幸福时代城镇:with复合结构与独立主格
with复合结构与独立主格
练习1:请选择最佳答案
1)With nothing_______to burn,the fire became weak and finally died out.
A.leavingB.left
C.leaveD.to leave
2)The girl sat there quite silent and still with her eyes_______on the wall.
A.fixingB.fixed
C.to be fixingD.to be fixed
3)I live in the house with its door_________to the south.(这里with结构作定语)
A.facingB.faces
C.facedD.being faced
4)They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights____.
A.burnB.burnt
C.burningD.to burn
练习2:用with复合结构完成下列句子
1)_____________(有很多工作要做),I couldn't go to see the doctor.
2)She sat__________(低着头)。
3)The day was bright_____.(微风吹拂)
4)_________________________,(心存梦想)he went to Hollywood.
答案及分析
答案(练习1):
1)答案是B.with的宾语nothing和动词leave是被动关系,所以用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。
2)答案是B.短语fix one's eyes on sth是“盯着……看”的意思,所以句中her eyes和动词fix是被动关系,所以用过去分词。
3)答案是A.face“朝、向”,是不及物动词,所以和its door是主动关系,所以用现在分词形式。
4)答案是C.burn“点燃、发亮、发光”,是不及物动词,所以和their lights是主动关系,所以用现在分词。
答案(练习2):
1)With a lot of work to do
2)with her head bent
3)with a fresh breeze blowing
4)With a dream in heart
1.Ford tried dividing the labor,each worker _________ a separate task.
A.assigning B.assigned C.was assigned D.would be assigned
2.The lecture_________,he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A.began B.beginningC.having begun D.being beginning
3.Such _________ the case ,there are no grounds to justify your complaints.
A.beingB.is C.was D.to be
4.Darkness _________ in,the young people lingered on merrymaking.
A.set B.settingC .has set D.was set
5.With all factors_________,we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal.
A.being consideredB .considering C.considered D.are considered
6.A new technique_________,the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A.to have been worked outB .having worked out C.working outD .having been worked out
7.On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still,ears_________,alert,listening.
A.pointed B.pointingC .are pointed D.are pointing
8.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ,but our work _________,we declined the offer.
A.not being finishedB .not having finished C.had not been finished D.was not finished
9.There are various kinds of metals ,each _________ its own properties.
A.has B.hadC .to have D.having
10.The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports,each _________ one major point in contrast with the other.
A.makes B.made C.is to make D.making
11. BBC English broadcasts programmes for China _______ explanation in Chinese.
A. inB. for C. with D. as
12. The young woman _______ a baby sleeping in her arms was wandering in the street.
A. withB. because C. on D. like
13. Everyone should go to sleep with the light turned off.
A. asB. with C. for D. on
14. _______ so much homework to do, Mary won’t have time to play with her friends this morning.
A. WithoutB. With C. By D. Because
15. _______ the door open, the noise of the machines is almost deafening.
A. BecauseB. As C. With D. Because of
16. _______ his mother out, he had to stay at home alone.
A. AsB. For C. Because D. With
17. _______ all things considered, her proposal is of greater than his
A. LikeB. With C. On D. Without
18. _______ time permitting, we will visit the Summer Palace.
A. ByB. On C. With D. As
19. With nothing_______to burn,the fire became weak and finally died out.
A. leavingC. leave B. left D. to leave
20. The girl sat there quite silent and still with her eyes_______on the wall.
A. fixingC. to be fixing B. fixed D. to be fixed
答案
练习1:1-5 BCABC6-10 DAADD
11-15 CABBC16 -22 DBCBBAC
何谓独立主格结构?
它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语构成的结构。它不修饰单个的词,而修饰整个句子。独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。它构成一个单独实体,在句中作状语,并具有如下两种功能:(1) 解释原因或情景 (2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构。
一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
A. 不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
例如:
I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ____ in a year. (2005湖南)
A. follows
选C。此题考查“名词+不定式”构成独立主格结构,在句中作状语,表示动作未完成,其中the rest 与follow存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。此句可以改为:I send you 100 dollars today,and the rest is to follow in a year.
B.-ing形式“独立主格结构”
1. 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。(相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。(相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated)
2. 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。(相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way)
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张。(相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him)
注意:含有being的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today,the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
3. 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。(相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。(相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows)
4. 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡。(相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest)
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。(相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky)
注意:-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时,逻辑主语通常省去。例如:
1. _____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004北京)
选C。此题考查动词的-ing形式作时间状语,因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致,所以逻辑主语Tom省去了。此题可以改为:After Tom had waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
2. _____the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.(2004广东) A. Not completing
C. Not having completed
选C。此题考查动词的-ing形式作原因状语,因为逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致,所以逻辑主语they省去了,根据动作的先后关系,因为先没有完成,所以不得不再呆2周,故用完成时态。此题可以改为:Because they have not completed the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
C.-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. (独立主格结构在句中作原因状语)
该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂。
=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave.
任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假。
注意:-ed形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ed形式作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致时,逻辑主语通常省去。例如:
1._____in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing
选C。此题考查过去分词作原因状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he,逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为:Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
2. ______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A. Given
选A。此题考查过去分词作条件状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是him,逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为:If he is given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
3. _______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given
选D。此题也是考查过去分词作条件状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是he,逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为:If he is given time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
4. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _____ (2004 上海春季)
选B。此题也是考查过去分词作结果状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Richard Jones,逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为两个并列句:After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home,and he was exhausted 。
5.______ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. ( 2006全国(1、2))
A. Surprising
选B. 此题也是考查过去分词作状语,而其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致都是Tony,逻辑主语省去了。此题可以改为两个并列句:Tony was surprised and happy, and he stood up and accepted the prize.
比较:
二、 动词独立主格结构
“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中,being往往可以被省去,这种省去being的结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。
A.逻辑主语+名词
提示:
三、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.
I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ________.
A. going on
选A.此题考查with+宾语+现在分词作宾语补足语,在句中作couldn’t do my homework的原因状语.而all that noise与 go on在逻辑上是主谓关系,而且强调动作正在进行,所以用现在分词做宾语补足语.
选A.此题考查with+宾语+不定式作宾语补足语,在句中作结果状语.而minutes与to spare在逻辑上是主谓关系,而且强调动作没有完成,所以用不定式做宾语补足语.