卡拉迪瓦伊演过的电影:英语字母及其组合的常见发音

英语字母及其组合的常见发音

26个字母发音规律

a /ei/ name  cake   table

/æ/ apple cat  map  am

/α: /  want  dance

/o/  what  watch

b /b/ book big   bag box

c /k/ cat cake cup clock car

/s/  face nice pencil books

d /d/ desk doll dog dad

e /i:/ he she meet me

/e/ elephant egg bed pen

f /f/ fine friend fly foot fan

g /ɡ/ gun glass glad glove     

 /dз /  age  orange

h /h/  hat he house hand

i /ai / fine bike  five  ice

/i/ is sit miss pig picture

j / dз / jeep jam jacket jar

k /k/ kite cake black thank

l /l/ leg left ruler flag lamp

/l/ apple bowl tell old

m/m/ am map my mouth milk

n /n/ no know new hand

o /?u / old home nose coke

/o/ dog not clock　box

/Λ / son month mother love

 p /p/ map jeep pig pen apple

q  /kw / quite quilt quick

r /r/ red radio brother racket

s /s/ sit miss this smile books

/z/ nose those rose rulers

t /t/ it sit not that table little

u /ju: / use usually excuse

/Λ / bus us sun duck

/ u / put  pull  push

v /v /  five vase very seven

w /w/ we window watch want

x /ks /   box  six  fox

 y /ai / my fly why bye

/ j /  yes  yellow

/ i /  happy baby very

z / z /  zoo   zero

元音组合

ai  /ei/  wait  paint

ay /ei/ may play day say

air /ε? / air hair chair

al / / tall small ball

ar /α: / farther farm car arm

ea /i:/ meat please tea read

  /e/ head bread ready

  / i? /  theater

ear / i? / ear  hear  near

  / ε? /  bear

  / ?: /  earth

ee /i:/ meet see bee feet jeep

eir / ε? / their

er / ? /  worker teacher

  / ?: /  her

ere /i ? /  here

   /ε? / where there

 ew /ju: / new  few

  /u: / flew  grew

ight /ai / right high bright

ir /?: / bird girl shirt thirty

oa /?u / boat coat

ong /o? /  long  song

oo /u/ book foot good

  /u:/ moon balloon

or / : / short fork port

  /?: / word world work

oor / / door  floor

ore // more store sore

 ou / au / out house mouth

our / / four　  your

   /au? / our

ow/ ?u / bowl  window

  /au / now cow flower

oy /oi/  boy  toy

ur / ?: /  turn

辅音组合

th /θ/ thank  mouth

  / δ/ this that with

 tr  /tr/ tree train truck

dr  /dr/ dress driver

sh /∫/ shirt wash short

ch /t∫/ child chair catch

  / k / school  Christmas

  / dз/  sandwich

tw /tw/  two twin twenty

wh /w/ white wheel what

  /h/ who whose whom

ts /ts/  jackets  kites

ds /dz/  birds  friends

 
英语词汇浩如烟海，记不胜记。掌握一个词，不仅要知其形，懂其意，更应首先学会准确发音。但是，英语中有一些字母，在某些构词环境中不发音，使词的形、音脱节，从而增加了词汇学习的难度。但此类字母并非杂乱无章，无规可循，而往往有一定的规律性。如果学习者掌握了不发音字母的一般规律，问题也就迎刃而解了。不发音字母主要有以下几种情况：
1．b出现在词尾，在字母m之后。如：bomb，climb，comb，crumb，dumb，lamb，limb，plumb（垂直的），thumb，tomb．
2．c出现在字母s或者x之后。如：adolescence（青春期），ascend（登高），dis-ciple（门徒），excellence，excess，excite，fascinate，scissors。
3．g出现在词首，在字母n之前。如：gnarled（多瘤节的），gnash（咬牙切齿），gnat[英]蚊子，gnaw（咬）。
g出现在词尾，在字母m，n之前。如：diaphragm（隔膜），paradigm（范例），phlegm（痰）；campaign，deign（屈尊），design，foreign，reign．
4．gh出现在词尾，或在字母t之前。如：brought，caught，fought，height，high，straight，thorough，thought，weight．
5．h出现在词首，在字母g，r，ex之后。如：ghetto（犹太人居住区），ghost，ghoul（盗尸的人）；rhetoric（修辞学），rhyme，rhythm；exhaust，exhibit，exhilarate（使高兴），exhort（规劝）。
h出现在词尾。如：ah（啊！），myrrh（没药），Sarah（女子名），Utah（美国西部一州名）。
6．k出现在词首，在字母n之前。如：knead（按摩），knee，knickers（灯笼裤），knife，knight，knit，knot，know．
7．l出现在词尾，在字母组合alf，alk，alm中。如：calf，half；chalk，stalk，talk，walk；alms（救济金），calm，palm，psalm（赞美诗）。
8．m出现在词首，在字母n之前。如：mnemonic（帮助记忆的），mnemonist（记忆术专家），Mnemosyne（古希腊司记忆的女神）。
9．n出现在词尾，在字母m之后。如：autumn，column，hymn（圣歌，赞美诗）。
10．p出现在词首，在字母n，s，t之前。如：pneumatics（气体力学），pneu-monia（肺炎）；psalm（赞美诗），pseudonym（笔名），psychic（精神的，心理的），psy-chology（心理学）；pterodactyl（飞龙目动物）。
11．t出现在词尾的字母组合-sten和-stle中。如：fasten，hasten；apostle（鼓吹者，倡导者），castle，whistle
 
 

 影响英语词汇重音的因素:

在西方语言中，英语是重音因素最为明显的一种语言。在希腊语、拉丁语等古典语言中，决定单词语音轮廓的主要是音值的长短，在法、西、意等现代语言中，虽然有重音，但重音和非重音之间的差别并不明显。对于以英语为母语的人士来说，重音位置和轻重音之间的对照是他们通过听觉识辨识单词的主导因素，一旦说话人对重音把握出现错误，就会造成交流障碍。反过来，如果学习英语单词时重音没有读准，在听英语时也很难准确辨识。在不借助词典的情况下，即使碰到不认识的词，也能准确发音的能力，是英语素养的重要部分。然而，和法语（重音始终在单词最末一个音节上）等语言比较起来，英语的重音位置似乎变化多端，难以把握，这对运用读音规则造成了很大困难。因为元音字母如何发音，基本取决于是否重读和音节性质（开音节、闭音节）两大因素。由于英语非重读音节中的元音发音规则相对简单，一旦重读音节中的元音发准了，英语单词的基本语音轮廓就勾勒出来了。由此可见，判断重音位置是英语学习中一个无法绕过的拦路虎。本文将从词汇学的角度，对英语重音的大致规律作一个介绍。
影响英语重音基本上有五个因素：归化程度、音节数、词性、词缀以及倒数第二音节辅音特征，其中后缀和倒数第二音节辅音特征才是决定英语重音的最关键因素，而这一点长期以来一直被研究者所忽视。
1、归化程度
归化程度是指由其他语言引入英语的单词在多大程度上融入了“本土”词汇大家庭。英语虽然属于印欧语系中的日耳曼语族，但从词汇角度看，只有少数词汇是从日耳曼语言继承的，80%的词汇反而源于拉丁语，与拉丁语的密切关系甚至超过了法语（最初是拉丁语的方言）与拉丁语的血缘关系。如今，绝大部分拉丁词语已经本土化，但仍有少量词语和短语被视为外来语。另外，英语中还吸纳了大量其他语言的词汇，其中相当一部分已经本土化，遵从英语的一般重音模式，但部分词汇的重音仍然模仿源语言中的重音。下面是一些例子：
1）法语词汇：–aire（如millionaire、questionnaire，与英语后缀-ary等价）、–ee（由法语过去分词变来，如referee、absentee、trustee）、–ette（表示“小”，如novelette）等后缀均遵循法语重音模式，最后一个音节重读。renaissance一词从语音上说还未完全归化，既可按照英语模式在第二个音节上重读，也可按照法语模式在最后一个音节上重读。
2）西班牙语词汇：-ado是典型的西班牙语后缀，重音在字母a上，如Colorado, aficionado（……迷），等等。
3）拉丁词汇：比如ad infinitum（直至无限）中infinitum就按照拉丁语模式，在倒数第二个音节重读。拉丁语对英语重音最大的影响，在于倒数第二音节的辅音特征对重音位置有决定作用（详见第4部分）。
2、音节数、词性和前缀
音节数对英语重音位置也有明显的影响。下面我们分成三种情况考虑。第一种是单音节词。所有的单音节词都是重读的。第二种是双音节词，双音节词的重音主要受词性影响，其次是前缀。如果该词是动词、形容词、介词，重音往往在第二个音节上，如果是名词，重音往往在第一个音节上。前一类如defend，irate，above，后一类如window，cable等等。下面几个具有双重词性的单词最具启发性：作为动词，project（投射）、object（反对）、refuse（拒绝）、produce（生产）重音均在第二个音节上；作为名词，它们的重音都在第一个音节上（意思分别是项目、客体、垃圾、农产品）。前缀对双音节词影响较大，特别是a-、be-和en-（有em-、in-、im-等多个变体），以它们开头的词重音普遍在第二个音节。differ的重音很特殊，它是动词，相同后缀的双音节动词（infer，confer，refer）重音都在后面，differ的重音却在前面，估计是为了与defer（遵从）相区分。第三种是三音节和更多音节的词。这一类词的重音位置主要取决于后缀。因此我们在下一部分单独分析。
3、后缀与多音节单词重音
为了论述的简洁，我们引入三个术语：ultimate——末音节，penult——次末音节，antepenult——倒数第三音节。许多后缀对多音节英语单词重音位置的影响是首位的、决定性的，也即是说无论原来的单词重音在什么位置，都必须按照后缀给定的规则加以更改。我们可以根据重音位置的不同，将英语中常见的后缀分成下面几类。
1）ultimate重音：比较常见的后缀有–ade（如lemonade、blockade）、 –eer（如engineer、pioneer、domineer）、–ese（officialese, Chinese）、–esque（arabesque）
2）penult重音：最重要的是形容词后缀（也是名词后缀）-ic和名词后缀-ion，前者还有–atic、–etic、–fic等多种扩展形式，后者有–ation、–faction、-fication、–ition、-sion、-tion等多种扩展形式。对比geography / geographic、climate / climatic、sympathy / sympathetic；invite / invitation、satisfy / satisfaction、clarify/ clarification、compete / competition。但有几个常用的词是例外情况，catholic、lunatic、heretic、arithmetic和television（television的重音可以在penult上，也可在词首，因为这个词并不是动词+ion变来的，televise是后起的）。其他常见的penult重音后缀有：
–ana（表示与某主题相关的所有事物，如Victoriana, Americana）、–escence（表示过程，如convalescence，adolescence等等）、–escent（与前一个后缀对应的形容词后缀，如adolescent）、–i（表示国籍和语言，如Israeli，Pakistani等等）、–ics（表示学科或其他，如economics，antibiotics、acrobatics，但是politics例外）、–itis（表示炎症，如bronchitis、hepatitis、arthritis等等）。
3）antepenult重音：最重要的后缀如下
a）-ial：如imperial、aerial、differential等等。对比manager / managerial，editor / editorial，influence / influential。
b）-ous（扩展形式有-acious、–aneous、-eous、-ious等等，其中-ous前的i和e都算一个音节）：如sagacious、spontaneous、courageous、suspicious等等。
c）-ity（扩展形式有–acity、-aneity、–bility、–icity、–ility、-uity等等，其中-ity前面的e、u都算一个音节）： 如sagacity、spontaneity、capability、futility、ingenuity等等。
d）-ian（扩展形式有-arian、-ician等等）：如humanitarian、Canadian、logician，对比mathematics / mathematician。
e）–ance, -ancy, -ence, -ency（抽象名词后缀）：如excellence、vigilance、benevolence、consistency等等。
f）-ant, -ent（与上一系列后缀相对应的形容词或名词后缀）：如tolerant、participant、determinant、resilient，等等。
g）-logy，-nomy（表示学科及其他）：例如astrology，economy，theology，等等。
其他常见的后缀还有-ia（抽象名词）、-arium（场所）、-cracy（统治）、-crat（统治者）、-graphy（记录术）、-ile（形容词名词后缀）、-iety（名词后缀，如sobriety、propriety）、-tude（抽象名词后缀），等等。
4）在antepenult之前的音节上重读：主要是一些弱读的后缀，如-able（或-ible）、-ary、-ery、-ory等等。重音往往在倒数第四音节上（少数在倒数第五音节上，如美国英语的laboratory）。如negligible、ordinary、contemporary、adversary、monastery、conservatory，等等。尤其需要注意的是，-able（-ible）加在一个以重读音节结尾的单词上，重音要前移一个音节，对比compare / comparable（重音在首音节上）、admire / admirable。
5）不影响重读的后缀：相当多的后缀并不改变原来单词的发音。中国学生普遍把educator等词的重音发错（重音不是在a上，而是在e上），就是不明白这个规则。此类后缀常见的有–acy（与-ate结尾的形容词对应的名词后缀，如inadequacy）、–age、-al（如arrival 、exceptional等等）、–dom、 –er（-or, -ar）、-ful、–ing、-ise（-ize）、–ism、–ist 、–ive（对比productive / competitive）、-less、–ly、、–ness、–ry、–ty等等。
6）-ment 如果后面添加别的后缀，重音一般落在-ment上，比如governmental、sentimental、elementary、momentous。但-ity的决定力大于-ment，所以sentimentality的重音仍遵循-ity的规则。
4、倒数第二个音节（penult）的辅音特征
如前文所述，英语大部分词汇来源于拉丁语，也继承了拉丁语的一个主要重音规则，即如果penult的元音前面是双辅音（爆破音b、p、k、g、t、d在前，l或r在后，这样组成的双辅音除外），单词重音便落在penult上。此规则的效力大于后缀的效力。下面举例说明：
1）按照后缀规则，important的重音位置应该是在首音节上，但由于penult的辅音是rt，符合4的规则，因此重音落在penult上。conference和concurrence重音位置的差别也可如此解释。
2）ludicrous（可笑的）、celebrity（名人）等词虽然penult是双辅音，但属于爆破音+l / r的情况，所以4的规则不适用，仍遵循后缀规则。
上述四条基本概括了英语重音的规则，其中3、4条尤其重要。确定了单词重音位置，根据重读音节往前推两个音节为次重读音节的原理，我们就可以判断出英语生词的重音，再运用读音规则，便可顺利地找到它的发音。当然，由于英语来源庞杂，发展过程也很复杂，所以例外情况仍然不少。但只要掌握了上述原则，多加练习，我们就能举一反三，掌握不查词典也能读出英语单词的本领。 

单词重音的规则1:

1． 单音节词无重音；因最后的一个音节上很少有重音,故双音节词的重音绝大多数在首音节上，如： creature victim 。
例外：1)有少数必须重读的名词后缀，如：-ee：employee；-oo：bamboo。
2)动词重音常会落在末音节，但这往往也是受拉丁语重音的影响（后有详述）。
3）不少双音节词的重音与其词性相关，如：insult(名词) insult(动词)。
2.如果倒数第二音节长，重音落在倒二音节；使倒二音节变长的情况主要见于下述两种情况：
1）倒数第二音节的元音为长元音（紧元音），如：horizon[hraizin]。
2）倒数第二音节为完全封闭音节，即倒二音节的元音在两个或两个以上的辅音字母前，如：embarrass，utensil。
注意：以形容词后缀-ic及其相关后缀(-ics,-ical,…)结尾的词，重音要落在-ic的前一个音节，而重读元音常为短元音（松元音），如:horrific，economics, biological其实，这也可追溯于拉丁语重音的影响。拉丁语中规定,以-icus,-ica,-icum结尾的形容词,倒二音节的i为短元音,重音落在倒三，并且，为保持音步所占时间的长度不变，倒三音节的元音常为短元音。在借入英语的过程中,拉丁词尾-us,-a,-um逐渐消失,单词重音却还保持在-ic的前一个音节，其重读元音仍为短元音，
3.如倒数第二音节短（该音节的元音为短元音）时，重音在倒三音节:英语中有不少后缀属于倒三重音，如：
-ous:anonymous
-ian:authoritarian
-ion:competition
-ity:simplicity
4.有些后缀，往往要求保留其前词素的重音位置（称“重音从原”）：这有些类似英语复合词，因复合词的主重音往往落在第一个构词成分上，如：blackboard, friendship。

1）部份派生后缀，如，-ism,-ist,-ize,-ment ,-able…。

individual individualism

ideology ideologist

serial serialize

establish establishment

identify identifiable

2）所有8种屈折后缀，如-ed,-s…

investigate investigated

consequence consequences

介绍了总的重音规则后，这里再分析一下为什么英语动词中常常有末音节重音。其实这可能也是受到拉丁语重音的影响。比如，动词的重音中存在这样一种现象：

1)当动词末音节为长音节时，重音落在末音节。

①末音节含长元音，如：erase combine

②末音节为完全封闭音节（末辅音为两个及两个以上）,如：collapse, torment, ,insult , exist…, 以及由后缀-esce（开始成为…）派生出的所有动词，如：convalesce(恢复)，rejuvenesce(变年轻)， luminesce(发冷光)等，重音均落在末音节。

其实，-esce源自拉丁语动词后缀 –escere，后者的倒二音节为完全封闭音节，故重音落在倒二音节；而在借入英语的过程中，词尾-ere为-e替代，因而丢失了一个音节，而重音不变，于是英语后缀-esce 表现为末音节重音。

2)当动词末音节为短音节（含短元音），重音落在倒数第二音节,如：astonish , exit

总之，单词的词尾结构，尤其是后缀对其重音的确定有决定性意义。即便遇上陌生的词汇，只要我们对其结构作出分析，往往能判断出重音所在。如：environmentalist，可分析如下：environ(倒二音节含长元音)environment（-ment重音从原）environmental（倒二音节为完全封闭音节）environmentalist（-ist 重音从原）。而在实际操作中，因很熟悉environment ，前两步往往就省略掉了。只要我们经常结合上述重音规则进行实践，最终能在面对一个英语单词时，敏捷反应，一眼判断出其重音所在

如何直接有效的划分英语单词找出重音

我读音99%准，我的建议是：

一般前面有Pre,Con,Ex这些prefix那么重音在后面。比如Precede, Prefer, Conglomerate,Exclude...
但是也有例外比如Excellent

还有就是，一般4,5个syllables重音都在第2个音，比如：
PerCEPtion, perFECTion, phiLOsophy, deLIberately

英语七大特殊单词重音规则

1. 英语中派生词的重音和词根重音一致。
派生词就是一些有同样词根的词。比如： act, active, actively com'pare com'parison
2. 带有下列后缀的词：-ary, -ery, -ory, -ism, -ist, -mony, -ment, -ary等，重音通常在第一个音节上。例如： customary scientist slavery factory realism
3. 带下列前缀的词：a-, ab-, ac-, ad-, al-, be-, con-, de-, dis-, em-, en-, in-, mis-, re-, tans-, un-重音通常在第二音节上。例如： a'bout ab'duce ac'cede ad'mire be'long con'sult de'tect dis'like
4. 带下列后缀的词：-aim, -ain, -cur, -eem, -duce, -ere, -firm, -gn, -oin, -oke, -ose, -pt, -rce, -self, -ume重音通常在第二音节。 contain occur sincere design confirm
5. 带下列后缀的词：-ade, -ain, -ee, -eer, -esque, -ette, -ique, -ine, -oon重音通常在最后一个音节。这些词一般都是从法语中借来的词。例如： emplo'yee an'tique maga'zine ci'gar volun'teer gaso'line
6. 带下列后缀的词：-eous, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ient, -ion, -ious, -ish, -it, -liar, -sive, -tal, -uous重音通常在倒数第二音节上。例如： oc'casion re'lation as'tonish de'posit mu'sician
7. 但是有些派生词，比如从名词派生出来的形容词，它的重音就得发生变化，通常是后移。 例如： 'science scien'tific 'accident acci'dental 'democrat demo'cratic 'politics po'litical

  读准多音节词的重音
笨笨熊：Mr Robot, 今天该说多音节词的重音规则了吧？　　Mr Robot: Yes. 多音节词指的是含有三个或三个以上音节的词，它们的重音是有一些规律可循的。
　　笨笨熊：那一共有几条规则呢？
　　Mr Robot: 嗯，根据你目前的英语水平，可以先学以下四条：
　　1．多音节词通常重读倒数第三个音节，也就是说，假如这个词只有三个音节，那就应该重读第一个音节,如:`accident, `Africa, `Italy, `family, `favorite等。如果有四个音节， 就要重读第二个音节, 如:  A`merican, bi`ology, in`telligent, o`pinion, de`licious等, 以此类推。
　　2．双音节词加上前缀或后缀所构成的多音节词，重音一般在原来词根的重读音节上。如：ex`change,
un`friendly, `dangerous, re`quirement, `officer, `usually等。
　　3． 多音节复合名词通常重读第一个音节。如：
　　`basketball, `goalkeeper, `interview, `newspaper, `sunglasses等。
　　4． 词尾有-tion, -sion或-ian的多音节词，其重音一般在-tion, -sion或-ian前面的一个音节上。你瞧：appli`cation， di`rection； de`cision(决定)； I`talian, mu`sician等。但`television（电视）例外。
　　笨笨熊： 为什么有的单词的左下角有个“.”号呀？
　　Mr Robot: 哦，这叫次重音符号。
　　笨笨熊：那次重音又是怎么回事呢？
　　Mr Robot: 噢，笨笨熊真好学啊！朗读单词时，按照发每个音时呼出气流的强度，我们通常可把重音分为主重音和次重音两类。所谓主重音，就是我们平常所说的重读音节，可在其左上方标上重音符号“`”来表示。而次重音呢，发音时呼出的气流比主重音稍弱一点，但比非重读音节强得多，我们常在此音节的左下方标“.”来表示。一般来说，从重读音节算起的倒数的第三个音节处就是次重音。如：.appli`cation, .infor`mation, .under`stand等。
　　Mr Robot: 哦，原来是这样。
 
 

  读准20个单词就能彻底改进发音
[/td]

1. important adj. 重要的

☆ It's important to eat healthy food.

饮食健康很重要。

2. necessary adj. 必须的；必要的

☆ It's not necessary to thank me.

不需要感谢我。

3. convenience n. 便利；方便

☆ Please call me at your earliest convenience.

请尽快打电话给我。

4. determination n. 决心

☆ It takes a lot of determination to succeed.

要成功就要下很大的决心。

5. adequate adj. 足够的；适当的

☆ His English is not adequate to study abroad.

他的英语水平不足以令他去国外学习。

6. perseverance n. 毅力；不屈不挠的精神

☆ I admire your perseverance.

我钦佩你的毅力。

7. environment n. 环境

☆ We should care more about the environment.

我们应该更加关注环境。

8. understanding n. 理解；谅解；体谅

☆ I really need your understanding.

我真的需要你的体谅。

9. resources n. 资源

☆ Don't waste our natural resources.

不要浪费我们的自然资源。

10. accomplishment n. 成就

☆ You should be proud of your accomplishment.

你应该为你取得的成就感到骄傲。

11. creativity n. 创造力

☆ We need creativity to solve this problem.

要解决这个问题，我们需要创造力。

12. circumstances n. 环境；境况

☆ Never blame your circumstances.

永远不要埋怨客观环境。

13. permanent adj. 永久的；不变的

☆ Please write down your permanent address.

请写下您的长住地址。

14. temporary adj. 暂时的；临时的

☆ This job is only temporary.

这份工作只是暂时的。

15. complicated adj. 复杂的

☆I think English grammar is too complicated.

我觉得英语语法太复杂了。

16. unfortunately adv. 不幸地

☆ Unfortunately, I didn't get your message.

很不走运，我没有收到你的信息。

17. productive adj. 富有成效的

☆ I had a productive day.

我过了充实的一天。

18. Significant adj. 有重大意义的；显著的

☆ I made significant progress this month in learning English.

这个月，我的英语学习取得了显著的进步。

19. compromise n.& v. 妥协；折衷

☆ Compromise is always necessary.

妥协总是有必要的。

20. attitude n. 态度

☆ She has a great attitude.

她态度很端正。

21. experience n. 经验

☆ I don't have much experience with computers.

我没怎么用过电脑。

22. friendship n. 友谊

☆ I really appreciate your friendship.

我真的很感谢你的友谊。

23. difference n. 差异；差别

☆It won't make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow.

 最完整的英语词根词缀表
Root, Prefix or Suffix Meaning Examples
a, ac, ad, af, ag, al, an, ap, as, at to, toward, near, in addition to, by aside, accompany, adjust, aggression, allocate, annihilate, affix, associate, attend, adverb
a-, an- not, without apolitical, atheist, anarchy, anonymous, apathy, aphasia, anemia
ab, abs away from, off absolve, abrupt, absent
-able, -ible Adjective: worth, ability solvable, incredible
acer, acid, acri bitter, sour, sharp acerbic, acidity, acrid, acrimony
act, ag do, act, drive active, react, agent, active, agitate
acu sharp acute, acupuncture, accurate
-acy, -cy Noun: state or quality privacy, nfancy, adequacy, intimacy, supremacy
-ade act, product, sweet drink blockade, lemonade
aer, aero air, atmosphere, aviation aerial, aerosol, aerodrome
ag, agi, ig, act do, move, go agent, agenda, agitate, navigate, ambiguous, action
-age Noun: activity, or result of action courage, suffrage, shrinkage, tonnage
agri, agro pertaining to fields or soil agriculture, agroindustry
-al Noun: action, result of action referral, disavowal, disposal, festival
-al, -ial, -ical Adjective: quality, relation structural, territorial, categorical
alb, albo white, without pigment albino, albite
ali, allo, alter other alias, alibi, alien, alloy, alter, alter ego, altruism
alt high, deep altimeter, altitude
am, ami, amor love, like, liking amorous, amiable, amicable, enamoured
ambi both ambidextrous
ambul to walk ambulatory, amble, ambulance, somnambulist
-an Noun: person artisan, guardian, historian, magician
ana, ano up, back, again, anew anode, anagram, anagenetic
-ance, -ence Noun: action, state, quality or process resistance, independence, extravagance, fraudulence
-ancy, -ency Noun: state, quality or capacity vacancy, agency, truancy, latency
andr, andro male, characteristics of men androcentric, android
ang angular angle
anim mind, life, spirit, anger animal, animate, animosity
ann, annu, enni yearly annual, annual, annuity, anniversary, perrenial
-ant, -ent Noun: an agent, something that performs the action disinfectant, dependent, fragrant
-ant, -ent, -ient Adjective: kind of agent, indication important, dependent, convenient
ante before anterior, anteroom, antebellum, antedate, antecedent antediluvian
anthrop man anthropology, misanthrope, philanthropy
anti, ant against, opposite antisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody, antinomies, antifreeze, antipathy
anti, antico old antique, antiquated, antiquity
apo, ap, aph away from, detached, formed apology, apocalypse, aphagia
aqu water aqueous
-ar, -ary Adjective: resembling, related to spectacular, unitary
arch chief, first, rule archangel, architect, archaic, monarchy, matriarchy, patriarchy, Archeozoic era
-ard, -art Noun: characterized braggart, drunkard, wizard
aster, astr star aster, asterisk, asteroid, astronomy, astronaut
-ate Noun: state, office, fuction candidate, electorate, delegate
-ate Verb: cause to be graduate, ameliorate, amputate, colligate
-ate Adjective: kind of state inviolate
-ation Noun: action, resulting state specialization, aggravation, alternation
auc, aug, aut to originate, to increase augment , author, augment, auction
aud, audi, aur, aus to hear, listen audience, audio, audible, auditorium, audiovisual, audition, auricular, ausculate
aug, auc increase augur, augment, auction
aut, auto self automobile, automatic, automotive, autograph, autonomous, autoimmune
bar weight, pressure barometer
be on, around, over, about, excessively, make, cause, name, affect berate, bedeck, bespeak, belittle, beleaguer
belli war rebellion, belligerent, casus belli, bellicose
bene good, well, gentle benefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction, beneficiary, benefit
bi, bine two biped, bifurcate, biweekly, bivalve, biannual
bibl, bibli, biblio book bibliophile, bibliography, Bible
bio, bi life biography, biology, biometricsm biome, biosphere
brev short abbreviate, brevity, brief
cad, cap, cas, ceiv, cept, capt, cid, cip to take, to seize, to hold receive, deceive, capable, capacious, captive, accident, capture, occasion, concept, intercept, forceps, except, reciprocate
cad, cas to fall cadaver, cadence, cascade
-cade procession motorcade
calor heat calorie, caloric, calorimeter
capit, capt head decapitate, capital, captain, caption
carn flesh carnivorous, incarnate, reincarnation, carnal
cat, cata, cath down, with catalogue, category, catheter
caus, caut burn, heat caustic, cauldron, cauterize
cause, cuse, cus cause, motive because, excuse, accusation
ceas, ced, cede, ceed, cess to go, to yield, move, go, surrender succeed, proceed, precede, recede, secession, exceed, succession
cent hundred centennial, century, centipede
centr, centri center eccentricity, centrifugal, concentric, eccentric
chrom color chrome, chromosome, polychrome, chromatic
chron time chronology, chronic, chronicle chronometer, anachronism, synchronize
cide, cis, cise to kill, to cut, cut down fratricide, homicide, incision, incision, circumcision, scissors
circum around circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference, circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory
cit call, start incite, citation, cite
civ citizen civic, civil, civilian, civilization
clam, claim cry out exclamation, clamor, proclamation, reclamation, acclaim
clin lean, bend decline, aclinic, inclination
clud, clus claus to close, shut include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive, conclude
co, cog, col, coll, con, com, cor with, together cohesiveness, cognate, collaborate, convene, commitment, compress, contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, convenient, concatenate, conjoin, combine, correct
cogn, gnos to know recognize, cognizant, diagnose, agnostic, incognito, prognosis
com, con fully complete, compel, conscious, condense, confess, confirm
contr, contra, counter against, opposite contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counterspy, contrapuntal
cord, cor, cardi heart cordial, concord, discord, courage, encourage
corp body corporation, corporal punishment, corpse, corpulent, corpus luteum
cort correct escort, cortage
cosm universe, world cosmos, microcosm, cosmopolitan, cosmonaut
cour, cur, curr, curs run, course occur, excursion, discourse, courier, course
crat, cracy rule autocrat, aristocrat, theocracy, technocracy
cre, cresc, cret, crease grow create, crescent, accretion, increase
crea create creature, recreation, creation
cred believe creed, credo, credence, credit, credulous, incredulous, incredible
cresc, cret, crease, cru rise, grow crescendo, concrete, increase, decrease, accrue
crit separate, choose critical, criterion, hypocrite
cur, curs run current, concurrent, concur, incur, recur, occur, courier, precursor, cursive
cura care curator, curative, manicure
cycl, cyclo wheel, circle, circular Cyclops, unicycle, bicycle, cyclone, cyclic
de- from, down, away, to do the opposite, reverse, against detach, deploy, derange, decrease, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate
dec, deca ten, ten times decimal, decade, decalogue, decimate, decathlon
dec, dign suitable decent decorate dignity
dei, div God divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify
dem, demo people, populace, population democracy, demography, demagogue, epidemic
dent, dont tooth dental, denture, orthodontist, periodontal
derm skin, covering hypodermic, dermatology, epidermis, taxidermy
di-, dy- two, twice, double divide, diverge, diglycerides
dia through, across, between diameter, diagonal, dialogue dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic
dic, dict, dit say, speak dictation, dictionary, dictate, dictator, Dictaphone, edict, predict, verdict, contradict, benediction
dis, dif not, opposite of, reverse, separate, deprive of, away dismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, divide, disconnect, disproportion, disrespect, distemper, disarray
dit give credit, audit
doc, doct teach, prove docile, doctor, doctrine, document, dogma, indoctrinate
domin master, that which is under control dominate, dominion, predominant, domain
don give donate, condone
dorm sleep dormant, dormitory
dox thought, opinion, praise orthodox, heterodox, paradox, doxology
-drome run, step syndrome, aerodrome, velodrome
duc, duct to lead, pull produce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce
dura hard, lasting durable, duration, endure
dynam power dynamo, dynamic, dynamite, hydrodynamics
dys- bad, abnormal, difficult, impaired, unfavorable dysfunctional, dyslexia, dyspathy

e- not, missing, out, fully, away, computer network related emit, embed, eternal,ether, erase, email, e-tailer
ec- out of, outside echo, eclipse, eclectic, ecesis, ecstasy, exzema
eco- household, environment, relating to ecology or economy ecology, economize, ecospheres, ecomanagement
ecto- outside, external ectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm
-ed Verb: past tense dressed, faded, patted, closed, introduced
-ed Adjective: having the quality or characteristics of winged, moneyed, dogged, tiered
-en Verb: to cause to become lengthen, moisten, sharpen
-en Adjective: material golden, woolen, silken
en-, em- put into, make, provide with, surround with enamor, embolden, enslave, empower, entangle
-ence, -ency Noun: action or process, quality or state reference, emergency, dependence, eminence, latency
end- inside, within endorse, endocardial, endergonic, endoskeleton, endoscope, endogenous
epi- upon, close to, over, after, altered epicenter, epicarp, epilogue, epigone, epidiorite
equi- equal equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equation, equator
-er, -ier Adjective: comparative better, brighter, sooner, hotter, happier
-er, -or Noun: person or thing that does something flyer, reporter, player, member, fryer, collector, concentrator
-er, -or Verb: action ponder, dishonor, clamor
erg work, effect energy, erg, allergy, ergometer, ergograph, ergophobia
-ery collective qualities, art, practice, trade, collection, state, condition snobbery, bakery, geenery, gallery, slavery
-es, -ies Noun: plural of most nouns ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -o and -z and some in -f and -y passes, glasses, ladies, heroes
-es, -ies Verb: third person singular present indicative of verbs that end in -ch, -s, -sh, - and some in -y blesses, hushes, fizzes, defies
-ess female actress, goddess, poetess
-est, -iest Adjective or Adverb: superlative latest, strongest, luckiest, lyingest
ev-, et- time, age medieval, eternal
ex- out of, away from, lacking, former exit, exhale, exclusive, exceed, explosion, ex-mayor
exter-, extra-, extro- outside of, beyond external, extrinsic, extraordinary, extrapolate, extraneous, extrovert
fa, fess speak fable, fabulous, fame, famous, confess, profess
fac, fact, fec, fect, fic, fas, fea do, make difficult, fashion, feasible, feature, factory, fact, effect, manufacture, amplification, confection
fall, fals deceive fallacy, falsify, fallacious
femto quadrillionth femtosecond
fer bear, carry ferry, coniferous, fertile, defer, infer, refer, transfer
fic, feign, fain, fit, feat shape, make, fashion fiction, faint, feign
fid belief, faith confide, diffident, fidelity
fid, fide, feder faith, trust confidante, fidelity, confident, infidelity, infidel, federal, confederacy, semper fi
fig shape, form figurem, effigy, figure, figment
fila, fili thread filigree, filament, filter, filet, filibuster
fin end, ended, finished final, finite, finish, confine, fine, refine, define, finale
fix repair, attach fix, fixation, fixture, affix, prefix, suffix
flex, flect bend flex, reflex, flexible, flexor, inflexibility, reflect, deflect,circumflex
flict strike affliction, conflict, inflict
flu, fluc, fluv, flux flow influence, fluid, flue, flush, fluently, fluctuate, reflux, influx
-fold Adverb: in a manner of, marked by fourfold
for, fore before forecast, fortune, foresee
forc, fort strength, strong effort, fort, forte, fortifiable, fortify, forte, fortitude
form shape, resemble form, format, conform, formulate, perform, formal, formula
fract, frag, frai break fracture, infraction, fragile, fraction, refract, frail
fuge flee subterfuge, refuge, centrifuge
-ful Noun: an amount or quanity that fills mouthful
-ful Adjective: having, giving, marked by fanciful
fuse pour confuse, transfuse
-fy make, form into falsify, dandify
gam marriage bigamy, monogamy, polygamy
gastr, gastro stomach gastric, gastronomic, gastritis, gastropod
gen kind generous
gen birth, race, produce genesis, genetics, eugenics, genealogy, generate, genetic, antigen, pathogen
geo earth geometry, geography, geocentric, geology
germ vital part germination, germ, germane
gest carry, bear congest, gestation
giga billion gigabyte, gigaflop
gin careful gingerly
gloss, glot tongue glossary, polyglot, epiglottis
glu, glo lump, bond, glue glue, agglutinate, conglomerate
gor to gather, to bring together category, categorize
grad, gress, gree to gather, to bring together, step, go grade, degree, progress, gradual, graduate, egress
graph, gram, graf write, written, draw graph, graphic, autograph, photography, graphite, telegram, polygraph, grammar, biography, lithograph, graphic
grat pleasing congratulate, gratuity, grateful, ingrate
grav heavy, weighty grave, gravity, aggravate, gravitate
greg herd gregarious, congregation, segregate, gregarian
hale, heal make whole, sound inhale, exhale, heal, healthy, healthiness
helio sun heliograph, heliotrope, heliocentric
hema, hemo blood hemorrhage, hemoglobin, hemophilia, hemostat
her, here, hes stick adhere, cohere, cohesion, inherent, hereditary, hesitate
hetero other, different heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodyne
hex, ses, sex six hexagon, hexameter, sestet, sextuplets
homo same homogenize, homosexual, homonym, homophone
hum, human earth, ground, man humus, exhume, humane
hydr, hydra, hydro water dehydrate, hydrant, hydraulic, hydraulics, hydrogen, hydrophobia
hyper over, above hyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic, hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic
hypn sleep hypnosis, hypnotherapy
-ia Noun: names, diseases phobia
-ian, an Noun: related to, one that is pedestrian, human
-iatry Noun: art of healing psychiatry
-ic Adjective: quality, relation generic
-ic, ics Noun: related to the arts and sciences arithmetic, economics
-ice Noun: act malice
-ify Verb: cause specify
ignis fire ignite, igneous, ignition
-ile Adjective: having the qualities of projectile
in, im into, on, near, towards instead, import
in, im, il, ir not illegible, irresolute, inaction, inviolate, innocuous, intractable, innocent, impregnable, impossible, imposter
infra beneath infrared, infrastructure
-ing Noun: material made for, activity, result of an activity flooring, swimming, building
-ing Verb: present participle depicting
-ing Adjective: activity cohering
inter between, among international, intercept, interject, intermission, internal, intermittent,
intra within, during, between layers, underneath intramural, intranet, intranatal
intro into, within, inward interoffice, introvert, introspection, introduce
-ion Noun: condition or action abduction
-ish Adjective: having the character of newish
-ism Noun: doctrine, belief, action or conduct formalism
-ist Noun: person or member podiatrist
-ite Noun: state or quality graphite
-ity, ty Noun: state or quality lucidity, novelty
-ive Noun: condition native
-ive, -ative, -itive Adjective: having the quality of festive, cooperative, sensitive
-ize Verb: cause fantasize

jac, ject throw reject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected, inject, ejaculate, adjacent
join, junct join adjoining, enjoin, juncture, conjunction, injunction, conjunction
judice judge prejudice
jug, junct, just to join junction, adjust, conjugal
juven young juvenile, rejuvenate
labor work laborious, belabor
lau, lav, lot, lut wash launder, lavatory, lotion, ablution, dilute
lect, leg, lig choose, gather, select, read collect, legible, eligible
leg law legal, legislate, legislature, legitimize
-less Adjective: without, missing motiveless
levi light alleviate, levitate, levity
lex, leag, leg law legal, college, league
liber, liver free liberty, liberal, liberalize, deliverance
lide strike collide, nuclide
liter letters literary, literature, literal, alliteration, obliterate
loc, loco place, area location, locally, locality, allocate, locomotion
log, logo, ology word, study, say, speech, reason, study catalog, prologue, dialogue, zoology, logo
loqu, locut talk, speak eloquent, loquacious, colloquial, circumlocution
luc, lum, lun, lus, lust light translucent, luminary, luster, luna, illuminate, illustrate
lude play prelude
-ly Adverb: in the manner of fluently
macr-, macer lean emaciated, meager
magn great magnify, magnificent, magnanimous, magnate, magnitude, magnum
main strength, foremost mainstream, mainsail, domain, remain
mal bad, badly malformation, maladjusted, dismal, malady, malcontent,malfunction, malfeasance, maleficent
man, manu hand, make, do manual, manage, manufacture, manacle, manicure, manifest, maneuver, emancipate, management
mand command mandatory, remand, mandate
mania madness mania, maniac, kleptomania, pyromania
mar, mari, mer sea, pool marine, marsh, maritime, mermaid
matri mother matrimony, maternal, matriarchate, matron
medi half, middle, between, halfway mediate, medieval, Mediterranean, mediocre, medium
mega great, million megaphone, megaton, megaflop, megalomaniac, megabyte, megalopolis
mem recall, remember memo, commemoration, memento, memoir, memorable
ment mind mental, mention
-ment Noun: condition or result document
meso middle mesomorph, mesoamerica, mesosphere
meta beyond, change metaphor, metamorphosis, metabolism, metahistorical, metainformation
meter measure meter, voltammeter, barometer, thermometer
metr admeasure, apportion metrics, asymmetric, parametric, telemetry
micro small, millionth microscope, microfilm, microcard, microwave, micrometer, microvolt
migra wander migrate, emigrant, immigrate
mill, kilo thousand millennium, kilobyte, kiloton
milli thousandth millisecond, milligram, millivolt
min little, small minute, minor, minuscule
mis wrong, bad, badly misconduct, misinform, misinterpret, mispronounce, misnomer, mistake, misogynist
mit, miss send emit, remit, submit, admit, commit, permit, transmit, omit, intermittent, mission, missile
mob, mov, mot move motion, remove, mobile, motor
mon warn, remind monument, admonition, monitor, premonition
mono one monopoly, monotype, monologue, mononucleosis, monorail, monotheist,
mor, mort mortal, death mortal, immortal, mortality, mortician, mortuary
morph shape, form amorphous, dimorphic, metamorphosis, morphology, polymorphic, morpheme, amorphous
multi many, much multifold, multilingual, multiped, multiply, multitude, multipurpose, multinational
nano billionth nanosecond, nanobucks
nasc, nat, gnant, nai to be born nascent, native, pregnant, naive
nat, nasc to be from, to spring forth innate, natal, native, renaissance
neo new Neolithic, nuveau riche, neologism, neophyte, neonate
-ness Noun: state, condition, quality kindness
neur nerve neuritis, neuropathic, neurologist, neural, neurotic
nom law, order autonomy, astronomy, gastronomy, economy
nom, nym name nominate, synonym
nomen, nomin name nomenclature, nominate, ignominious
non nine nonagon
non not nonferrous, nonsense, nonabrasive, nondescript
nov new novel, renovate, novice, nova, innovate
nox, noc night nocturnal, equinox, noctilucent
numer number numeral, numeration, enumerate, innumerable
numisma coin numismatics
ob, oc, of, op toward, against, in the way oppose, occur, offer, obtain
oct eight octopus, octagon, octogenarian, octave
oligo few, little Oligocene, oligosaccharide, oligotrophic, oligarchy
omni all, every omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, omnivorous
onym name anonymous, pseudonym, antonym, synonym
oper work operate, cooperate, opus
-or Noun: condition or activity valor, honor, humor, minor
ortho straight, correct orthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic, unorthodox
-ory Noun: place for, serves for territory, rectory
-ous, -eous, -ose, -ious Adjective: having the quality of, relating to adventurous, courageous, verbose, fractious
over excessive, above overwork, overall, overwork
pac peace pacifist, pacify, pacific ocean
pair, pare arrange, assemblage, two repair, impair, compare, prepare
paleo old Paleozoic, Paleolithic, paleomagnetism, paleopsychology
pan all Pan-American, pan-African, panacea, pandemonium (place of all the demons),
para beside paradox, paraprofessional, paramedic, paraphrase, parachute
pat, pass, path feel, suffer patient, passion, sympathy, pathology
pater, patr father paternity, patriarch, patriot, patron, patronize
path, pathy feeling, suffering pathos, sympathy, antipathy, apathy, telepathy
ped, pod foot pedal, impede, pedestrian, centipede, tripod, podiatry, antipode, podium
pedo child orthopedic, pedagogue, pediatrics
pel, puls drive, push, urge compel, dispel, expel, repel, propel, pulse, impulse, pulsate, compulsory, expulsion, repulsive
pend, pens, pond hang, weigh pendant, pendulum, suspend, appendage, pensive, append
per through, intensive persecute, permit, perspire, perforate, persuade
peri around periscope, perimeter, perigee, periodontal
phage eat macrophage, bacteriophage
phan, phas, phen, fan, phant, fant show, make visible phantom, fantasy
phe speak blaspheme, cipher, phenomenon, philosopher
phil love philosopher, philanthropy, philharmonic, bibliophile
phlegma inflammation phlegm, phlegmatic
phobia, phobos fear phobia, claustrophobia, acrophobia, aquaphobia, ergophobia, homophobia
phon sound telephone, phonics, phonograph, phonetic, homophone, microphone, symphony, euphonious
phot, photo light photograph, photoelectric, photogenic, photosynthesis, photon
pico trillionth picofarad, picocurie, picovolt
pict paint, show, draw picture, depict
plac, plais please placid, placebo, placate, complacent
pli, ply fold reply, implicate, ply
plore cry out, wail implore, exploration, deploring
plu, plur, plus more plural, pluralist, plus
pneuma, pneumon breath pneumatic, pneumonia,
pod foot, feet podiatry, tripod
poli city metropolis, police, politics, Indianapolis, megalopolis, acropolis
poly many polytheist, polygon, polygamy, polymorphous
pon, pos, pound place, put postpone, component, opponent, proponent, expose, impose, deposit, posture, position, expound, impound
pop people population, populous, popular
port carry porter, portable, transport, report, export, import, support, transportation
portion part, share portion, proportion
post after, behind postpone, postdate
pot power potential, potentate, impotent
pre, pur before precede
prehendere seize, grasp apprehend, comprehend, comprehensive, prehensile
prin, prim, prime first primacy, prima donna, primitive, primary, primal, primeval, prince, principal
pro for, foward propel
proto first prototype, protocol, protagonist, protozoan, Proterozoic, protoindustrial
psych mind, soul psyche, psychiatry, psychology, psychosis
punct point, dot punctual, punctuation, puncture, acupuncture, punctuation
pute think dispute, computer
quat, quad four quadrangle, quadruplets
quint, penta five quintet, quintuplets, pentagon, pentane, pentameter
quip ship equip, equipment
quir, quis, quest, quer seek, ask query, inquire, exquisite, quest

re back, again report, realign, retract, revise, regain
reg, recti straighten regiment, regular, rectify, correct, direct, rectangle
retro backwards retrorocket, retrospect, retrogression, retroactive
ri, ridi, risi laughter deride, ridicule, ridiculous, derision, risible
rog, roga ask prerogative, interrogation, derogatory
rupt break rupture, interrupt, abrupt, disrupt, ruptible
sacr, sanc, secr sacred sacred, sacrosanct, sanction, consecrate, desecrate
salv, salu safe, healthy salvation, salvage, salutation
sanct holy sanctify, sanctuary, sanction, sanctimonious, sacrosanct
sat, satis enough satient, saturate, satisfy
sci, scio, scientia know science, conscious, omniscient, cognocienti
scope see, watch telescope, microscope, kaleidoscope, periscope, stethoscope
scrib, script write scribe, scribble, inscribe, describe, subscribe, prescribe, manuscript
se apart, move away from secede
sect, sec cut intersect, transect, dissect, secant, section
sed, sess, sid sit sediment, session, obsession, possess, preside, president, reside, subside
semi half, partial semifinal, semiconscious, semiannual, semimonthly, semicircle
sen, scen old, grow old senior, senator, senile, senescence, evanescent
sent, sens feel, think sentiment, consent, resent, dissent, sentimental, sense, sensation, sensitive, sensory, dissension
sept seven septet, septennial
sequ, secu, sue follow sequence, consequence, sequel, subsequent, prosecute, consecutive, second, ensue, pursue
serv save, serve, keep servant, service, subservient, servitude, preserve, conserve, reservation, deserve, conservation, observe
-ship Noun: status, condition relationship, friendship
sign, signi sign, mark, seal signal, signature, design, insignia, significant
simil, simul like, resembling similar, assimilate, simulate, simulacrum, simultaneous
sist, sta, stit stand, withstand, make up assist, insist, persist, circumstance, stamina, status, state, static, stable, stationary, substitute
soci to join, companions sociable, society
sol, solus alone solo, soliloquy, solitaire, solitude, solitary, isolate
solv, solu, solut loosen, explain solvent, solve, absolve, resolve, soluble, solution, resolution, resolute, dissolute, absolution
somn sleep insomnia, somnambulist
soph wise sophomore (wise fool), philosophy, sophisticated
spec, spect, spi, spic look, see specimen, specific, spectator, spectacle, aspect, speculate, inspect, respect, prospect, retrospective, introspective, expect, conspicuous
sper render favorable prosper
sphere ball, sphere sphere, stratosphere, hemisphere, spheroid
spir breath spirit, conspire, inspire, aspire, expire, perspire, respiration
stand, stant, stab, stat, stan, sti, sta, st, stead stand stature, establish, stance
-ster person mobster, monster
strain, strict, string, stige bind, pull, draw tight stringent, strict, restrict, constrict, restrain, boa constrictor
stru, struct, stroy, stry build construe, structure, construct, instruct, obstruct, destruction, destroy, industry, ministry
sub, suc, suf, sup, sur, sus under, below, from, secretly, instead of sustain, survive, support, suffice, succeed, submerge, submarine, substandard, subnormal, subvert
sume, sump take, use, waste consume, assume, sump, presumption
super, supra over, above superior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural, superimpose, supercede
syn, sym together, at the same time sympathy, synthesis, synchronous, syndicate
tact, tang, tag, tig, ting touch tactile, contact, intact, intangible, tangible, contagious, contiguous, contingent
tain, ten, tent, tin hold, keep, have retain, continue, content, tenacious
tect, teg cover detect, protect, tegular, tegument
tele distance, far, from afar telephone, telegraph, telegram, telescope, television, telephoto, telecast, telepathy, telepathy
tem, tempo time tempo, temporary, extemporaneously, contemporary, pro tem, temporal
ten, tin, tain hold tenacious, tenant, tenure, untenable, detention, retentive, content, pertinent, continent, obstinate, contain, abstain, pertain, detain
tend, tent, tens stretch, strain tendency, extend, intend, contend, pretend, superintend, tender, extent, tension, pretense
tera trillion terabyte, teraflop
term end, boundary, limit exterminate, terminal
terr, terra earth terrain, terrarium, territory, terrestrial
test to bear witness testament, detest, testimony, attest, testify
the, theo God, a god monotheism, polytheism, atheism, theology
therm heat thermometer, theorem, thermal, thermos bottle, thermostat, hypothermia
thesis, thet place, put antithesis, hypothesis, synthesis, epithet
tire draw, pull attire, retire, entire
tom cut atom (not cutable), appendectomy, tonsillectomy, dichotomy, anatomy
tor, tors, tort twist torture, retort, extort, distort, contort, torsion, tortuous, torturous
tox poison toxic, intoxicate, antitoxin
tract, tra, trai, treat drag, draw, pull attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract, detract, subtract, contract, intractable
trans across, beyond, change transform, transoceanic, transmit, transportation, transducer
tri three tripod, triangle, trinity, trilateral
trib pay, bestow tribute, contribute, attribute, retribution, tributary
tribute give contribute, distribute, tributary
turbo disturb turbulent, disturb, turbid, turmoil
typ print type, prototype, typical, typography, typewriter, typology, typify
ultima last ultimate, ultimatum
umber, umbraticum shadow umbra, penumbra, (take) umbrage, adumbrate
un not, against, opposite unceasing, unequal
uni one uniform, unilateral, universal, unity, unanimous, unite, unison, unicorn
-ure Noun: act, condition, process, function exposure, conjecture, measure
vac empty vacate, vacuum, evacuate, vacation, vacant, vacuous
vade go evade, invader
vale, vali, valu strength, worth equivalent, valiant, validity, evaluate, value, valor
veh, vect to carry vector, vehicle, convection, vehement
ven, vent come convene, intervene, venue, convenient, avenue, circumvent, invent, convent, venture, event, advent, prevent
ver, veri true very, aver, verdict, verity, verify, verisimilitude
verb, verv word verify, veracity, verbalize, verve
vert, vers turn, change convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert, reversion, extravert, introvert, diversion, introvert, convertible, reverse, controversy
vi way viable, vibrate, vibrant
vic, vicis change, substitute vicarious, vicar, vicissitude
vict, vinc conquer victor, evict, convict, convince, invincible
vid, vis see video, evident, provide, providence, visible, revise, supervise, vista, visit, vision, review, indivisible
viv, vita, vivi alive, life revive, survive, vivid, vivacious, vitality, vivisection, vital, vitamins, revitalize
voc, voke call vocation, avocation, convocation, invocation, evoke, provoke, revoke, advocate, provocative, vocal
vol will malevolent, benevolent, volunteer, volition
volcan fire volcano, vulcanize, Vulcan
volv, volt, vol turn about, roll revolve, voluble, voluminous, convolution, revolt, evolution
vor eat greedily voracious, carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, devour
-ward Adverb: in a direction or manner homeward
-wise Adverb: in the manner of, with regard to timewise, clockwise, bitwise
with against withhold, without, withdraw, forthwith
-y Noun: state, condition, result of an activity society, victory
-y Adjective: marked by, having hungry, angry, smeary, teary
zo animal zoo (zoological garden), zoology, zodiac, protozoan

 英语写作，文章开头，主体展开以及结尾的实用方法:

Chapter One 文章开头句型
1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,
适用于有争议性的主题.
例如(e.g)
[1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently.
[2]. When it comes to .... , some people bielive that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter ...)
[3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....
1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 .
e.g
[1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.
[2]. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention)
[3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.
----- To be continued !!
1-3 观点法 ----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.
e.g:
[1]. Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ... Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. benn more visible/popular than...
[2]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that...
[3]. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation ot the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ......
[4]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......
1-4 引用法 ----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!
e.g:
[1]. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people .
"Education is not complete with gradulation." Such is the opnion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion.
[2]."........." How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this .
In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "......".
1-5 比较法 ------ 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点.
e.g:
[1]. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ... , people ....... .
[2]. People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new.
1-6 故事法 ---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题.
e.g:
[1]. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of ... has aroused public concern.
[2]. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.
[3]. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.
1-8 问题法 ----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题.
e.g:
Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ...
But in my opinion , ...... .
Chapter 2 文章中间主体内容句型
原因结果分析
3-1-1. 基本原因 --- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因.
e.g:
[1]. Why ... ? For one thing.. For another ...
[2]. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing... For another...... Still another ...
[3]. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect .... /both individual and social contribute to ....
3-1-2 另一原因 --------> 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用!
e.g:
[1]. Another important factor is ....
[2]. ... is also responsible for the change/problem.
[3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for .....
3-1-3 后果影响 --------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 .
e.g:
[1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....
[2]. In involves some serious consequence for ........
比较对照句型
3-2-1. 两者比较 ---> 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用 !
e.g:
[1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.
[2]. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.
[3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.
3-2-2 . 两者相同/相似 ------> 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用!
e.g:
[1]. A and B have several thing in common. They are similar in that.....
[2]. A bears some sriking resemblance(s) to B.
Chapter Three 文章结尾形式
2-1 结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 .
e.g:
[1]. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that .....
[2]. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .......
2-2 后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.
e.g:
[1]. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of .......
[2]. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that .. will be put in danger.
2-3 号召性 -------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.
e.g:
[1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendcy of ......
[2]. It is essential thar effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.
2-4 建议性 -------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.
e.g:
[1]. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is .....
[2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.
2-5 方向性的结尾方式 ---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景.
e.g:
[1]. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .
[2]. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might be helpful/benefical.
[3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........
2--6 意义性的结尾方式 --------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!
e.g:
[1]. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit .....
[2]. In any case, whether it is posotive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ..

一些比较经典地道的句子:

果然不出我所料。 Just what I thought.

够了，不要再说了！ Enough! I don’t want to hear it!

怎么不说你自己？ Look who’s talking!

注：本句为俚语，带有“你也不够资格这样说”的讽刺意味。

我还会不知道吗？ Wouldn’t I know?

现实总是残酷的。 The truth hurts.（也常理解“真相伤害了你”）

注：本句若是在安慰人，是希望对方了解事情不会总是尽如人意，也可用来提醒对方对实际情况要有心理准备。

嘴巴放干净一点！ Wash your mouth out with soap!

注：本句是谚语，通常是母亲在训斥孩子；或是叫人别老是讲脏话。

没有其他可能了。 There’s no other way.

不然这样好不好？ How about this instead?

不要紧，没什么事。 Don’t worry! It’s nothing.

怎样？ 我没说错吧！ What? I’m right, aren’t I?

我指使闹着玩的。 I’m just kidding.

这是命运的安排。 This is destiny.

一个巴掌拍不响。 It takes two to tango.

注：本句事成语，tango（探戈）是必须要有两个人才能跳的舞，所以引申为“一个巴掌拍不响”。

你竟敢放我鸽子！ How dare you stand me up!

你以为现在几点？ What time do you think it is?

怎么那么死脑筋？ How can you be so stubborn?

你会死得很难看。 You’ll die a horrible death.

这事就交给我吧。 Leave it up to me!

好好考虑一下吧！ Think it over!

别管我！不要理我！ Leave me alone!

你死了这条心吧！ Give it up.

你在玩什么把戏？ What are you trying to pull？

你在开我玩笑吧？ You’re kidding, right?

至少大家都没事。 At least everyone’s all right.

你有没有良心啊？ Don’t you have a heart?

自己去就好了嘛。 Just go by yourself!

给我滚！ 闪一边去！ Get out of here! Out of my way!

抱歉让你久等了。 Sorry to keep you waiting.

别误会我的意思。 Don’t take it the wrong way.

Don’t get me wrong.

你今天不太对劲。 You’re not yourself today.

跟你有什么关系？ What’s it to you?

你再说，我打你喔！ Say it again, and I’ll give you a beating!

你们长得好像喔。 You look alike!

走，我请你喝一杯！ Let’s go. I’ll buy you a drink.

哟！看看是谁来啦？ Oh! Look who’s coming？

我说真的，不骗你。 I’m telling the truth. I’m not lying.

你就直话直说吧！ Just tell it like it is.

问一下又不会死。 You won’t die for asking.

我想请你帮个忙。 Could you do me a favor?

你有没有在听啊？ Have you been listening?

也可以这么说啦！ You could say that too.

到时候就知道了。 I’ll know when the time comes.

好戏还在后头呢！ You ain’t seen nothin’ yet!

你太得寸进尺了。 I give you an inch, and you take a yard.

注：表示不知分寸，爱占便宜。也可说：“I gave him an inch, and he wanted to take a mile.”

好戏就要开锣喽。 Good things have just begun!

注：这句话可以表示说者很期待某件事的发生，或者事抱着瞧不起的心态看待即将发生的事。

我也无话可说了。 I’m speechless.

这真是人间美味。 This food is out of this world.

注：这句话不只形容食物好吃，也可形容人或东西好的不得了。例如: “ The car is out of this world.” （这车实在是炫毙了）

干嘛神秘兮兮的？ Why so mysterious?

别再婆婆妈妈了！ Stop being so indecisive!
 

 中国独特概念词英文表达法:

1、中国意念词（Chinesenesses）
八卦 trigram
阴、阳 yin, yang
道 Dao（cf. logo）
江湖（世界） the jianghu World （the traits’ world）
e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖，身不由己)
道 Daoism（Taoism）
上火 excessive internal heat
儒学 Confucianism
红学（《红楼梦》研究） redology
世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia
开放 kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world 或者直接 opening-up）
改革开放：reform and opening-up
大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done
伤痕文学 scar literature or the literature of the wounded
不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on …
合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people
乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge
铁交椅 iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post
脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty
治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline
2 、中华民族的喜庆节日（Chinese Festivial）
国庆节 National Day
中秋节 Mid-Autumn Festival
春节 Spring Festival
元宵节 Lantern Festival
儿童节 Children’s Day
端午节 Dragon Boat Festival
妇女节 Women’s Day
泼水节 Water-Splashing Day
教师节 Teachers’ Day
五四青年节 Youth Day
3、中国独特的传统饮食（Unique Traditional Chinese Foods）
馄饨 wonton
锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi)
花卷 steamed twisted rolls
套餐 set meal
盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away
米豆腐 rice tofu
魔芋豆腐 konjak tofu
米粉 rice noodles
冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.)
火锅 chafing dish /chaffy dish/hot pot
八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding
粉丝 glass noodles
豆腐脑 jellied bean curd
4 、中国新兴事物（Newly Sprouted Things）
中国电信 China Telecom
中国移动 China Mobile
十五计划 the 10th Five-Year Plan
中国电脑联网 Chinanet
三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project
希望工程 Project Hope
京九铁路 Beijing CKowloon Railway
扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project
菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project
温饱工程 Decent-Life Project /Adequate Food and Clothing Program
安居工程 Economy Housing Project
扫黄 Porn-Purging Campaign
西部大开发 Go-West Campaign
5 、特有的一些汉语词汇
禅宗 Zen Buddhism
禅 dhyana; dhgaya
混沌 chaos
道 Daosim, the way and its power
四谛 Four Noble Truth
八正道 Eightfold Path
无常 anity
五行说 Theory of Five Elements
无我 anatman
坐禅 metta or transcendental meditation
空 sunyata
虚无 nothingness
双喜 double happiness(中)，a doubled stroke of luck(英)
小品 witty skits
相声 cross-talk
噱头；掉包袱 gimmick, stunt
夜猫子 night people; night-owls
本命年 this animal year of sb.
处世之道 philosophy of life
姻缘 yinyuan（prefixed fate of marriage）
还愿 redeem a wish (vows)
6 、具有文化特色的现代表述
大陆中国 Mainland China
红宝书 little red book
红色中国 socialist China
四化 Four Modernizations
终生职业 job-for-life
铁饭碗 iron rice bowl
大锅饭 communal pot
关系户 closely-related units
外出打工人员 migrant workers
关系网 personal nets, closely-knitted guild
五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals
四美（心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美）： the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment
7 、中国古代独特事物（Unique Ancient Chinese Items）
宣纸 rice paper
衙门 yamen
叩头 kowtow
孔子Confucius
牌楼 pailou；pai-loo
武术 wushu（Chinese Martial Arts）
功夫 kungfu ；kung fu
中庸 the way of medium （cf. Golden Means）
中和 harmony (zhonghe)
孝顺 to show filial obedience
孝子 dutiful son
家长 family head
三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife
五常：仁、义、理、智、信 five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity
八股文 eight-legged essays
多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness
养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one’s old age
8、 近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译
基层监督 grass-roots supervision
基础税率 base tariff level
婚介所 matrimonial agency
婚外恋 extramarital love
婚纱摄影 bride photo
黑心棉 shoddy cotton
机器阅卷 machine scoring
即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery
集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development
价格听证会 public price hearings
甲A球队 Division A Soccer Team
家政服务 household management service
加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion
假帐 accounting fraud
叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel
矫情 use lame arguments
渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence
借调 temporarily transfer
扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group.
扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption