梵高鸢尾花插花:商学院也要WEB 2.0 -商业教育前沿

来源:百度文库 编辑:偶看新闻 时间:2024/04/30 03:57:12

20年前的3月,当时在欧洲粒子物理实验室Cern工作的蒂姆•伯纳斯-李爵士(Sir Tim Berners-Lee)提议,创建一个能够管理实验信息、并允许人们通过一个超文本文件网络一起工作的网络。
 
蒂姆爵士将他的想法称为“网络”(Mesh)——一年后他创造了新词“万维网”(World WideWeb)。和许多机构一样,商学院过了一段时间才开始开发这项技术,但20年之后,网络已经成为它们所提供项目不可或缺的组成部分。未来还会发生更多变化——新兴的网络技术将进一步丰富网络教育。

到那个时候,如果没有互联网,世界将不复存在。但远程教育拥有更悠久的历史,如果没有发生网络革命,很可能会以几乎没有怎么改变的形式发展下去。

培训公司Kaplan Professional UK的首席技术官加里•伍德哈尔(Gary Woodhall)表示:“我们会仍然在使用书本和劣质CD——那些CD确实很糟糕。”他表示,私人的全球网络会已经发展起来,但是那些网络会非常昂贵。

位于亚利桑那州的雷鸟国际工商管理学院(Thunderbird School of Global Management)远程教育项目副主任伯特•巴伦西亚(Bert Valencia)表示,如果没有网络,远程教育可能会更接近传统模式。

巴伦西亚称:“那样我们就不会隔夜间便能在线发布来自全球任何地方的信息——我们会在不停地运送各种东西。”互联网不仅让学生能随时接受信息,而且能让他们进行互动。“在24小时内,每个人都在工作时间做出贡献,发布信息并进行互动,当他开始睡觉时,会有另一名学生贡献信息,这些都因互联网而得以实现。

巴伦西亚把互联网看做是一个车道,其中以软件形式出现的“新车”逐渐为学生合作提供了更好的方式。他表示:“只要我们商定一个时间,你、我和在中国的另一名学生就能一起讨论一个案例研究。”

这种改变学院与学生沟通方式的“网络效应”具有强大的统一作用。瑞士圣加伦大学(University of StGallen)教育管理学副教授萨拜因•索伊弗特(SabineSeufert)表示:“如果没有互联网,我们将扮演两个不同的角色——一个负责通过CD,DVD和印刷材料发布课程内容,另一个负责利用现有的方式进行交流。”不过,尽管网络学习对商业教育贡献重大,但也并不是所向无敌。

尽管目前远程教育几乎完全是在线进行的,但这只是学院多种学习方式中的一种。混合式学习方式是首选,甚至连以在线学习占主导的MBA课程通常也会采取某种形式的面授,即使只有几天时间。

相反,在不利用互联网的条件下进行全日制授课是难以想象的。教室里,学员们的笔记本电脑都与网络相连,而且可能必须这么做才能确保这节课实现教学目标。

在经济衰退中,随着公司削减培训预算,人们可能会认为,远程教育课程更为廉价,而且可以不用放弃工作就能实现培训目标,因此会抢占全日制课程的市场份额。

实际上,所有的培训方式都从中受益——远程教育课程申请人数上升,但全日制课程也是如此。伦敦大学皇家哈洛威管理学院(RoyalHolloway School of Management)外部课程与高管课程主任克里斯•豪沃思(ChrisHoworth)表示,事实是,学员在决定什么样的课程适合自己时更加谨慎。

“如果你面临裁员或失业,回到学校再次攻读全日制课程会填补你简历中的空白,同时能提升你的技能,为形势好转时做好准备,”豪沃思表示。“如果你留了下来,由于公司缩减规模,你可能会被要求做更多工作,因此需要更多技能——但你又不愿冒险离职。”

雷鸟学院的巴伦西亚表示,在当前环境下,时机可能也是有意攻读MBA课程的学员们的考虑重点。他表示,没有人知道经济危机将持续多长时间,但学员们在形势开始好转时完成课程是明智的。

不过,无论他们选择什么课程,大多数商业教育学生很少会对商学院网络课程的进一步革新而感到困扰。

豪沃思表示:“技术更新的步伐非常之快,两年前,我们谈论的是RSSfeeds,而不是LinkedIn(商业人际网络工具)、Delicious(社交书签服务网站)和Web2.0。”他称,现在的项目开始利用wikis和博客。皇家哈洛威管理学院还利用LinkedIn建立了校友网络。

Wikis网站的网页可以很容易地被任何进入网站的人进行编辑,它已经迅速成为一个加强合作的强有力工具。例如,麦基尔大学-巴黎高等商学院蒙特利尔联合EMBA项目(McGill-HEC MontrealEMBA)的学员创建了一系列的Wikis,作为他们正在研究的主要商业问题的知识库。这个加拿大项目的主任玛丽安娜•范登博施(MarianneVandenbosch)表示:“对学员来说,这是在班级中共享知识的绝佳方法。”

由于社交网站等Web2.0工具帮助培养了社区的归属感,它们能够扮演强大的支持角色。正如Kaplan的伍德哈尔所解释的那样,网络教育经历了数个阶段——起初是快速廉价分发课本的工具,随后经历了异步学习(发布课程内容,随后根据学员需要进行逐一评估),个性化学习和同步或双向学习(包括网络播放和视频直播)。

伍德哈尔称:“下一个趋势是‘综合学习社区,这将吸引那些不喜欢从书本中学习,而是需要和群体在一起才能学习的人们。”

今年8月即将升任圣加伦大学商业教育学教授的索伊弗特表示,Web 2.0确实有巨大潜力成为非正式的学习形式,但很大程度上还取决于能否将其与现有教育体系相结合,商学院学员同样需要现有的教育方式。

她认为,互联网能够在多个领域提供更多帮助,其中包括“社交图表”(social graphs)——形象化展示特定领域中的研究人员、他们的研究成果和相互间的联系。这可以为新学员提供有用的起点。索伊弗特称,Facebook等社交网站是向这个方向迈出的一小步。

至少有一件事情没有随着网络教育的兴起而改变的:毕业典礼——除了实体典礼怎么可能还有其它方式?还是再想想吧:商学院已经在“第二人生”(SecondLife)的网络世界上创建了校园或租用了“岛”(islands)。学员和教员的网络化身在3D虚拟社区复制了真实世界的活动,参与者不必真正亲自到场能够感觉自己身临其境。

上个月,英国石油公司(BP)的18位高管的网络化身参加了为期一年的项目管理课程学习后,聚集在曼彻斯特商学院(ManchesterBusiness School)的虚拟社区接受他们另一个自我的毕业证书。据说这是首个网上虚拟毕业典礼。他们与院长迈克尔•卢格尔(MichaelLuger)握手。卢格尔称,曼彻斯特商学院在第二人生的虚拟社区旨在“为我们学员的实时经历增值”。

Desert or desk: the school is a click away

By Andrew Baxter

Twentyyears ago this month, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, while working at Cern, theEuropean Particle Physics Laboratory, proposed a system that wouldmanage information about its experiments and enable people to worktogether through a web of hypertext documents.

SirTim called his idea ??Mesh?? - he coined the term ??World Wide Web?? ayear later. Business schools were not alone in taking a while toexploit the technology, but, 20 years on, the web has become anintegral part of the programmes they offer. There is more to come, too- emerging web technologies will further enrich online education.

Thatworld would not exist without the internet, but distance learning has alonger history, and might have continued almost unchanged had theonline revolution not taken place.

Wewould still be using books and bad CDs  -  those CDS were trulyghastly,?? says Gary Woodhall, chief technology officer for KaplanProfessional Distancelearning would probably be closer to the traditional model without theweb, says Bert Valencia, vice-president of distance learning programmesat Arizona-based Thunderbird School of Global Management.

Wewouldn't be posting things online that show up overnight anywhere inthe world - we would be shipping things,?? he says. The internet givesstudents the ability not only to receive information whenever they wantbut to interact. ??Each person, across 24 hours, is making their owncontribution in their working day, posting and interacting, then goingto sleep while another student contributes, and this is facilitated bythe internet.??

Mrsees the internet as a roadway on which, increasingly, ??new vehicles??in the form of software are offering better ways for students tocollaborate. ??You and I and another student in This??network effect??, which has transformed the ways in which schools andstudents communicate, is a powerful unifying influence. ??If we had nothad the internet, there would be two separate roles - one for contentdelivery, through CDs, DVDs and printed material - and the other forcommunications, using existing means,?? says Sabine Seufert, associateprofessor of education management at the Whiledistance learning is now almost entirely online, it is just one weaponin a school's armoury. Blended learning is the preferred option, andeven a predominantly online MBA programme will normally have aface-to-face element of some kind, if only for a few days.

Conversely,it would be inconceivable for a full-time course to be conducted in aninternet vacuum. Students' laptops in a classroom will be connected tothe internet, and may need to be in order for the session to achieveits educational aims.

Ina recession, with companies cutting training budgets, one might assumethat distance learning programmes - which are cheaper and achievablewithout having to give up your job -  would take market share away fromfull-time courses.

Infact, all varieties benefit - distance learning programmes arereporting increased applications, but so are full-time courses. Thereality is that students are making more careful decisions about whatis right for them, says Chris Howorth, director of external andexecutive programmes at Royal Holloway School of Management, part ofthe ??Ifyou are faced with redundancy or unemployment, going back to full-timeeducation fills in a space in your CV, and also upskills you for whenthe upturn comes,?? he says. ??If you are in work, you are probablybeing asked to do more as companies downsize, and you need moreskills - but you don't want to risk leaving your job.??Timing may also be an important consideration for prospective MBA students in the current environment, says Mrat Thunderbird. No one knows how long the economic crisis is going tolast, he says, but it makes sense for students to be completing theircourses when the upturn is under way.

Whatevercourse they choose, however, most business education students willhardly be fazed by further innovations in the schools' online offerings.

Thepace of technology change is so fast,?? says Mr Howorth. ??Two yearsago we would have been talking about RSS feeds, but not about LinkedIn[the business networking tool], Delicious [a social bookmarking webservice] and Web 2.0.?? Now, he says, programmes are making use of wikis and blogs and Royal Holloway also uses LinkedIn to network with alumni.