明胶猪源检测机构:小学英语集体学习之二 ( 冠词和数词)

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2.1 不定冠词的用法

  冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。
  不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。
 1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。
   A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

 2) 代表一类人或物。
   A knife is a tool for cutting with.
   Mr. Smith is an engineer.

 3) 词组或成语。
   a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
2.2 定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
 1)特指双方都明白的人或物:
   Take the medicine. 把药吃了。
 2)上文提到过的人或事:
   He bought a house. I've been to the house.
   他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
 3)指世上独一物二的事物:
  the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。
 5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面:
   Where do you live? I live on the second floor.  你住在哪?我住在二层。
   That's the very thing I've been looking for.  那正是我要找的东西。
 6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:
  They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
  They are teachers of this school.  (指部分教师)
 7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:
  She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
 8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:
  the People's Republic of China  中华人民共和国
  the United States  美国
 9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:  She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
    the Greens  格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
 11) 用在惯用语中:
   in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow 
the day before yesterday, the next morning, 
in the sky (water,field,country) 
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, 
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
2.3 零冠词的用法
 1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;
 2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
  They are teachers. 他们是教师。
 3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;
  Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
 4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;
  Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
 5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
  We go to school from Monday to Friday.  我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
 6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
  The guards took the American to General Lee.
  士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
 7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfast,play chess
 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
  I can't write without pen or pencil.  没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
 9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train;
 10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:
  school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;
    go to hospital  去医院看病
    go to the hospital  去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
 11)不用冠词的序数词;
 a. 序数词前有物主代词
 b. 序数词作副词  He came first in the race.
 c. 在固定词组中  at (the) first,first of all,  from first to last
2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构
 1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。
   He raises a black and a white cat.  他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
  The black and the white cats are hers.  这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。
   He raises a black and white cat.  他养了一只花猫。
2.5 冠词位置
 1) 不定冠词位置
 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: 
 a. 位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half,
   I have never seen such an animal.
   Many a man is fit for the job.

 b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:
   It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
   So short a time.
   Too long a distance.

 c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。
但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot

 d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:
    Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。
   当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。

2) 定冠词位置
  定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。
  All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。
2.6 数词
  表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
 一、基数词
  1)基数词写法和读法: 345 three hundred and forty-five;
  2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:
   a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人;
   b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里;
  如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。
   c. 表示"几十岁";
   d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +数词复数;
   e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.

 二、序数词
  序数词的缩写形式: first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st 

 三、 数词的用法
  1)倍数表示法
   a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as
    I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。

   b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length…) of…
    The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。

   c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…
   The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
   今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。

   d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍
   The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
   今年粮食产量增加了4倍。

  2)分数表示法
  构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:
  1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.

冠词和数词(供大家参考)
1.不定冠词a与an的用法
2.定冠词the的用法
3."零"冠词
4.基数词的用法
5.序数词的用法
【名师点睛】
一. 冠词的用法
冠词是虚词,放在名词之前,用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。
A(an)叫不定冠词,the叫定冠词。A用在辅音之前,an用在元音之前。
1. 不定冠词的用法
(1) a和an均用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物。例如:
John is a student.
Mary is an English teacher.
(2) 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。例如:
A steel worker makes steel.
Pass me an apple, please.
(3) 指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或和物。例如:
A student wants to see you.
A girl is waiting for you outside.
(4) 表示“每一”的意思,相当于every。例如:
Take the medicine three times a day.
They go to see their parents once a week.
2. 定冠词用法
  (1) 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。例如:
     The book on the desk is an English dictionary.
     Beijing is the capital of China.
  (2) 指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。例如:
     Open the door, please.
     Jack is in the library.
  (3) 上文提到过的人或事物。例如:
     Yesterday John’s father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.
  (4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。例如:
     The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
  (5) 用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。例如:
     Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
     January is the first month of the year.
  (6) 用在某些形容词之前,表示某一类人或事物。例如:
     The nurse is kind to the sick.
     We should take good care of the old.
  (7) 用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。例如:
     the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air等。
  (8) 用在姓氏复数之前,表示“某某一家人”,“某某夫妇”。例如:
     the Browns, the whites等。
3. 不用冠词的情况
(1) 某些专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。例如:
     China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love等。
(2) 名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时,不用冠词。例如:
     That is my cap.
     I have some questions.
     Go down this street.
(3) 复数名词表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词。
They are workers.
We are students.
(4) 称呼语前不用冠词,表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。例如:
I don’t feel well today, Mother.
Bush was made president of the U.S.
(5) 三餐饭的名称前,球类活动,学科和节目名词前,常不用冠词。例如:
I have lunch at home.
He often plays football after class.
We have English and maths every day.
(6) 在某些固定词组里,名词之前常不用冠词。例如:
By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。
二. 数词的用法
数词分基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目,序数词表示顺序。
1. 基数词的用法
(1) 基数词在句中主要用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语,例如:
     Thirty of them are Party members.(主语)
     --- How many would you like?
     --- Three ,please.(作宾语)
     The nine boys are from Tianjing.(定语)
     Six plus four is ten.(表语)
     We four will go with you.(同位语)
(2) 表示一个具体数字时,hundred, thousand, million一律不用复数;在表示一个不确定数字时则用复数。例如:
Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.
There are three thousand students in our school.
After the war, thousands of people became homeless.
Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.
    They arrived in twos and threes.
  (3) 表示“……十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代,例如:
     He is in his early thirties.
     He died still in his forties.
     This took place in 1930s.
(4) 表示时刻用基数词。例如:
We get up at six.
The workers begin work at eight.
         表示“几点过几分”,用介词past,但须在半小时以内。例如:
ten past ten,
a quarter past nine,
half past twelve
         表示“几点差几分”用介词to, 但分数须在半小时以上。例如:
twenty to nine,
five to eight,
a quarter to ten
         表示“几点几分”还可直接用基数词。例如:
seven fifteen,
eleven thirty,
nine twenty
  2. 序数词的用法
  (1)序数词主要用作定语,前面要加定冠词,例如:
      The first truck is carrying a foot baskets.
      John lives on the fifteenth floor.
  (2)序数词有时前面可加不定冠词来表示“再一”,“又一”这样的意思,例如:
      We'll have to do it a second time.
Shall I ask him a third time?
      When I sat down,a fourth man rose to speak.
(3)由几个序数词和基数词在拼写时不对应,很容易写错,应特别注意。它们是:one---first, two---second, three---third, five---fifth, eight---eighth, nine---ninth, twelve---twelfth。
(4)表示年,月,曰时, 年用基数词表示,曰用序数词表示。例如:
1949年十月一曰读作: October (the) first, nineteen sixty
2004年九月十曰读作:September (the) tenth, two thousand and four
(5)表示分数时,分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示。分子大于1时,分母加-s。例如:
three fourths,
one second,
two fifths
(6)序数词有时用缩写形式:
       first→1st                     second→2nd
       third→3rd                     fourth→4th
       twenty-second→22nd