderful that you ______ have achieved so much in these years.
a. may b. can c. should d. would
77. 77.The students asked whether he ______ take the books out of the reading-room.
a. could b. might c. should d. would
78. 78.He ______ still be thinking about the question you raised.
a. may b. might c. must d. should
79. 79.I’d be glad if you______ give me an account of the fact.
a. a. shall b. should c. would d. may
80. 80.He ______ accomplish the task in time.
a. did b. has c. is d. do
动名词目录
动名词
动名词是非限定动词的一种形式，由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征，故称。动名词也有时态和语态的变化，如表所示（以及物动词write为例），不及物动词没有语态的变化。
时态/语态
主动
被动
一般式
writing
being written
完成式
having written
having been written
动名词目录
6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语
1）作主语。例如：
Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。
2）作宾语
a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如：
admit 承认
appreciate 感激
avoid 避免
complete完成
consider认为
delay 耽误
deny 否认
detest 讨厌
endure 忍受
enjoy 喜欢
escape 逃脱
fancy 想象
finish 完成
imagine 想象
mind 介意
miss 想念
postpone推迟
practice 训练
recall 回忆
resent 讨厌
resume 继续
resist 抵抗
risk 冒险
suggest 建议
face 面对
include 包括
stand 忍受
understand 理解
forgive 宽恕
keep 继续
例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：
admit to
prefer…to
be used to
lead to
devote oneself to
object to
stick to
no good
no use
be fond of
look forward to
be proud of
be busy
can't help
be tired of
be capable of
be afraid of
think of
burst out
keep on
insist on
count on
set about
put off
be good at
take up
give up
be successful in
3）作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如：
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。
比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4）作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如：
a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：
boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机
动名词目录
6.2 worth 的用法
worth, worthy, worthwhile都是形容词，意为"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……"
常见的有It ’s worth while to do./ It ’s worth（someone’s）while doing
be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again. 这问题不值得反复讨论。
2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.
3. worthwhile： be worthwhile to do sth "值得做某事"
It is worthwhile to ask him to join the club.值得邀请他加入俱乐部。
典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A. worth B. worthy C. worthwhile D. worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worthwhile to do sth.。选C。
动名词目录
动名词、不定式、分词练习答案
6.3 动名词不定式、分词练习
1. 1. I was ______ work last week, but I changed my mind.
a. to start b. to have started c. to be starting d. to have been starting
2. 2. I intended ______ the matter with you, but I had some guests hen.
a. discuss b. discussing c. having discussed d. to have discussed
3. 3. Don’t let me catch you ______.
a. do that again b. to do that again c. doing that again d. done that again
4. 4. There are many kinds of metals ______.
a. a. each has its special properties b. one has its special properties
b. b. each having its special properties d. having its special properties
5. 5. It’s pay-day, and they’re waiting ______.
a. for paying b. to be paid c. to be paying d. to have paid
6. 6. _______ trouble, I’m going to forget the whole affair.
a. Then rather cause b. Rather causing
c. Rather than cause d. Rather than caused
7. 7. The brilliance of his satires was ______ make even his victims laugh.
a. so as to b. such as to c. so that d. such that
8. 8. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined ______ high levels of self-confidence.
a. possess b. have possessed c. to possess d. possessing
9. 9. The worker is ______ in repairing the machine to notice my coming.
a. too busy b. enough busy c. busy too d. busy enough
10. 10. “What did you do in the garden?”
“I watched my father ______ his motorbike.”
a. to repair b. repaired c. repairing d. repairs
11. 11. We must have an engineer ______ the workers build the house.
a. to see b. see c. seeing d. seen
12. 12. Induction means ______ a general conclusion from special facts.
a. to come to b. to coming c. coming to d. came
13. 13. I’m not going to ask the teacher why he gave me that grade; I intend _______.
a. to let rest the matter b. the matter to be let resting
c. letting the matter to rest d. to let the matter rest
14. 14. I have tried _______ worrying about it.
a. to stop consciously b. to consciously stop
c. to conscious stopping d. to stopping consciously
15. 15. “Do you want to give a talk on that subject?”
“I prefer ______ .”
a. not want b. not wanting c. to not giving d. not to
16. 16. I _______ the truth of your remarks, although they go against my interests.
a. cannot but admit b. cannot help but to admit
c. cannot but admitting d. cannot help but admitting
17. 17. Since she is angry, we ______.
a. had better leaving her alone b. should leave her alone
c. might as well leave her alone d. had rather leave her alone
18. 18. I don’t allow ______ in my office and I don’t allow my family ______ at all.
a. to smoke…smoking b. smoking…to smoke
c. to smoke…to smoke d. smoking…smoking
19. 19. You should remember ______ from the point when you are writing a composition.
a. don’t wander b. not to wander c. no wandering d. not wander
20. 20. Grace advised us to withdraw ______.
a. so as to get not involved b. so as not to get involved
c. so that to get not involved d. as not to get involved
21. 21. He ran all the way up to the station ______ that the train had left fifteen minutes before.
a. in order to find b. so as to find c. only to find d. such as to find
22. 22. George went hunting for a week but still he didn’t find a room ______.
a. to live b. to live in c. for living d. to be living in
23. 23. You should really avoid ______ at home alone as he is old and ill.
a. your father stay b. your father to stay
c. your father’s staying d. your father who stays
24. 24. John didn’t want to risk ______ wet as he had only one suit.
a. getting b. to get c. being got d. to be gotten
25. 25. I’m disappointed with the new officers elected in our club, but there is no point _______ about it.
a. to worry b. in worrying c. with us worrying d. if we worry
26. 26. It won’t be any use ______ to borrow any more money.
a. you to try b. of your trying c. trying you d. your trying
27. 27. The law requires all cars _______ for safety and efficiency.
a. being tested regularly b. to be regularly tested
c. be regularly tested d. regularly tested
28. 28. I remember ______ to the zoo by my father when I was little.
a. being taken b. taking c. have been taken d. to have taken
29. 29. I completely forgot ______ the front door last night and feel fortunate that nothing is stolen.
a. locking b. being locked c. to lock d. to have locked
30. 30. I regret ______ you that your application has been refused.
a. informing b. being informed c. to be informed d. to inform
31. 31. I didn’t mean ______ anything, but these apples looked so good I couldn’t resist ______ one.
a. to eat…trying b. to eat…o trying c. eating…to try d. eating…to trying
32. 32. I know it isn’t important but I can’t help ______ about it.
a. but to think b. thinking c. think d. to think
33. 33. The ship, ______ to a shapeless wreck, was hardly recognizable.
a. being reduced b. reducing c. reduced d. having been reducing
34. 34. The young doctor could not sleep at night, his thoughts ______ him no peace.
a. gave b. giving c. being given d. to give
35. 35. After a long walk on a hot day, one feels ______.
a. exhaustive b. exhausting c. exhaust d. exhausted
36. 36. Those relatives of his are ______ . I don’t want to have any dealings with them.
a. boring people b. bored people
c. people having bored d. people having boring
37. 37. You must follow the directions exactly and if you become ______, you must take the time to go back again and reread them.
a. to confuse b. confusing c. confuse d. confused
38. 38. There is something wrong with my TV set, I must have it ______.
a. checking b. check c. to check d. checked
39. 39. He was just about to jump up when he felt something ______ near his feet.
a. to move b. move c. moving d. moved
40. 40. ______ with the corresponding period of last year, the output of chemical fibers in the first quarter rose by 15%.
a. Comparing b. To compare c. Compared d. Compare
41. 41. “Was the rally successful?’
“No, because the number of ______ was smaller than we had expected.”
a. people who attend b. attended people
c. people attending d. attendance of people
42. 42. Uncle Dick has already arrive. Do you expect ______ to see him?
a. a. Going b. go c. to go d. that you go
43. 43. From the electric refrigerator Dick takes a carton of cream, another of fresh milk and a can of ______ orange juice.
a. a. frozen b. froze c. freezing d. freezed
44. 44. He felt bad for ______ a chance to study abroad.
a. having not given b. not having given
c. having not been given d. not having been given
45. 45. In some countries there are already a number of firms ______ computer programming.
a. specialize in b. specialized in c. specializing in d. specializes in
46. 46. The young man who saw the car ______ into the river telephoned the police station.
a. plunge b. plunged c. was plunging d. to plunge
47. 47. While she was shopping, she kept ______ the list to make sure she hadn’t forgotten anything.
a. checked b. checking c. to check d. check
48. 48. You’d better ______.
a. to have your shoes mended b. to have mended your shoes
c. have your shoes mended d. having your shoes mended
49. 49. The machines are made ______ at full speed.
a. work b. working c. to work d. to be worked
50. 50. It is certain that men will never stop ______ new energy sources to power their growing industry.
a. finding b. to find c. having found d. found
51. 51. It is really quite extraordinary that we should have been at the same college without ______ before.
a. met b. being met c. having met d. having been met
52. 52. Professor Smith is said ______ another important discovery in chemistry.
a. having made b. having been made c. to have made d. to make
53. 53. Without the sun’s light ______ the earth’s surface, it would be so cold that life could not exist on the earth.
a. warms b. warmed c. warming d. to warm
54. 54. The rocket will weigh about 200 tons when ______.
a. being completed b. completed completing d. have been completed
55. 55. There are plans ______ a number of atomic power station in this regions.
a. to build b. to be built c. building d. being built
56. 56. All of us are looking forward to ______ a trip to the Ming Tombs.
a. make b. making c. to making d. have made
57. 57. I can’t understand ______ a decision until it is too late.
a. him to postpone to make b. his postponing to make
c. him to postponing making d. his postponing making
58. 58. I would like ______ that I don’t have a very high opinion of you.
a. to have you know b. have you know
c. to have your known d. having you know
59. 59. I had intended ______ him while he was living at Aberdeen.
a. visiting b. visit c. to have visited d. having visited
60. 60. Do you consider better _______ ?
a. not doing it again b. not do it again
c. not having done it again d. not to do it again
61. 61. The famous scientist was easy _______ along with.
a. to get b. for getting c. getting d. got
62. 62. The students will have more discussions like this in the weeks ______.
a. coming b. to come c. come d. to be coming
63. 63. He felt lonely at first, but after a time he got ______ alone and even got ______ it.
a. used to living…to like b. used to live… to like
c. using to live…liking d. to be used to living…liking
64. 64. Our master raised his voice so that the could make himself ______ by the pupils in the back of the hall.
a. hear b. heard c. hearing d. to be heard
65. 65. When he awoke, he found himself ______ in the hospital and ______ by an old woman.
a. lying…being looked after b. lying…be looking after
c. lie…be looked after d. lie…being looked after
66. 66. ______ from the hill-top the lake scenery is beyond description.
a. To see b. Seeing c. Seen d. Having seen
67. 67. ______ in the strange forest, the poor girls fell to ______.
a. Lost…crying b. Lost…cry c. To lost…cry d. Having been lost…crying
68. 68. They’ll have you ______ if you don’t pay your taxes.
a. to be arrested b. arrest c. arrested d. being arrested
69. 69. All flights ______ because of the storm, they decided to take the train.
a. having cancelled b. were cancelled
c. have been cancelled d. having been cancelled
70. 70. Although it was very late when John began doing the job, he managed with his friend’s assistance, ______ before the building was locked.
a. to be finished b. being finished c. finishing d. to finish
71. 71. Despite the earnest efforts of various private groups as well as government agencies, many of the problems have not yet been solved, and much remains to ______.
a. have been done b. be done c. have done d. do
72. 72. ______ that bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to put off their attempt on Eiger until the following week.
a. Having told b. Being told c. Telling d. Having been told
73. 73. Members of the Government itself acknowledge many of their predictions _______ wildly over-optimistic.
a. to be b. being c. to have been d. having been
74. 74. The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court.
a. objected to having b. objected to have
c. were objected to have d. were objected to having
75. 75. The teacher doesn’t permit ______ in class.
a. smoke b. smoking c. to smoke d. to have smoke
76. 76. I like watching TV ______ to the cinema.
a. more than to go b. more than going
c. than going d. rather than to go
77. 77. The manager promised to keep me ______ of how our business was going on.
a. to be informed b. informed c. on informing d. informing
78. 78. Mrs. Brown is supposed ______ for Italy last week.
a. to have left b. to leave c. to be leaving d. to have been left
79. 79. Dorothy went to work quietly, ______ to work as hard as she could.
a. her mind being made up b. with her mind made up
c. with her mind making up d. he mind making up
80. 80. Husband and wife with a common duty to the country will find themselves ______ closer together.
a. been drawn b. drawn c. to draw d. drawing
81. 81. Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed ______ blown off the mountain.
a. to have been b. that it was c. to be d. that it had been
82. 82. ______ halfway through the exercise, the teacher changed his mind and collected all our papers.
a. When only being b. When we were only
c. Being only d. Having been
83. 83. Some passengers are reading the morning paper, others are talking with one another, ______ nervously for the train.
a. to wait b. are waiting c. waiting d. being waited
84. 84. There’s one thing I dislike about him: he will never admit ______ a mistake.
a. having made b. making c. being made d. have been made
85. 85. Stan spent half a year ______ material for his new book.
a. to collect b. collect c. collecting d. collected
86. 86. It’s no use ______ me not to worry.
a. you tell b. your telling c. for you to have told d. having told
87. 87. The chairman insists that there be a meeting _______ within the shortest possible time.
a. to hold b. to be held c. to have been held d. to be holding
88. 88. When the famous pianist was a child, he was accustomed ______ for several hours a day.
a. to practicing b. to practice c. to be practicing d. to have practiced.
89. 89. In China hundreds of different dialects are spoken; people of some villages ______ themselves understood by the inhabitants of the next town.
a. making trouble have b. have making trouble
c. have trouble making d. trouble making have
90. 90. It’s a wonderful place for anyone ______ in architecture, as you are.
a. interesting b. to be interested c. being interested d. interested
91. 91. Another feature worth ______ is the role of information throughout a feedback control system..
a. noticed b. noticing c. being noticed d. notice
92. 92. I believe ______ very largely due to mistaken views of the world.
a. this unhappiness are b. to be this unhappiness
c. this be unhappiness d. this unhappiness to be
93. 93. When they met, Leonards and his enemy were fighting ______.
a. killed each other b. to kill each other
c. killing each other d. to be killed each other
94. 94. Before the invention of aero-planes, ______ in the sky like a bird was only a dream.
a. men fly b. to fly c. for flying d. man flys
95. 95. At last they succeeded ______ the job.
a. to persuade him to take b. in persuading him to take
c. to persuade him taking d. in persuading him taking
96. 96. All that it does is ______ the place of a house wife.
a. takes b. taking c. take d. being taken
97. 97. He listened to me ______ what Mr. Smith had said the day before.
a. to repeat b. to be repeated c. to repeating d. repeat
98. 98. He could do little except ______.
a. writing b. write c. written d. to write
99. 99. The electric shaver ______ before it can be used.
a. needs repairing b. requires to repair
b. b. should be in repair d. has to be repairable
100. 100. ______ a problem requiring multiplication or division, the computer solves it by adding or subtracting.
a. Giving b. Having given c. Being given d. Given
101. 101. You can fly to London this evening ______ you don’t mind changing planes in Paris.
a. provided b. except c. unless d. so far as
102. 102. Students from the south prefer _______.
a. eat rice than bread b. eating rice than bread
c. eating rice to eating bread d. eating rice to eat bread
103. 103. Would you be ______ to help me with my luggage?
a. enough kind b. kind enough
c. too kind d. kind too
104. 104. The father advise ______ the second-hand car.
a. his son to not buy b. his son not to buy
c. his son’s no buying d. that his son not to buy
105. 105. “Do you intend to come with us?”
“Yes, ______.”
a. I intend so b. I intend that c. I intend to d. I intend
106. 106. It takes a whole year for the earth ______ round the sun once.
a. traveling b. to travel c. traveled d. travels
107. 107. The factory ______ next year will be one of the largest in this city.
a. to build b. to be built c. being built d. having been built
108. 108. With the guide ______ the way, we set off on foot into the dark night.
a. leading b. led c. leads d. to lead
109. 109. They got the work ______ before the rainy season set in.
a. to do b. done c. doing d. did
110. 110. Things are known ______ when they unite with the oxygen of the air.
a. burning b. to burn c. burn d. being burning
111. 111. He was thoroughly ashamed ______ so much money on such an ugly picture.
a. for spending b. with spending
c. to have spent d. of having spent
112. 112. ______ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.
a. To be free b. Freeing c. To free d. Freed
113. 113. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ______ in broad daylight yesterday.
a. to be robbed b. robbed c. to have been robbed d. having been robbed
114. 114. There seemed little hope that the explorer, ______ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
a. to be deserted b. having deserted
c. to have been deserted d. having been deserted
115. 115. “Where should I send my application?”
“The Personnel Office is the place ______.”
a. to sent it b. sent it to c. to send it to d. for sending it
116. 116. The publisher will send you a specimen copy of their new book ______.
a. when it will be requested b. when they are requested
c. when requested d. when request it
117. 117. Rome is the city ______.
a. I rather most like to visit b. I’d most like to visit
c. I’m rather to visit most d. I’d prefer most to visit
118. 118. There ______ no further business, the meeting came to a stop.
a. being b. was c. been d. had been
119. 119. Please remind me ______ some eggs for the coming party.
a. buy b. to buy c. of buying d. for buying
120. 120. Don’t say anything at the meeting unless ______.
a. asking b. asked c. being asked d. to be asked
121. 121. The radio announced that all flights ______ have been cancelled because of the fog.
a. go out b. gone out c. going out d. will go out
122. 122. What’s the use ______ extra leisure time if you don’t know what to do?
a. have b. to have c. being have d. of knowing
123. 123. ______ mathematical concepts of some students was very difficult because the students did not have a math background.
a. Explain b. Explaining c. Have explained d. Having explained
124. 124. Although John was the oldest in the family, he always let his sister _____ charge of the house.
a. to take b. taking c. take d. taken
125. 125. Commercial banks make most of their income from interest ______ on loans and investment in stocks and bonds.
a. earn b. earned c. to earn d. was earned
126. 126. Amelia Earhart, the first woman ______ a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, was born in 1898.
a. makes b. made c. making d. to make
127. 127. It is impossible for the plan ______.
a. to put into practice b. not to put into practice
c. c. to be put into practice d. to be not put into practice
128. 128. ______ is what she wants to know.
a. Who to do it b. Whom to do it
c. Who does it do d. Whom doing it
129. 129. My wife suggested ______ to Scotland for a holiday, but I favor ______ Wales instead.
a. to go…to visit b. going …visiting
c. to go…visiting d. going …to visit
130. 130. There are several ______ leaves on the ground.
a. falling b. fallen c. to fall d. fell
动词不定式目录
7. 动词不定式
动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。
常见的形式如表所示（以及物动词do为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
/
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
/
动词不定式目录
7.1 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。
1） 1） 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如：
afford
aim
agree
arrange
ask
decide
bother
care
choose
demand
desire
determine
elect
endeavor
hope
fail
help
learn
long 渴望
mean
manage
offer
plan
pretend
refuse
tend
undertake
expect
hate
intend
例如：
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。
2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
ask
choose
expect
help
beg
intend
like/love
need
prefer
prepare
want
wish
例如：
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
1） 3） 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如：
decide
know
consider
forget
learn
remember
show,
wonder
find out
tell
inquire
explain
例如：
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.
有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
动词不定式目录
7.2 不定式作补语
1） 1） 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
advise
allow
cause
challenge
command
compel
drive 驱使
enable
encourage
forbid
force
impel
induce
instruct
invite
like/love
order
permit
make
let
have
want
get
warn
persuade
request
send
tell
train
urge
例如；
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
1) 2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：
consider
find
believe
think
declare（声称）
appoint
guess
fancy（设想）
guess
judge
imagine
know
例如：
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be 不能省去）
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C。
2) 3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如：
believe
expect
intend
like
love
mean
prefer
want
wish
understand
例如：
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
动词不定式目录
7.3 不定式作主语
不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如：
（对）To teach is to learn.
（错）It is to learn to teach.
（错）To teach is learning.
（错）Teaching is to learn.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
动词不定式目录
7.4 7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法：
用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。例如：
You are nice. （通顺，所以应用of）。
He is hard. （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。）
动词不定式目录
7.5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
动词不定式目录
7.6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。
动词不定式目录
7.7 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do, so as to do, so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。例如：
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。
3） 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4）表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
动词不定式目录
7.8 用作介词的to
to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词：
admit to
object to
be accustomed to
be used to
stick to
turn to开始
look forward to
be devoted to
pay attention to
contribute to
apologize to
devote oneself to
动词不定式目录
7.9 省去to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。
2） 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如：
I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
3） would rather，had better句型后
4） Why… / why no…句型后
5） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth：
6） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。
7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如：
He is supposed （to be） nice. 他应该是个好人。
典型例题
1） ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
动词不定式目录
7.10 动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志to前加上not。例如：
Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
2） The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语，因此也B，D不对。
动词不定式目录
7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…。例如：
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2） 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。例如：
It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语）
3） 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。例如：
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
动词不定式目录
7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。例如：
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2） 表示结果。例如：
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
动词不定式目录
7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"。例如：
Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
动词不定式目录
7.14 不定式的时态和语态
1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。
3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：
He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。
4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。
动词不定式目录
7.15 动名词与不定式
1）动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。
3）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下一节有专门讨论。
特殊词精讲目录
8.特殊词精讲
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing 停止做某事。例如：
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
特殊词精讲目录
8.2 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事，forget doing 忘记做过某事。例如：
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
特殊词精讲目录
8.3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事，remember doing 记得做过某事。例如：
Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
特殊词精讲目录
8.4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对将要做的事遗憾，regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
特殊词精讲目录
8.5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事，cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：
That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
特殊词精讲目录
8.6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事，try doing 试验，试着做某事。例如：
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
特殊词精讲目录
8.7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing 继续做原来做的事。例如：
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
特殊词精讲目录
8.8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"，be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。例如：
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
特殊词精讲目录
8.9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如：
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? （一种想法）
特殊词精讲目录
8.10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想，mean doing 意味着。例如：
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。
特殊词精讲目录
8.11 begin（start） doing/to do
begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.
1） 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如：
How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2） begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如：
I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。
3） 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如：
I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。
4） 事物作主语时。例如：
The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了
特殊词精讲目录
8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如：
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调"我看见了"这个事实）
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
9. 分词
分词既有动词的特征，由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do 和不及物动词go为例）：
do
go
主动
被动
现在分词
doing
being done
going
过去分词
/
done
gone
完成式
having done
having been done
/
分词目录
9.1 分词作定语
不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如：
We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西
分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.
典型例题
1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What's the language （which is） spoken in German?
分词目录
9.2 分词作状语
分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
典型例题
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…
注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：
Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。
分词目录
9.3 连词+分词（短语）
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting 和saw 的主语相同）
分词目录
9.4 分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如：
I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
分词目录
9.5 分词作表语
表示主语的状态等。例如：
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
分词目录
9.6 分词作插入语
分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：
generally speaking 一般说来
talking of （speaking of） 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来
例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作）
分词目录
9.7 分词的时态
1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如：
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。
2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如：
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
典型例题
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
分词目录
9.8 分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。例如：
He is the man giving you the money. （= who gave you…）他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car. （= who was stopped by…）他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。
例如： a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人
a much-traveled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
独立主格目录
独立主格
10.1 独立主格
独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；
名词（代词）+形容词；
名词（代词）+副词；
名词（代词）+不定式；
名词（代词） +介词短语构成。
独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
例如：
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
独立主格目录
10.2 with的复合结构作独立主格
表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：
He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。
典型例题
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
注意:
1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。
2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如：
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。
典型例题：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
动词的时态目录
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
动词的时态目录
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
动词的时态目录
11.4 一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
动词的时态目录
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
动词的时态目录
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）
动词的时态目录
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
动词的时态目录
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
动词的时态目录
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。
动词的时态目录
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
动词的时态目录
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
动词的时态目录
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
动词的时态目录
11.13 since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3） since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
动词的时态目录
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
动词的时态目录
11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
动词的时态目录
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
动词的时态目录
11.17 将来完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。
动词的时态目录
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
动词的时态目录
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
动词的时态目录
11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
动词的时态目录
11.21 将来进行时
1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：
She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。
动词的时态目录
11.22 一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
典型例题
（1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeeded
C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.
答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
（2） 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。例如：
The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。（实际上每天如此。）
动词的时态目录
11.23 一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ） "书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如：
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如：
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。
动词的时态目录
11.24 一般现在时代替现在完成时
1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：
I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。
I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2） 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如：
It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。
动词的时态目录
11.25 一般现在时代替现在进行时。
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
动词的时态目录
11.26 现在进行时代替将来时
1） 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：
Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗?
We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。
2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：
He is dying. 他要死了。
动词的时态目录
11.27 时态一致
1） 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如：
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时，人们不知道地球是动的。
He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。
2） 宾语从句中的，助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如：
He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。
动词的时态目录
11.28 时态与时间状语
时态
时间状语
一般现在时
every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等
一般过去时
yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等
一般将来时
next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等
现在完成时
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等
过去完成时
before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等
过去进行时
this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等
将来进行时
soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
动词的时态目录
时态、语态练习答案
11.29 时态、语态练习
1. 1.“I don’t like to travel. ”“Have you ever _____ in an airplane?”
a. flying b. flew c. flowed d. flown
2. 2.The center of gravity of the human body ______ behind his joint.
a. located b. locating c. to locate d. is located
3. 3.“Today is very cold, isn’t it?” “Yes, the river is _____ over.”
a. freezed b. freeze c. frozen d. freezing
4. 4.“What happened in that new area?” “New houses ______ recently over there.”
a. are built b. build c. have built d. have been built
5. 5.“When did you go to work?” “As soon as they came, we ______ to work.”
a. a. went b. were going c. had gone d. go
6. 6.“Did you wait for him very long?” “Yes, I ______ to bed until five in the morning.”
a. a. did go b. didn’t go c. had gone d. went
7. 7.Perhaps it will be a long time ______ from abroad.
a. when Tom comes back b. when Tom will come back
c. c.before Tom comes back d. that Tom comes back
8. 8.Tom ______ mathematics throughout his college life.
a. bored b. bored with c. was bored d. was bored with
9. 9.______ that dress when I first saw you at the station?
a. Were you wearing b. Have you worn c. Did you wear d. do you wear
10. 10.Mr Wu ______ to work by bus every day.
a. has been traveling b. has traveled c. travels d. is traveling
11. 11.Don’t disturb him. He ______ to the weather forecast.
a. listens b. is being listened c. has listened d. is listening
12. 12.My English teacher ______ my test.
a. a. has not yet graded b. has not yet been graded
c. is not yet to be graded d. is not yet graded
13. 13.We ______ on it for many hours, but we have not yet reached any conclusion.
a. are being worked b. are working c. have been working d. have been worked
14. 14.Shanghai ______ on the Huangpu River.
a. stand b. stands c. is being stand d. has stood
15. 15.“Tell the students to stop shouting. We ______ our essays now.”
a. write b. have been writing c. are writing d. have written
16. 16.“______ your best? It’s not satisfactory. I’m afraid you will have to do it again.”
a. a. Do you try b. Have you tried c. Are you trying d. Have you been trying
17. 17.Chinese married couple _____ red packets to children and the unmarried during the Chinese new Year.
a. give b. have been giving c. are giving d. have given
18. 18.My uncle, Sam,______ manager of the firm.
a. has just made b. is just being made c. has just been made d. is just made
19. 19.This is the first time the students ______ to Hyde Park.
a. have gone b. have been gone c. have been going d. are being gone
20. 20.She ______ her mother’s work since she was admitted into hospital.
a. is doing b. has been doing c. has done d. has been done
21. 21.I ______ the incident as if it were yesterday.
a. am still to remember b. have still been remembering
c. am being still remembered d. still remember
22. 22.I ______ swimming in the river and I always _____ to swim when I can.
a. a. am liking/have gone b. am being liked/am going
c. like/go d. have liked/have been going
23. 23.We have sometimes accidents on this line, but no accidents ______ since last winter.
a. occur b. have occurred c. have been occurring d. are occurring
24. 24.He _____ on this essay for twenty minutes but he _____ only a hundred words.
a. a. has been working/has written b. is working/writes
a. b. has worked/has been writing d. works/is writing
25. 25.Elections _______ every four years and Congress meets once a year.
a. are taken place b. are to be taken place c. took place d. take place
26. 26.______ careless, or you will make mistakes.
a. a.Be not b. Not be c. Don’t d. Don’t be
27. 27.The No.8 bus ______ to Chengdu college of Geology, and not to Sichuan University.
a. a. are gone b. is being gone c. goes d. are going
28. 28.Oil, exported from Iran to Europe, _____ by tankers.
a. used to be transported/have been built up
b. used to being transported/have built up
c. was used to be transported/had been built up
d. was used to being transported/will be built up
29. 29.If it ______,the match will be postponed.
a. a. has been rained b. does rain c. rains d. is rained
30. 30.As soon as I ______ the tools, I shall begin with the work.
a. a. have b. am having c. have been having d. have been had
31. 31.Once you ______ the knack of it, you will have no further difficulty.
a. shall have b. had had c. are having d. have
32. 32.Every time he ______ me, he is rude to me.
a. will see b. sees c. is seeing d. is seen
33. 33.John told Mary that he ______ what he was doing during the vacation.
a. was just asked b. was just asking c. had just been asked d. had just asked
34. 34.Now that you _______ , what are you going to do?
a. are bing returned b. have been returning c. have been returned d. have returned
35. 35.I started my teaching career at the school. That was more than twenty years ago, and I ______ there ever since.
a. was b. had been c. will be d. have been
36. 36.Everything on the earth ______ all the time.
a. is changing b. is changed c. has changed d. has been changed
37. 37.We ______ fine weather for the past few days.
a. have b. are having c. have been had d. have been having
38. 38.It ______ every day so far this month.
a. is raining b. rains c. has rained d. has been rained
39. 39.no one can prove that the earth ______ not round.
a. is being b. is to be c. is d. has been
40. 40.“There she ______!We needn’t wait any longer.”
a. a. comes b. has been come c. has been coming d. is to come
41. 41.The little girl ______ by the drug-pusher to carry drugs into the country.
a. a. was made use b. was made used c. was made use of d. was made used of
42. 42.I shall tell you what he ______ at three o’clock yesterday afternoon.
a. a. had done b. would do c. was doing d. had been done
43. 43.By the end of last year they ______ 1,000 machines.
a. turned out b. had turned out c. would turn out d. had been turned out
44. 44.He was sixty-eight. In two years he ______ seventy.
a. would be b. was c. had been d. was being
45. 45.How long ago ______ playing football?
a. had you stopped b. would you stop c. did you stop d. were you stopping
46. 46.Up till then we ______ half the distance.
a. had only covered b. covered c. would only cover d. would be only covered
47. 47.While I ______ television, the door bell ______.
a. a. watched/would ring b. would watch/had rung
a. b. was watching/rang d. had been watched/was ringing
48. 48.They ______ with us for the time being.
a. would stay b. will stay c. have been staying d. will be staying
49. 49.I never dreamed I ______ here discussing state affairs with the other deputies.
a. will be sitting b. would be sitting c. will have been sitting d. would have been sitting
50. 50.John told us that by the end of the year they ______ together for thirty years.
a. would have been living b. would have lived
c. would have been lived d. will have been living
51. 51.The new type of machine ______ the year after next.
a. a. is going to turn out b. is going to being turned out
a. b. is going to have turned out d. is going to be turned out
52. 52.Large sums of money ______ each year in painting the steelwork of bridges, ships, and other exposed structures.
a. have spent b. have to be spent c. have to spend d. spend
53. 53.The police ______ in what the informer reported.
a. interested b. had interested c. were interesting d. were interested
54. 54.A candidate for the post ______ at the moment.
a. is interviewing b. being interviewing c. interviewing d. is being interviewed
55. 55.By the end of last year the railway ______.
a. a. was being completed b. would be completed
a. b. had been completed d. had completed
56. 56.I ______ to visit their country before long.
a. a. have been invited b. am being invited c. had been invited d. shall be invited
57. 57.Theory ______ with practice.
a. must be combining b. must combine c. must have been combined d. must be combined
58. 58.He said such a thing ______ to happen.
a. a. ought to be not allowed b. ought not to be allowing
a. b. ought not to have allowed d. ought not to be allowed
59. 59.She told me that her proposal ______.
a. a. needed to take into consideration b. needed to be taken into consideration
c. needed to be taking into consideration d. needed to have taken into consideration
60. 60.The school authorities and the teachers ______ over the advantages of the demerit system.
a. a. were always argued b. were always arguing
a. b. had always had argued d. had always been argued
61. 61.He fulfilled the plan earlier than he ______.
a. had expected b. expecting c. should expect d. would expect
62. 62.______ when the bell rang.
a. a. Hardly would he reach school b. Hardly had he reached school
c. c.Hardly he reached school d. Hardly he was reaching school
63. 63.We were determined not to do it unless Julie ______ it, too.
a. had done b. was doing c. was done d. did
64. 64.They were sure they ______ final victory.
a. were won b. would be won c. would win d. had been won
65. 65.When ______ to give us an answer?
a. will you be able b. will you have been able c. will you able d. will you have abled
66. 66.We ______ on the project by the end of next week.
a. a. shall have finished to work b. shall finish to work
c. shall have finished working d. shall finish working
67. 67.He ______ for six years by the time he takes his examination.
a. a. shall have finished to work b. shall finish to work
a. b. shall have finished working d. shall finish working
68. 68.I promise you that I ______ you a present next week.
a. will give b. will have given c. shall give d. shall have given
69. 69.I hope that she ______ to the demands of the naughty boys.
a. a.will not have agreed b. will not be agreed c. will not agree d. will not have been agreed
70. 70.In the long run your money ______ in bonds.
a. a. was more safely invested b. is more safely invested
a. b. will be more safely invested d. are more safely invested
71. 71.Mr.Wilson asked me if these islands ______ to Japan.
a. belong b. are belonging c. are belonged d. have been belonged
72. 72.Before the end of the nineties, air pollution ______ a serious problem that endangers the health of the human race.
a. will be become b. will become c. will have become d. will have been become
73. 73.The train ______ at eight tonight.
a. will be started b. will have started c. shall be started d. starts
74. 74.We ______ an English evening tonight.
a. are being having b. are having c. will be had d. shall be had
75. 75.They ______ for Beijing for practice.
a. are leaving b. are being left c. will have left d. will be left
76. 76._____ me or aren’t you?
a. Will you help b. Shall you help c. Are you going to help d. Will you have helped
77. 77.A new power station ______ there.
a. will be going to build b. is going to be built c. will be gone to build d. is gone to be built
78. 78.______ a meeting this afternoon.
a. a. There going to be b. There will be going to be
a. b. There is going to be d. There will going to be
79. 79.We ______ a new experiment this afternoon.
a. a. shall be to perform b. will be to perform c. are to be performed d. are to perform
80. 80.The government _____ to approve the use of widespread surveillance when the Justice Department took objections.
a. is going b. had been c. was about d. is coming
81. 81.You ought to _____ a test in physics the day before, I think.
a. have taken b. take c. be taken d. be taking
82. 82.Kepler proved that the sun ______ the center of the solar system.
a. is b. was c. had been d. would be
83. 83.This is one of the best novels that ______ this year.
a. appears b. is appearing c. has appeared d. have appeared
84. 84.My friend ______ here last week, but he couldn’t.
a. was to have come b. must have come c. came d. had to come
85. 85.He did not arrive until the meeting was nearly over, for the simple reason is that he _____ asleep while watching television.
a. had fallen b. has fallen c. fell d. was falling
86. 86.We had hardly sat down when she ______ plates of food for us.
a. brought b. has brought c. had brought d. was bringing
87. 87.A friend of mine returned to his house after a holiday ,only to find it ______.
a. be broken into b. was broken into c. had broken into d. had been broken into
88. 88.“What were you doing when Anna phoned you?”
“I had just finished my work and ______ to take a bath.”
a. a. starting b. to start c. have started d. was starting
89. 89.“Have you gone to see the doctor?”
“No, but ______.”
a. I go b. I am going to see c. I go to see d. I’m going to
90. 90.Each time you look at an object, you ______ a picture.
a. took b. are taking c. take d. have taken
91. 91.Water pipes ______ rusty after a period of use.
a. become b. is becoming c. are become d. were become
92. 92.This foreign scientist ______ in our college for fifteen years and does not want to leave.
a. worked b. is working c. works d. has been working
93. 93.______ to have dinner with us tonight?
a. Will you like b. Do you like c. Wouldn’t you like d. Won’t you like
94. 94.What I was uncertain about ______ whether they could overcome the difficulties.
a. is b. will be c. had been d. was
95. 95.“Certainly,______ him about something else in any case, so it won’t be any bother.”
a. I’ll see b. I see c. I can see d. I’ll be seeing
96. 96.By the time the course ends,______ a lot about Britain.
a. we’ll learnt b. we are learning c. we have learnt d. we’ll have learnt
97. 97.All the machines ______ by the end of the following week.
a. were repaired b. would be repaired
c. will have been repaired d. were being repair
98. 98.He will come to call one you the moment he ______ his work.
a. will finish b. finishes c. had finished d. finished
99. 99.I don’t think she’ll be upset, but I’ll see her in case ________.
a. she’ll b. she is c. she does d. she would
100. 100.“I wish that your sister would come to visit me.”
“Well, I’ll tell her when I ______ her.”
a. see b. saw c. well see d. would see
动词的语态目录
12. 动词的语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。
注意：1）感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。
--> I was made to go out of the classroom （by the teacher）.
We saw him play football on the playground. 我们看见他在草场踢球。
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 煤可以产生工农业需要的电。
动词的语态目录
12.1 let 的用法
1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。例如：
They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2）当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。例如：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
动词的语态目录
12.2 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
动词的语态目录
12.3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如：
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
动词的语态目录
12.4 不用被动语态的情况
1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如：
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
（错） The price has been risen.
（对） The price has risen.
（错） The accident was happened last week.
（对） The accident happened last week.
（错） The price has raised.
（对） The price has been raised.
（错） Please seat.
（对） Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：
（对） She likes to swim.
（错） To swim is liked by her.
动词的语态目录
12.5 主动形式表示被动意义
1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。
动词的语态目录
12.6 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如：
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
动词的语态目录
12.7 need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如：
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
典型例题
The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
答案A. need （实意） +n /to do，need （情态）+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。
句子的种类目录
13. 句子的种类
（一）按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：
a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？
b. 特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）：
Where do you live? 你住那儿？
c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她，对不对？
3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：
Don't be nervous! 别紧张！
4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：
1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。
3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。
（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1）主 + 动（SV）例如：I work. 我工作。
2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy. 约翰忙。
3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English. 她学英语。
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
句子的种类目录
13.1 祈使句结构
祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。
1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do （但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子）。例如：
Take this seat. 坐这儿。
Do be careful. 务必小心。
否定结构：例如：
Don't move. 不准动。
Don't be late. 不要迟到。
2）第二种祈使句以let开头。
Let 的反意疑问句：
a. Let's 包括说话者。例如：
Let's have another try, shall we / shan't we? = Shall we have another try? 我们再试一次，如何？
b. Let us 不包括说话者。例如：
Let us have another try，will you / won't you? = Will you please let us have another try? 你让我们再试一次，好吗？
否定结构：例如：
Let's not talk of that matter. 不要谈这件事。
Let us not talk of that matter. 你不要让我们谈这件事。
句子的种类目录
13.2 感叹句结构
感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：
掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如：How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！
What +名词+陈述语序。例如：What noise they are making! 他们真吵！
What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：What wonderful ideas （we have）! 我们的主意真棒！
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！
What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为：What a clever boy!
典型例题
1）___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C的 How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. （不可数）。
2）___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。
3） --- _____ I had!
--- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time
答案A. 感叹句分两类：
1：What + n.+主谓部分
2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
句子的种类目录
13.3 强调句结构
常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子，结构为It is（was）+ 被强调部分+ that （who） + 句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语，宾语和状语。例如：
It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 知道读了你的信，我才知道实际情形。
典型例题
1）It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that （who））+ 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。再如：原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. （注意不用when）
强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
句子的种类目录
13.4 用助动词进行强调
句子的强调句还可以用助动词do （did，does） 强调谓语。例如：
She does like this horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。
Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。
句子的种类目录
13.5 反意疑问句
1） 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I。例如：
I'm as tall as your sister, aren't I? 我跟你姐一样高，对吗？
2） 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。例如：
I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我想与你说句话，行吗？
3） 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。例如：
Some plants never blown （开花）, do they ? 有些植物从不开花，对吗？
4） 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。例如：
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he? 他应该知道该做什么，对吗？
5） 陈述部分有have to +v. （had to + v.），疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。例如：
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we? 我们要在明天早上八点到达那儿，是吗？
6） 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。例如：
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he? 他以前常在那儿拍照，是吗？
7） 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you? 例如：
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? 你最好自己去读，好吗？
8） 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。例如：
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he? 他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵，是吗？
9） 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。例如：
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you? 你想和我们一块去，对吗？
10） 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。例如：
He must be a doctor, isn't he? 他肯定是医生，是吗？
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you? 你一定读过三年英语，对吗？
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he? 他肯定是在昨天完成任务的，是吗？
11） 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。例如：
What colors, aren't they? 多漂亮的颜色，是吗？
12） 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 你不是工程师，我也不是，对吗？
13） 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。例如：
Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切就绪，是吗？
14） 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。例如：
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
史密斯先生曾几次去过北京，按理说他现在应该在中国，是吗？
b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。例如：
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he? 他说他想去日本看看，他是那样说的吗？
c. 陈述部分主句为第一人称，谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。例如：
I don't think he is bright, is he? 我认为他并不聪明，是吗？
We believe she can do it better, can't she? 我们相信她能做得更好，她能吗？
15） 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。例如：
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? （does he?） 人人都知道答案，是这样吧？
Nobody knows about it, do they? （does he?） 没人知道这件事，是吧？
16） 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need （dare ） +主语。例如：
We need not do it again, need we ? 我们不必重做一遍，是吗？
He dare not say so, dare he? 他不敢这样说，是吗？
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。例如：
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she? 她不敢独自回家，是吗？
17） 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。例如：
Don't do that again, will you? 别再这样做，好吗？
Go with me, will you / won't you ? 跟我走吧，好吗？
注意：Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you? 例如：
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we? 一起去听音乐，好吗？
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ? 你让我们在阅览室等你，好吗？
18） 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。例如：
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there? 你的表有问题，对不对？
There will not be any trouble, will there? 不会有麻烦吧，是吗？
19） 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。例如：
It is impossible, isn't it? 这不可能，是吗？
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he? 他不会对他同学使坏，是吗？
20） must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。例如：
He must be there now, isn't he? 他现在肯定在那儿，是吧？
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it? 明天肯定要下雨，是吗？
5.2 助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态。例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态。例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句。例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气。例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。
动词目录
5.3 助动词be的用法
1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2） be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
动词目录
5.4 助动词have的用法
1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3）have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
动词目录
5.5 助动词do 的用法
1）构成一般疑问句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？
2）do + not 构成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3） 构成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5）用于倒装句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后，我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代动词。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？
动词目录
5.6 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
动词目录
5.7 助动词should, would的用法
1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。
比较："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么？"我问道。
可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。
2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较："I will go," he said. 他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。
动词目录
5.8 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词）
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种：
1）动词+副词，如：black out；
2）动词+介词，如：look into；
3）动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。
动词目录
5.9 非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。
1）不定式
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
2）动名词
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
3）分词
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
动词目录
助动词练习答案
5.10 助动词练习
1. 1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2. 2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3. 3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4. 4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had b. didn’t/have c. didn’t/had d. don’t/have
5. 5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6. 6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7. 7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8. 8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9. 9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10. 10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended
11. 11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12. 12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13. 13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14. 14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15. 15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16. 16.______ to see a film with us today?
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17. 17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18. 18.“Time is running out,______?”
a. a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start
a. b. hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19. 19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20. 20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21. 21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
22. 22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23. 23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24. 24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a. a. must b. could c. should d. might
25. 25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take
26. 26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
a. b. must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27. 27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28. 28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried
a. b. need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry
29. 29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight?
a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do
30. 30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
31. 31.He ______ hardly say anything more, since you know about it.
a. don’t need to b. needn’t c. needs d. need
32. 32.You ______ the look on his face when he won the prize.
a. would have seen b. should have seen c. must see d. can be seeing
33. 33.Some people think the stock market will crash, but ______.
a. a. I wonder if it happens b. I doubt if it will happen
c. I am afraid it wouldn’t happen d. I doubt if it does happen
34. 34.“Whatever has happened to George?” “I don’t know. He ______ lost.”
a. can have got b. may have got c. might get d. could get
35. 35.He has no idea what the book is about. He ______read the book.
a. couldn’t b. couldn’t have c. mightn’t have d. shouldn’t have
36. 36.New studies show that two of Saturn’s rings ______ longer than the 4.5 billion years since the birth of the Solar System.
a. could have lasted b. should have lasted c. would have lasted d. must be lasting
37. 37.Take the telescope with you in case you ______ it in your expedition.
a. will need b. would need c. should need d. could need
38. 38.Need he come at once? Yes, he ______.
a. must b. must not c. need d. may
39. 39.Please answer the phone. It ______ be by your father. If it is, would you tell that I want to see him?
a. will b. should c. would d. could
40. 40.We’ll never give in whatever they ______ say or do.
a. may b. will c. shall d. should
41. 41.With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.
a. mustn’t go b. wouldn’t go c. oughtn’t go d. shouldn’t have gone
34. 42.Everyone ______ the cake because there wasn’t even a small piece left.
a. must like b. must have liked c. must have been liking d. had liked
35. 43.I wish to recollect where I met her, ______?
a. a. would I b. may I c. may not I d. can I
44. 44.I ______ think he will ______ dare the risk.
a. not/ .. b. do/not c. ../not d. don’t/..
45. 45.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it ______ be active.
a. may not b. must c. might d. is not
46. 46.You ______ your seats today if you want to go to the game.
a. a. had better to reserve b. had better reserve
c. had to better reserve d. had to reserve better
47. 47.I ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
a. a. would rather not have b. would not rather had
a. b. rather would not have d. rather not would have
48. 48.Many scientists ______ their own eyes and ears than the theories of the ancients.
a. a. would rather to believe b. would rather believe
c. rather would believe d. will rather believe
49. 49.To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport.
a. haven’t got b. mustn’t have c. needn’t d. don’t need
50. 50.One of the statements ______ to be untrue.
a. is turned out b. has turned out c. have been turned out d. have turned out
51. 51.I don’t know whether it will rain or not, but if it ______ rain, I shall stay at home.
a. will b. did c. does d. shall
52. 52.“You’d like some tea,______?”
a. wouldn’t you b. shouldn’t you c. hadn’t you d. didn’t you
53. 53.“May we take the books out?”
a. No, you may not b. No, you can not c. No, you can’t d. Please don’t
54. 54.“I would have come sooner, but I ______ that you were waiting.”
a. didn’t know b. hasn’t known c. hadn’t know d. haven’t known
55. 55.If you don’t want to, you ______ to get there with us.
a. mustn’t b. can’t c. don’t have d. have not
56. 56.I would go to visit them but I ______ think they are anxious to see me.
a. haven’t b. don’t c. doesn’t d. didn’t
57. 57.Whatever you can do,______.
a. a. I can do so as well b. I can do this as well
a. b. I can do it as well d. I can do as well
58. 58._____- I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated getting involved.
a. Had b. Have c. Having d. Has
59. 59.“Perhaps she is working for John.” “Yes, she ______ for him.”
a. a. need have been working b. may be working
a. b. ought have been working d. ought be working
60. 60.“I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door.” “She ______ the bell.”
a. a. may not be hearing b. may not have heard
a. b. must not have heard d. must not be hearing
61. “He was smoking.” “Then he ______ .”
a. a. ought to have been not smoking b. ought to have not been smoking
a. b. ought not to have been smoking d. ought to not have been smoking
62. 62.You ______ out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.
a. oughtn’t have gone b. shouldn’t have gone c. mustn’t have gone d. can’t have gone
63. 63.“Paul was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry.”
“He _____ a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed.”
a. a. shouldn’t have been riding b. couldn’t have been riding
c. oughtn’t have been riding d. can’t have been riding
64. 64.I am listening. But you ______.
a. need be listening b. should be listening c. need have been listening d. ought be listening
65. 65.He ______ with us last night.
a. a. would have liked to go b. should like to be going
a. b. should be liked to go d. would like to go
66. 66.I ______ his face when he opened the letter.
a. a. should like you to see b. would have liked you to be seen
a. b. should like you to have seen d. would like you to see
67. 67.You say you ______ do it, but I say you ______ do it.
a. ought not/could b. will not/shall c. could not/need d. shall not/ought
68. 68.We ______ put the meeting off for a week.
a. can as well b. will as well c. shall as well d. may as well
69. 69.______ wind your watch every day?
a. Do you need b. Must you have to c. Have you to d. Do you have to
70. 70.______ give him a chance to try?
a. Oughtn’t to we b. Oughtn’t we to c. Ought to we not d. Oughtn’t we
71. 71.“Did you blame him for his mistakes?” “______”
a. I’d rather not do b. I’d not rather do c. I’d better not do d. I’d rather not doing
72. 72.You had better ______ your hair cut.
a. had b. have c. to get d. to have
73. 73.My sister didn’t go to the party last night because she ______ the baby for her friend until 9:30.
a. a. must have looked after b. would have to look after
a. b. had to look after d. should have looked after
74. 74.Mary is very late, she ______.
a. a. may miss her train b. may have missed her train
c. must miss her train d. could miss her train
75. 75.No matter what you may say, he ______ to his own views.
a. a. would always stick b. will always stick c. should always stick d. must always stick to
76. 76.It’s wonderful that you ______ have achieved so much in these years.
a. may b. can c. should d. would
77. 77.The students asked whether he ______ take the books out of the reading-room.
a. could b. might c. should d. would
78. 78.He ______ still be thinking about the question you raised.
a. may b. might c. must d. should
79. 79.I’d be glad if you______ give me an account of the fact.
a. a. shall b. should c. would d. may
80. 80.He ______ accomplish the task in time.
a. did b. has c. is d. do
动名词目录
动名词
动名词是非限定动词的一种形式，由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征，故称。动名词也有时态和语态的变化，如表所示（以及物动词write为例），不及物动词没有语态的变化。
时态/语态
主动
被动
一般式
writing
being written
完成式
having written
having been written
动名词目录
6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语
1）作主语。例如：
Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。
2）作宾语
a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如：
admit 承认
appreciate 感激
avoid 避免
complete完成
consider认为
delay 耽误
deny 否认
detest 讨厌
endure 忍受
enjoy 喜欢
escape 逃脱
fancy 想象
finish 完成
imagine 想象
mind 介意
miss 想念
postpone推迟
practice 训练
recall 回忆
resent 讨厌
resume 继续
resist 抵抗
risk 冒险
suggest 建议
face 面对
include 包括
stand 忍受
understand 理解
forgive 宽恕
keep 继续
例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。
b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如：
admit to
prefer…to
be used to
lead to
devote oneself to
object to
stick to
no good
no use
be fond of
look forward to
be proud of
be busy
can't help
be tired of
be capable of
be afraid of
think of
burst out
keep on
insist on
count on
set about
put off
be good at
take up
give up
be successful in
3）作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如：
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。
比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.
4）作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如：
a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台
a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池
有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：
boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点
a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机
动名词目录
6.2 worth 的用法
worth, worthy, worthwhile都是形容词，意为"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……"
常见的有It ’s worth while to do./ It ’s worth（someone’s）while doing
be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again. 这问题不值得反复讨论。
2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.
3. worthwhile： be worthwhile to do sth "值得做某事"
It is worthwhile to ask him to join the club.值得邀请他加入俱乐部。
典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A. worth B. worthy C. worthwhile D. worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worthwhile to do sth.。选C。
动名词目录
动名词、不定式、分词练习答案
6.3 动名词不定式、分词练习
1. 1. I was ______ work last week, but I changed my mind.
a. to start b. to have started c. to be starting d. to have been starting
2. 2. I intended ______ the matter with you, but I had some guests hen.
a. discuss b. discussing c. having discussed d. to have discussed
3. 3. Don’t let me catch you ______.
a. do that again b. to do that again c. doing that again d. done that again
4. 4. There are many kinds of metals ______.
a. a. each has its special properties b. one has its special properties
b. b. each having its special properties d. having its special properties
5. 5. It’s pay-day, and they’re waiting ______.
a. for paying b. to be paid c. to be paying d. to have paid
6. 6. _______ trouble, I’m going to forget the whole affair.
a. Then rather cause b. Rather causing
c. Rather than cause d. Rather than caused
7. 7. The brilliance of his satires was ______ make even his victims laugh.
a. so as to b. such as to c. so that d. such that
8. 8. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined ______ high levels of self-confidence.
a. possess b. have possessed c. to possess d. possessing
9. 9. The worker is ______ in repairing the machine to notice my coming.
a. too busy b. enough busy c. busy too d. busy enough
10. 10. “What did you do in the garden?”
“I watched my father ______ his motorbike.”
a. to repair b. repaired c. repairing d. repairs
11. 11. We must have an engineer ______ the workers build the house.
a. to see b. see c. seeing d. seen
12. 12. Induction means ______ a general conclusion from special facts.
a. to come to b. to coming c. coming to d. came
13. 13. I’m not going to ask the teacher why he gave me that grade; I intend _______.
a. to let rest the matter b. the matter to be let resting
c. letting the matter to rest d. to let the matter rest
14. 14. I have tried _______ worrying about it.
a. to stop consciously b. to consciously stop
c. to conscious stopping d. to stopping consciously
15. 15. “Do you want to give a talk on that subject?”
“I prefer ______ .”
a. not want b. not wanting c. to not giving d. not to
16. 16. I _______ the truth of your remarks, although they go against my interests.
a. cannot but admit b. cannot help but to admit
c. cannot but admitting d. cannot help but admitting
17. 17. Since she is angry, we ______.
a. had better leaving her alone b. should leave her alone
c. might as well leave her alone d. had rather leave her alone
18. 18. I don’t allow ______ in my office and I don’t allow my family ______ at all.
a. to smoke…smoking b. smoking…to smoke
c. to smoke…to smoke d. smoking…smoking
19. 19. You should remember ______ from the point when you are writing a composition.
a. don’t wander b. not to wander c. no wandering d. not wander
20. 20. Grace advised us to withdraw ______.
a. so as to get not involved b. so as not to get involved
c. so that to get not involved d. as not to get involved
21. 21. He ran all the way up to the station ______ that the train had left fifteen minutes before.
a. in order to find b. so as to find c. only to find d. such as to find
22. 22. George went hunting for a week but still he didn’t find a room ______.
a. to live b. to live in c. for living d. to be living in
23. 23. You should really avoid ______ at home alone as he is old and ill.
a. your father stay b. your father to stay
c. your father’s staying d. your father who stays
24. 24. John didn’t want to risk ______ wet as he had only one suit.
a. getting b. to get c. being got d. to be gotten
25. 25. I’m disappointed with the new officers elected in our club, but there is no point _______ about it.
a. to worry b. in worrying c. with us worrying d. if we worry
26. 26. It won’t be any use ______ to borrow any more money.
a. you to try b. of your trying c. trying you d. your trying
27. 27. The law requires all cars _______ for safety and efficiency.
a. being tested regularly b. to be regularly tested
c. be regularly tested d. regularly tested
28. 28. I remember ______ to the zoo by my father when I was little.
a. being taken b. taking c. have been taken d. to have taken
29. 29. I completely forgot ______ the front door last night and feel fortunate that nothing is stolen.
a. locking b. being locked c. to lock d. to have locked
30. 30. I regret ______ you that your application has been refused.
a. informing b. being informed c. to be informed d. to inform
31. 31. I didn’t mean ______ anything, but these apples looked so good I couldn’t resist ______ one.
a. to eat…trying b. to eat…o trying c. eating…to try d. eating…to trying
32. 32. I know it isn’t important but I can’t help ______ about it.
a. but to think b. thinking c. think d. to think
33. 33. The ship, ______ to a shapeless wreck, was hardly recognizable.
a. being reduced b. reducing c. reduced d. having been reducing
34. 34. The young doctor could not sleep at night, his thoughts ______ him no peace.
a. gave b. giving c. being given d. to give
35. 35. After a long walk on a hot day, one feels ______.
a. exhaustive b. exhausting c. exhaust d. exhausted
36. 36. Those relatives of his are ______ . I don’t want to have any dealings with them.
a. boring people b. bored people
c. people having bored d. people having boring
37. 37. You must follow the directions exactly and if you become ______, you must take the time to go back again and reread them.
a. to confuse b. confusing c. confuse d. confused
38. 38. There is something wrong with my TV set, I must have it ______.
a. checking b. check c. to check d. checked
39. 39. He was just about to jump up when he felt something ______ near his feet.
a. to move b. move c. moving d. moved
40. 40. ______ with the corresponding period of last year, the output of chemical fibers in the first quarter rose by 15%.
a. Comparing b. To compare c. Compared d. Compare
41. 41. “Was the rally successful?’
“No, because the number of ______ was smaller than we had expected.”
a. people who attend b. attended people
c. people attending d. attendance of people
42. 42. Uncle Dick has already arrive. Do you expect ______ to see him?
a. a. Going b. go c. to go d. that you go
43. 43. From the electric refrigerator Dick takes a carton of cream, another of fresh milk and a can of ______ orange juice.
a. a. frozen b. froze c. freezing d. freezed
44. 44. He felt bad for ______ a chance to study abroad.
a. having not given b. not having given
c. having not been given d. not having been given
45. 45. In some countries there are already a number of firms ______ computer programming.
a. specialize in b. specialized in c. specializing in d. specializes in
46. 46. The young man who saw the car ______ into the river telephoned the police station.
a. plunge b. plunged c. was plunging d. to plunge
47. 47. While she was shopping, she kept ______ the list to make sure she hadn’t forgotten anything.
a. checked b. checking c. to check d. check
48. 48. You’d better ______.
a. to have your shoes mended b. to have mended your shoes
c. have your shoes mended d. having your shoes mended
49. 49. The machines are made ______ at full speed.
a. work b. working c. to work d. to be worked
50. 50. It is certain that men will never stop ______ new energy sources to power their growing industry.
a. finding b. to find c. having found d. found
51. 51. It is really quite extraordinary that we should have been at the same college without ______ before.
a. met b. being met c. having met d. having been met
52. 52. Professor Smith is said ______ another important discovery in chemistry.
a. having made b. having been made c. to have made d. to make
53. 53. Without the sun’s light ______ the earth’s surface, it would be so cold that life could not exist on the earth.
a. warms b. warmed c. warming d. to warm
54. 54. The rocket will weigh about 200 tons when ______.
a. being completed b. completed completing d. have been completed
55. 55. There are plans ______ a number of atomic power station in this regions.
a. to build b. to be built c. building d. being built
56. 56. All of us are looking forward to ______ a trip to the Ming Tombs.
a. make b. making c. to making d. have made
57. 57. I can’t understand ______ a decision until it is too late.
a. him to postpone to make b. his postponing to make
c. him to postponing making d. his postponing making
58. 58. I would like ______ that I don’t have a very high opinion of you.
a. to have you know b. have you know
c. to have your known d. having you know
59. 59. I had intended ______ him while he was living at Aberdeen.
a. visiting b. visit c. to have visited d. having visited
60. 60. Do you consider better _______ ?
a. not doing it again b. not do it again
c. not having done it again d. not to do it again
61. 61. The famous scientist was easy _______ along with.
a. to get b. for getting c. getting d. got
62. 62. The students will have more discussions like this in the weeks ______.
a. coming b. to come c. come d. to be coming
63. 63. He felt lonely at first, but after a time he got ______ alone and even got ______ it.
a. used to living…to like b. used to live… to like
c. using to live…liking d. to be used to living…liking
64. 64. Our master raised his voice so that the could make himself ______ by the pupils in the back of the hall.
a. hear b. heard c. hearing d. to be heard
65. 65. When he awoke, he found himself ______ in the hospital and ______ by an old woman.
a. lying…being looked after b. lying…be looking after
c. lie…be looked after d. lie…being looked after
66. 66. ______ from the hill-top the lake scenery is beyond description.
a. To see b. Seeing c. Seen d. Having seen
67. 67. ______ in the strange forest, the poor girls fell to ______.
a. Lost…crying b. Lost…cry c. To lost…cry d. Having been lost…crying
68. 68. They’ll have you ______ if you don’t pay your taxes.
a. to be arrested b. arrest c. arrested d. being arrested
69. 69. All flights ______ because of the storm, they decided to take the train.
a. having cancelled b. were cancelled
c. have been cancelled d. having been cancelled
70. 70. Although it was very late when John began doing the job, he managed with his friend’s assistance, ______ before the building was locked.
a. to be finished b. being finished c. finishing d. to finish
71. 71. Despite the earnest efforts of various private groups as well as government agencies, many of the problems have not yet been solved, and much remains to ______.
a. have been done b. be done c. have done d. do
72. 72. ______ that bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to put off their attempt on Eiger until the following week.
a. Having told b. Being told c. Telling d. Having been told
73. 73. Members of the Government itself acknowledge many of their predictions _______ wildly over-optimistic.
a. to be b. being c. to have been d. having been
74. 74. The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court.
a. objected to having b. objected to have
c. were objected to have d. were objected to having
75. 75. The teacher doesn’t permit ______ in class.
a. smoke b. smoking c. to smoke d. to have smoke
76. 76. I like watching TV ______ to the cinema.
a. more than to go b. more than going
c. than going d. rather than to go
77. 77. The manager promised to keep me ______ of how our business was going on.
a. to be informed b. informed c. on informing d. informing
78. 78. Mrs. Brown is supposed ______ for Italy last week.
a. to have left b. to leave c. to be leaving d. to have been left
79. 79. Dorothy went to work quietly, ______ to work as hard as she could.
a. her mind being made up b. with her mind made up
c. with her mind making up d. he mind making up
80. 80. Husband and wife with a common duty to the country will find themselves ______ closer together.
a. been drawn b. drawn c. to draw d. drawing
81. 81. Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed ______ blown off the mountain.
a. to have been b. that it was c. to be d. that it had been
82. 82. ______ halfway through the exercise, the teacher changed his mind and collected all our papers.
a. When only being b. When we were only
c. Being only d. Having been
83. 83. Some passengers are reading the morning paper, others are talking with one another, ______ nervously for the train.
a. to wait b. are waiting c. waiting d. being waited
84. 84. There’s one thing I dislike about him: he will never admit ______ a mistake.
a. having made b. making c. being made d. have been made
85. 85. Stan spent half a year ______ material for his new book.
a. to collect b. collect c. collecting d. collected
86. 86. It’s no use ______ me not to worry.
a. you tell b. your telling c. for you to have told d. having told
87. 87. The chairman insists that there be a meeting _______ within the shortest possible time.
a. to hold b. to be held c. to have been held d. to be holding
88. 88. When the famous pianist was a child, he was accustomed ______ for several hours a day.
a. to practicing b. to practice c. to be practicing d. to have practiced.
89. 89. In China hundreds of different dialects are spoken; people of some villages ______ themselves understood by the inhabitants of the next town.
a. making trouble have b. have making trouble
c. have trouble making d. trouble making have
90. 90. It’s a wonderful place for anyone ______ in architecture, as you are.
a. interesting b. to be interested c. being interested d. interested
91. 91. Another feature worth ______ is the role of information throughout a feedback control system..
a. noticed b. noticing c. being noticed d. notice
92. 92. I believe ______ very largely due to mistaken views of the world.
a. this unhappiness are b. to be this unhappiness
c. this be unhappiness d. this unhappiness to be
93. 93. When they met, Leonards and his enemy were fighting ______.
a. killed each other b. to kill each other
c. killing each other d. to be killed each other
94. 94. Before the invention of aero-planes, ______ in the sky like a bird was only a dream.
a. men fly b. to fly c. for flying d. man flys
95. 95. At last they succeeded ______ the job.
a. to persuade him to take b. in persuading him to take
c. to persuade him taking d. in persuading him taking
96. 96. All that it does is ______ the place of a house wife.
a. takes b. taking c. take d. being taken
97. 97. He listened to me ______ what Mr. Smith had said the day before.
a. to repeat b. to be repeated c. to repeating d. repeat
98. 98. He could do little except ______.
a. writing b. write c. written d. to write
99. 99. The electric shaver ______ before it can be used.
a. needs repairing b. requires to repair
b. b. should be in repair d. has to be repairable
100. 100. ______ a problem requiring multiplication or division, the computer solves it by adding or subtracting.
a. Giving b. Having given c. Being given d. Given
101. 101. You can fly to London this evening ______ you don’t mind changing planes in Paris.
a. provided b. except c. unless d. so far as
102. 102. Students from the south prefer _______.
a. eat rice than bread b. eating rice than bread
c. eating rice to eating bread d. eating rice to eat bread
103. 103. Would you be ______ to help me with my luggage?
a. enough kind b. kind enough
c. too kind d. kind too
104. 104. The father advise ______ the second-hand car.
a. his son to not buy b. his son not to buy
c. his son’s no buying d. that his son not to buy
105. 105. “Do you intend to come with us?”
“Yes, ______.”
a. I intend so b. I intend that c. I intend to d. I intend
106. 106. It takes a whole year for the earth ______ round the sun once.
a. traveling b. to travel c. traveled d. travels
107. 107. The factory ______ next year will be one of the largest in this city.
a. to build b. to be built c. being built d. having been built
108. 108. With the guide ______ the way, we set off on foot into the dark night.
a. leading b. led c. leads d. to lead
109. 109. They got the work ______ before the rainy season set in.
a. to do b. done c. doing d. did
110. 110. Things are known ______ when they unite with the oxygen of the air.
a. burning b. to burn c. burn d. being burning
111. 111. He was thoroughly ashamed ______ so much money on such an ugly picture.
a. for spending b. with spending
c. to have spent d. of having spent
112. 112. ______ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.
a. To be free b. Freeing c. To free d. Freed
113. 113. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ______ in broad daylight yesterday.
a. to be robbed b. robbed c. to have been robbed d. having been robbed
114. 114. There seemed little hope that the explorer, ______ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
a. to be deserted b. having deserted
c. to have been deserted d. having been deserted
115. 115. “Where should I send my application?”
“The Personnel Office is the place ______.”
a. to sent it b. sent it to c. to send it to d. for sending it
116. 116. The publisher will send you a specimen copy of their new book ______.
a. when it will be requested b. when they are requested
c. when requested d. when request it
117. 117. Rome is the city ______.
a. I rather most like to visit b. I’d most like to visit
c. I’m rather to visit most d. I’d prefer most to visit
118. 118. There ______ no further business, the meeting came to a stop.
a. being b. was c. been d. had been
119. 119. Please remind me ______ some eggs for the coming party.
a. buy b. to buy c. of buying d. for buying
120. 120. Don’t say anything at the meeting unless ______.
a. asking b. asked c. being asked d. to be asked
121. 121. The radio announced that all flights ______ have been cancelled because of the fog.
a. go out b. gone out c. going out d. will go out
122. 122. What’s the use ______ extra leisure time if you don’t know what to do?
a. have b. to have c. being have d. of knowing
123. 123. ______ mathematical concepts of some students was very difficult because the students did not have a math background.
a. Explain b. Explaining c. Have explained d. Having explained
124. 124. Although John was the oldest in the family, he always let his sister _____ charge of the house.
a. to take b. taking c. take d. taken
125. 125. Commercial banks make most of their income from interest ______ on loans and investment in stocks and bonds.
a. earn b. earned c. to earn d. was earned
126. 126. Amelia Earhart, the first woman ______ a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, was born in 1898.
a. makes b. made c. making d. to make
127. 127. It is impossible for the plan ______.
a. to put into practice b. not to put into practice
c. c. to be put into practice d. to be not put into practice
128. 128. ______ is what she wants to know.
a. Who to do it b. Whom to do it
c. Who does it do d. Whom doing it
129. 129. My wife suggested ______ to Scotland for a holiday, but I favor ______ Wales instead.
a. to go…to visit b. going …visiting
c. to go…visiting d. going …to visit
130. 130. There are several ______ leaves on the ground.
a. falling b. fallen c. to fall d. fell
动词不定式目录
7. 动词不定式
动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。
常见的形式如表所示（以及物动词do为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。
时态\语态
主动
被动
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
/
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
/
动词不定式目录
7.1 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。
1） 1） 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如：
afford
aim
agree
arrange
ask
decide
bother
care
choose
demand
desire
determine
elect
endeavor
hope
fail
help
learn
long 渴望
mean
manage
offer
plan
pretend
refuse
tend
undertake
expect
hate
intend
例如：
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。
2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
ask
choose
expect
help
beg
intend
like/love
need
prefer
prepare
want
wish
例如：
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
1） 3） 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如：
decide
know
consider
forget
learn
remember
show,
wonder
find out
tell
inquire
explain
例如：
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.
有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
动词不定式目录
7.2 不定式作补语
1） 1） 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
advise
allow
cause
challenge
command
compel
drive 驱使
enable
encourage
forbid
force
impel
induce
instruct
invite
like/love
order
permit
make
let
have
want
get
warn
persuade
request
send
tell
train
urge
例如；
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
1) 2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：
consider
find
believe
think
declare（声称）
appoint
guess
fancy（设想）
guess
judge
imagine
know
例如：
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be 不能省去）
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C。
2) 3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如：
believe
expect
intend
like
love
mean
prefer
want
wish
understand
例如：
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
动词不定式目录
7.3 不定式作主语
不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如：
（对）To teach is to learn.
（错）It is to learn to teach.
（错）To teach is learning.
（错）Teaching is to learn.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
动词不定式目录
7.4 7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法：
用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。例如：
You are nice. （通顺，所以应用of）。
He is hard. （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。）
动词不定式目录
7.5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
动词不定式目录
7.6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。
动词不定式目录
7.7 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do, so as to do, so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。例如：
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。
3） 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4）表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
动词不定式目录
7.8 用作介词的to
to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词：
admit to
object to
be accustomed to
be used to
stick to
turn to开始
look forward to
be devoted to
pay attention to
contribute to
apologize to
devote oneself to
动词不定式目录
7.9 省去to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。
2） 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如：
I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
3） would rather，had better句型后
4） Why… / why no…句型后
5） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth：
6） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。
7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如：
He is supposed （to be） nice. 他应该是个好人。
典型例题
1） ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
动词不定式目录
7.10 动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志to前加上not。例如：
Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
2） The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语，因此也B，D不对。
动词不定式目录
7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…。例如：
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。
2） 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。例如：
It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语）
3） 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。例如：
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
动词不定式目录
7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。例如：
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2） 表示结果。例如：
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
动词不定式目录
7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"。例如：
Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
动词不定式目录
7.14 不定式的时态和语态
1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。
3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：
He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。
4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如：
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。
动词不定式目录
7.15 动名词与不定式
1）动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。
3）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下一节有专门讨论。
特殊词精讲目录
8.特殊词精讲
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing 停止做某事。例如：
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
特殊词精讲目录
8.2 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事，forget doing 忘记做过某事。例如：
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
特殊词精讲目录
8.3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事，remember doing 记得做过某事。例如：
Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
特殊词精讲目录
8.4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对将要做的事遗憾，regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
特殊词精讲目录
8.5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事，cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：
That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
特殊词精讲目录
8.6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事，try doing 试验，试着做某事。例如：
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
特殊词精讲目录
8.7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing 继续做原来做的事。例如：
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
特殊词精讲目录
8.8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"，be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。例如：
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
特殊词精讲目录
8.9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如：
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? （一种想法）
特殊词精讲目录
8.10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想，mean doing 意味着。例如：
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。
特殊词精讲目录
8.11 begin（start） doing/to do
begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.
1） 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如：
How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2） begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如：
I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。
3） 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如：
I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。
4） 事物作主语时。例如：
The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了
特殊词精讲目录
8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如：
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调"我看见了"这个事实）
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
9. 分词
分词既有动词的特征，由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do 和不及物动词go为例）：
do
go
主动
被动
现在分词
doing
being done
going
过去分词
/
done
gone
完成式
having done
having been done
/
分词目录
9.1 分词作定语
不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如：
We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 这是所给的问题
There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西
分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.
典型例题
1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What's the language （which is） spoken in German?
分词目录
9.2 分词作状语
分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
典型例题
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…
注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：
Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。
分词目录
9.3 连词+分词（短语）
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting 和saw 的主语相同）
分词目录
9.4 分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如：
I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
分词目录
9.5 分词作表语
表示主语的状态等。例如：
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
分词目录
9.6 分词作插入语
分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：
generally speaking 一般说来
talking of （speaking of） 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来
例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作）
分词目录
9.7 分词的时态
1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如：
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。
2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如：
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
典型例题
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
分词目录
9.8 分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。例如：
He is the man giving you the money. （= who gave you…）他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car. （= who was stopped by…）他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。
例如： a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人
a much-traveled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
独立主格目录
独立主格
10.1 独立主格
独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；
名词（代词）+形容词；
名词（代词）+副词；
名词（代词）+不定式；
名词（代词） +介词短语构成。
独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
例如：
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
独立主格目录
10.2 with的复合结构作独立主格
表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：
He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。
典型例题
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
注意:
1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。
2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如：
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。
典型例题：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
动词的时态目录
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？
动词的时态目录
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
动词的时态目录
11.4 一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
动词的时态目录
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
动词的时态目录
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）
动词的时态目录
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
动词的时态目录
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
动词的时态目录
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。
动词的时态目录
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）
He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）
He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
动词的时态目录
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
动词的时态目录
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
动词的时态目录
11.13 since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3） since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
动词的时态目录
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
动词的时态目录
11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
动词的时态目录
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
动词的时态目录
11.17 将来完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。
动词的时态目录
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。
动词的时态目录
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
动词的时态目录
11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
动词的时态目录
11.21 将来进行时
1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：
She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。
动词的时态目录
11.22 一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
典型例题
（1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeeded
C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.
答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。
（2） 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。例如：
The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。（实际上每天如此。）
动词的时态目录
11.23 一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ） "书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如：
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如：
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。
动词的时态目录
11.24 一般现在时代替现在完成时
1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：
I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。
I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。
2） 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如：
It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。
动词的时态目录
11.25 一般现在时代替现在进行时。
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：
There goes the bell. 铃响了。
动词的时态目录
11.26 现在进行时代替将来时
1） 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：
Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗?
We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。
2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：
He is dying. 他要死了。
动词的时态目录
11.27 时态一致
1） 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如：
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时，人们不知道地球是动的。
He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。
2） 宾语从句中的，助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如：
He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。
动词的时态目录
11.28 时态与时间状语
时态
时间状语
一般现在时
every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等
一般过去时
yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等
一般将来时
next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等
现在完成时
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等
过去完成时
before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等
过去进行时
this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等
将来进行时
soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
动词的时态目录
时态、语态练习答案
11.29 时态、语态练习
1. 1.“I don’t like to travel. ”“Have you ever _____ in an airplane?”
a. flying b. flew c. flowed d. flown
2. 2.The center of gravity of the human body ______ behind his joint.
a. located b. locating c. to locate d. is located
3. 3.“Today is very cold, isn’t it?” “Yes, the river is _____ over.”
a. freezed b. freeze c. frozen d. freezing
4. 4.“What happened in that new area?” “New houses ______ recently over there.”
a. are built b. build c. have built d. have been built
5. 5.“When did you go to work?” “As soon as they came, we ______ to work.”
a. a. went b. were going c. had gone d. go
6. 6.“Did you wait for him very long?” “Yes, I ______ to bed until five in the morning.”
a. a. did go b. didn’t go c. had gone d. went
7. 7.Perhaps it will be a long time ______ from abroad.
a. when Tom comes back b. when Tom will come back
c. c.before Tom comes back d. that Tom comes back
8. 8.Tom ______ mathematics throughout his college life.
a. bored b. bored with c. was bored d. was bored with
9. 9.______ that dress when I first saw you at the station?
a. Were you wearing b. Have you worn c. Did you wear d. do you wear
10. 10.Mr Wu ______ to work by bus every day.
a. has been traveling b. has traveled c. travels d. is traveling
11. 11.Don’t disturb him. He ______ to the weather forecast.
a. listens b. is being listened c. has listened d. is listening
12. 12.My English teacher ______ my test.
a. a. has not yet graded b. has not yet been graded
c. is not yet to be graded d. is not yet graded
13. 13.We ______ on it for many hours, but we have not yet reached any conclusion.
a. are being worked b. are working c. have been working d. have been worked
14. 14.Shanghai ______ on the Huangpu River.
a. stand b. stands c. is being stand d. has stood
15. 15.“Tell the students to stop shouting. We ______ our essays now.”
a. write b. have been writing c. are writing d. have written
16. 16.“______ your best? It’s not satisfactory. I’m afraid you will have to do it again.”
a. a. Do you try b. Have you tried c. Are you trying d. Have you been trying
17. 17.Chinese married couple _____ red packets to children and the unmarried during the Chinese new Year.
a. give b. have been giving c. are giving d. have given
18. 18.My uncle, Sam,______ manager of the firm.
a. has just made b. is just being made c. has just been made d. is just made
19. 19.This is the first time the students ______ to Hyde Park.
a. have gone b. have been gone c. have been going d. are being gone
20. 20.She ______ her mother’s work since she was admitted into hospital.
a. is doing b. has been doing c. has done d. has been done
21. 21.I ______ the incident as if it were yesterday.
a. am still to remember b. have still been remembering
c. am being still remembered d. still remember
22. 22.I ______ swimming in the river and I always _____ to swim when I can.
a. a. am liking/have gone b. am being liked/am going
c. like/go d. have liked/have been going
23. 23.We have sometimes accidents on this line, but no accidents ______ since last winter.
a. occur b. have occurred c. have been occurring d. are occurring
24. 24.He _____ on this essay for twenty minutes but he _____ only a hundred words.
a. a. has been working/has written b. is working/writes
a. b. has worked/has been writing d. works/is writing
25. 25.Elections _______ every four years and Congress meets once a year.
a. are taken place b. are to be taken place c. took place d. take place
26. 26.______ careless, or you will make mistakes.
a. a.Be not b. Not be c. Don’t d. Don’t be
27. 27.The No.8 bus ______ to Chengdu college of Geology, and not to Sichuan University.
a. a. are gone b. is being gone c. goes d. are going
28. 28.Oil, exported from Iran to Europe, _____ by tankers.
a. used to be transported/have been built up
b. used to being transported/have built up
c. was used to be transported/had been built up
d. was used to being transported/will be built up
29. 29.If it ______,the match will be postponed.
a. a. has been rained b. does rain c. rains d. is rained
30. 30.As soon as I ______ the tools, I shall begin with the work.
a. a. have b. am having c. have been having d. have been had
31. 31.Once you ______ the knack of it, you will have no further difficulty.
a. shall have b. had had c. are having d. have
32. 32.Every time he ______ me, he is rude to me.
a. will see b. sees c. is seeing d. is seen
33. 33.John told Mary that he ______ what he was doing during the vacation.
a. was just asked b. was just asking c. had just been asked d. had just asked
34. 34.Now that you _______ , what are you going to do?
a. are bing returned b. have been returning c. have been returned d. have returned
35. 35.I started my teaching career at the school. That was more than twenty years ago, and I ______ there ever since.
a. was b. had been c. will be d. have been
36. 36.Everything on the earth ______ all the time.
a. is changing b. is changed c. has changed d. has been changed
37. 37.We ______ fine weather for the past few days.
a. have b. are having c. have been had d. have been having
38. 38.It ______ every day so far this month.
a. is raining b. rains c. has rained d. has been rained
39. 39.no one can prove that the earth ______ not round.
a. is being b. is to be c. is d. has been
40. 40.“There she ______!We needn’t wait any longer.”
a. a. comes b. has been come c. has been coming d. is to come
41. 41.The little girl ______ by the drug-pusher to carry drugs into the country.
a. a. was made use b. was made used c. was made use of d. was made used of
42. 42.I shall tell you what he ______ at three o’clock yesterday afternoon.
a. a. had done b. would do c. was doing d. had been done
43. 43.By the end of last year they ______ 1,000 machines.
a. turned out b. had turned out c. would turn out d. had been turned out
44. 44.He was sixty-eight. In two years he ______ seventy.
a. would be b. was c. had been d. was being
45. 45.How long ago ______ playing football?
a. had you stopped b. would you stop c. did you stop d. were you stopping
46. 46.Up till then we ______ half the distance.
a. had only covered b. covered c. would only cover d. would be only covered
47. 47.While I ______ television, the door bell ______.
a. a. watched/would ring b. would watch/had rung
a. b. was watching/rang d. had been watched/was ringing
48. 48.They ______ with us for the time being.
a. would stay b. will stay c. have been staying d. will be staying
49. 49.I never dreamed I ______ here discussing state affairs with the other deputies.
a. will be sitting b. would be sitting c. will have been sitting d. would have been sitting
50. 50.John told us that by the end of the year they ______ together for thirty years.
a. would have been living b. would have lived
c. would have been lived d. will have been living
51. 51.The new type of machine ______ the year after next.
a. a. is going to turn out b. is going to being turned out
a. b. is going to have turned out d. is going to be turned out
52. 52.Large sums of money ______ each year in painting the steelwork of bridges, ships, and other exposed structures.
a. have spent b. have to be spent c. have to spend d. spend
53. 53.The police ______ in what the informer reported.
a. interested b. had interested c. were interesting d. were interested
54. 54.A candidate for the post ______ at the moment.
a. is interviewing b. being interviewing c. interviewing d. is being interviewed
55. 55.By the end of last year the railway ______.
a. a. was being completed b. would be completed
a. b. had been completed d. had completed
56. 56.I ______ to visit their country before long.
a. a. have been invited b. am being invited c. had been invited d. shall be invited
57. 57.Theory ______ with practice.
a. must be combining b. must combine c. must have been combined d. must be combined
58. 58.He said such a thing ______ to happen.
a. a. ought to be not allowed b. ought not to be allowing
a. b. ought not to have allowed d. ought not to be allowed
59. 59.She told me that her proposal ______.
a. a. needed to take into consideration b. needed to be taken into consideration
c. needed to be taking into consideration d. needed to have taken into consideration
60. 60.The school authorities and the teachers ______ over the advantages of the demerit system.
a. a. were always argued b. were always arguing
a. b. had always had argued d. had always been argued
61. 61.He fulfilled the plan earlier than he ______.
a. had expected b. expecting c. should expect d. would expect
62. 62.______ when the bell rang.
a. a. Hardly would he reach school b. Hardly had he reached school
c. c.Hardly he reached school d. Hardly he was reaching school
63. 63.We were determined not to do it unless Julie ______ it, too.
a. had done b. was doing c. was done d. did
64. 64.They were sure they ______ final victory.
a. were won b. would be won c. would win d. had been won
65. 65.When ______ to give us an answer?
a. will you be able b. will you have been able c. will you able d. will you have abled
66. 66.We ______ on the project by the end of next week.
a. a. shall have finished to work b. shall finish to work
c. shall have finished working d. shall finish working
67. 67.He ______ for six years by the time he takes his examination.
a. a. shall have finished to work b. shall finish to work
a. b. shall have finished working d. shall finish working
68. 68.I promise you that I ______ you a present next week.
a. will give b. will have given c. shall give d. shall have given
69. 69.I hope that she ______ to the demands of the naughty boys.
a. a.will not have agreed b. will not be agreed c. will not agree d. will not have been agreed
70. 70.In the long run your money ______ in bonds.
a. a. was more safely invested b. is more safely invested
a. b. will be more safely invested d. are more safely invested
71. 71.Mr.Wilson asked me if these islands ______ to Japan.
a. belong b. are belonging c. are belonged d. have been belonged
72. 72.Before the end of the nineties, air pollution ______ a serious problem that endangers the health of the human race.
a. will be become b. will become c. will have become d. will have been become
73. 73.The train ______ at eight tonight.
a. will be started b. will have started c. shall be started d. starts
74. 74.We ______ an English evening tonight.
a. are being having b. are having c. will be had d. shall be had
75. 75.They ______ for Beijing for practice.
a. are leaving b. are being left c. will have left d. will be left
76. 76._____ me or aren’t you?
a. Will you help b. Shall you help c. Are you going to help d. Will you have helped
77. 77.A new power station ______ there.
a. will be going to build b. is going to be built c. will be gone to build d. is gone to be built
78. 78.______ a meeting this afternoon.
a. a. There going to be b. There will be going to be
a. b. There is going to be d. There will going to be
79. 79.We ______ a new experiment this afternoon.
a. a. shall be to perform b. will be to perform c. are to be performed d. are to perform
80. 80.The government _____ to approve the use of widespread surveillance when the Justice Department took objections.
a. is going b. had been c. was about d. is coming
81. 81.You ought to _____ a test in physics the day before, I think.
a. have taken b. take c. be taken d. be taking
82. 82.Kepler proved that the sun ______ the center of the solar system.
a. is b. was c. had been d. would be
83. 83.This is one of the best novels that ______ this year.
a. appears b. is appearing c. has appeared d. have appeared
84. 84.My friend ______ here last week, but he couldn’t.
a. was to have come b. must have come c. came d. had to come
85. 85.He did not arrive until the meeting was nearly over, for the simple reason is that he _____ asleep while watching television.
a. had fallen b. has fallen c. fell d. was falling
86. 86.We had hardly sat down when she ______ plates of food for us.
a. brought b. has brought c. had brought d. was bringing
87. 87.A friend of mine returned to his house after a holiday ,only to find it ______.
a. be broken into b. was broken into c. had broken into d. had been broken into
88. 88.“What were you doing when Anna phoned you?”
“I had just finished my work and ______ to take a bath.”
a. a. starting b. to start c. have started d. was starting
89. 89.“Have you gone to see the doctor?”
“No, but ______.”
a. I go b. I am going to see c. I go to see d. I’m going to
90. 90.Each time you look at an object, you ______ a picture.
a. took b. are taking c. take d. have taken
91. 91.Water pipes ______ rusty after a period of use.
a. become b. is becoming c. are become d. were become
92. 92.This foreign scientist ______ in our college for fifteen years and does not want to leave.
a. worked b. is working c. works d. has been working
93. 93.______ to have dinner with us tonight?
a. Will you like b. Do you like c. Wouldn’t you like d. Won’t you like
94. 94.What I was uncertain about ______ whether they could overcome the difficulties.
a. is b. will be c. had been d. was
95. 95.“Certainly,______ him about something else in any case, so it won’t be any bother.”
a. I’ll see b. I see c. I can see d. I’ll be seeing
96. 96.By the time the course ends,______ a lot about Britain.
a. we’ll learnt b. we are learning c. we have learnt d. we’ll have learnt
97. 97.All the machines ______ by the end of the following week.
a. were repaired b. would be repaired
c. will have been repaired d. were being repair
98. 98.He will come to call one you the moment he ______ his work.
a. will finish b. finishes c. had finished d. finished
99. 99.I don’t think she’ll be upset, but I’ll see her in case ________.
a. she’ll b. she is c. she does d. she would
100. 100.“I wish that your sister would come to visit me.”
“Well, I’ll tell her when I ______ her.”
a. see b. saw c. well see d. would see
动词的语态目录
12. 动词的语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。
注意：1）感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。
--> I was made to go out of the classroom （by the teacher）.
We saw him play football on the playground. 我们看见他在草场踢球。
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 煤可以产生工农业需要的电。
动词的语态目录
12.1 let 的用法
1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。例如：
They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2）当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。例如：
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
动词的语态目录
12.2 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。
动词的语态目录
12.3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成。例如：
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
动词的语态目录
12.4 不用被动语态的情况
1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如：
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。
比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
（错） The price has been risen.
（对） The price has risen.
（错） The accident was happened last week.
（对） The accident happened last week.
（错） The price has raised.
（对） The price has been raised.
（错） Please seat.
（对） Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如：
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3） 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：
（对） She likes to swim.
（错） To swim is liked by her.
动词的语态目录
12.5 主动形式表示被动意义
1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。
3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己）等。例如：
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。
动词的语态目录
12.6 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如：
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
动词的语态目录
12.7 need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。例如：
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
典型例题
The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
答案A. need （实意） +n /to do，need （情态）+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。
句子的种类目录
13. 句子的种类
（一）按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1）陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
2）疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：
a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？
b. 特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）：
Where do you live? 你住那儿？
c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她，对不对？
3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如：
Don't be nervous! 别紧张！
4）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
（二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：
1）简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。
3）复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。
（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1）主 + 动（SV）例如：I work. 我工作。
2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy. 约翰忙。
3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如：She studies English. 她学英语。
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。
句子的种类目录
13.1 祈使句结构
祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。
1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do （但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子）。例如：
Take this seat. 坐这儿。
Do be careful. 务必小心。
否定结构：例如：
Don't move. 不准动。
Don't be late. 不要迟到。
2）第二种祈使句以let开头。
Let 的反意疑问句：
a. Let's 包括说话者。例如：
Let's have another try, shall we / shan't we? = Shall we have another try? 我们再试一次，如何？
b. Let us 不包括说话者。例如：
Let us have another try，will you / won't you? = Will you please let us have another try? 你让我们再试一次，好吗？
否定结构：例如：
Let's not talk of that matter. 不要谈这件事。
Let us not talk of that matter. 你不要让我们谈这件事。
句子的种类目录
13.2 感叹句结构
感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：
掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如：How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！
What +名词+陈述语序。例如：What noise they are making! 他们真吵！
What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！
What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：What wonderful ideas （we have）! 我们的主意真棒！
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！
What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为：What a clever boy!
典型例题
1）___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C的 How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. （不可数）。
2）___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。
3） --- _____ I had!
--- You really suffered a lot.
A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time
答案A. 感叹句分两类：
1：What + n.+主谓部分
2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。
句子的种类目录
13.3 强调句结构
常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子，结构为It is（was）+ 被强调部分+ that （who） + 句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语，宾语和状语。例如：
It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。
It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 知道读了你的信，我才知道实际情形。
典型例题
1）It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that （who））+ 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。再如：原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. （注意不用when）
强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
句子的种类目录
13.4 用助动词进行强调
句子的强调句还可以用助动词do （did，does） 强调谓语。例如：
She does like this horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。
Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。
句子的种类目录
13.5 反意疑问句
1） 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I。例如：
I'm as tall as your sister, aren't I? 我跟你姐一样高，对吗？
2） 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。例如：
I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我想与你说句话，行吗？
3） 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。例如：
Some plants never blown （开花）, do they ? 有些植物从不开花，对吗？
4） 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。例如：
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he? 他应该知道该做什么，对吗？
5） 陈述部分有have to +v. （had to + v.），疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。例如：
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we? 我们要在明天早上八点到达那儿，是吗？
6） 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。例如：
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he? 他以前常在那儿拍照，是吗？
7） 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you? 例如：
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? 你最好自己去读，好吗？
8） 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。例如：
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he? 他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵，是吗？
9） 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。例如：
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you? 你想和我们一块去，对吗？
10） 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。例如：
He must be a doctor, isn't he? 他肯定是医生，是吗？
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you? 你一定读过三年英语，对吗？
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he? 他肯定是在昨天完成任务的，是吗？
11） 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。例如：
What colors, aren't they? 多漂亮的颜色，是吗？
12） 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 你不是工程师，我也不是，对吗？
13） 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。例如：
Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切就绪，是吗？
14） 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。例如：
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
史密斯先生曾几次去过北京，按理说他现在应该在中国，是吗？
b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。例如：
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he? 他说他想去日本看看，他是那样说的吗？
c. 陈述部分主句为第一人称，谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。例如：
I don't think he is bright, is he? 我认为他并不聪明，是吗？
We believe she can do it better, can't she? 我们相信她能做得更好，她能吗？
15） 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。例如：
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? （does he?） 人人都知道答案，是这样吧？
Nobody knows about it, do they? （does he?） 没人知道这件事，是吧？
16） 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need （dare ） +主语。例如：
We need not do it again, need we ? 我们不必重做一遍，是吗？
He dare not say so, dare he? 他不敢这样说，是吗？
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。例如：
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she? 她不敢独自回家，是吗？
17） 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。例如：
Don't do that again, will you? 别再这样做，好吗？
Go with me, will you / won't you ? 跟我走吧，好吗？
注意：Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you? 例如：
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we? 一起去听音乐，好吗？
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ? 你让我们在阅览室等你，好吗？
18） 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。例如：
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there? 你的表有问题，对不对？
There will not be any trouble, will there? 不会有麻烦吧，是吗？
19） 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。例如：
It is impossible, isn't it? 这不可能，是吗？
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he? 他不会对他同学使坏，是吗？
20） must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。例如：
He must be there now, isn't he? 他现在肯定在那儿，是吧？
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it? 明天肯定要下雨，是吗？