杀出深海txt下载:主谓一致

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南开中学 李士明
AGREEMENT BETWEEN SUBJECT & PREDICATE
李士明
南开中学英语高级教师,资深高考英语教学专家。曾任2007年南开区高考英语指导组首席教师,并应天津市教研室邀请,为全市教师做了高考全面复习指导讲座。多年来,一直专职教授南开中学理科实验班,许多学生在获得了数理化各科金牌的同时,英语非但没有受影响,而且考上清华、北大等顶尖大学后,英语同时也成为了他们引以为豪的强项,莘莘学子深有感触地说,从李老师身上学到的不仅是知识,更重要的是科学深邃的思维方法, 使学生从根本上脱离死记硬背的苦海,摆脱一头雾水的迷茫,达到了举一反三、触类旁通、事半功倍的效果。
在英语的语言结构中,动词不仅要正确地使用时态、语态,而且必须要保持主语和谓语在人称和单复数的一致。如果句子的主语是由两个或两个以上的名词或代词构成,我们如何去判定它的人称和单复数呢?动词的变化是否只有固定搭配去死记硬背呢?如果不是,我们所依据的原则又是什么呢?我们要保持主语和谓语在人称和单复数的一致要从两个方面来考虑:
I. 根据句子结构判断。
II. 根据主语的含义判断。
根据句子结构判断
如果谓语动词前出现了两个或两个以上的名词,首先要根据句子结构来判断谓语动词应该与哪个名词相一致,这时不能够简单地归纳为所谓“就近一致”的原则,因为并非所有的情况都就近一致。我们应该根据连词或介词所限定的句子结构来判断出哪个名词是句子的主语,那么谓语动词就应该与其一致。
1. 在含有并列连词but的句子中
例如: Not only he but also all the other students in his class are going to take part in the English contest this Saturday morning.
不仅他而且他们班其他所有的同学本周六上午都要去参加英语竞赛。
注释:but是并列连词,前面的he为省略句,原句应为:
Not only is he going to take part in the English contest this Saturday morning but also all the other students in his class are going to take part in the English contest this Saturday morning.
在英语的句子结构中如果出现了相同的成分,在不影响句意和保持句子整体平衡的情况下,相同的部分要省略,后面的动词go自然要与句子的主语students保持一致,由于but后面是一个完整句子,因此,也起到了强调students的作用,不可以理解为not only…but also…专门用来强调后者才与students一致的。如果遇到要强调前者he, 本句也可以说:
Not only is he going to take part in the English contest this Saturday morning but also all the other students in his class.
我们再看一个例子:Not only is he going to take part in the English contest but also I am going to attend a meeting this Saturday morning, so our get-together has been put off to the next.
本周六不仅他要去参加英语竞赛,而且我也要去开会,因此我们的聚会推迟到了下周六。
从以上句子可以看出,but 的前后两个分句内容各不相同,不可以省略,动词各随其主。
比较:All but (except) one are present today. = All are present today but one is not present.
除了一人,今天都到齐了。
(将连词but 移到代词all后用作介词,≈ except,担当主语all的修饰语, 含义为“除了一个人的all”,动词应与all保持一致,这时“就近一致”显然就是错误的判断方法了。)
我们再看几个例子:
All but one have passed the term exams. (介词短语but one 修饰all, 动词用have passed.)
No one except/but his own supporters agrees with him.
2. 在含有并列连词or 或 nor 的句子中
例如:Neither you nor he is capable of doing such work alone.
= Neither (are) you (capable of doing such work alone)nor he is capable of doing such work alone. (nor是并列连词,is 与he 一致, are 与you 一致。)
Are you or she good at French?
(or是并列连词,第一分句are与you一致,第二分句is与she一致,本句是疑问句,不可以将is提到整句前面构成问句, 因此第一分句用了动词are,第二分句省去了is,为了保持整个句子的平衡,good at French保留在后句。)
One or two boxes are needed to keep the books I bought.
(or 是并列连词,前句省略,后are与two boxes保持一致。)
3.在含有more than one 的句子中
例如:More than one (example) is necessary to make them understand the rules clearly.
要想使他们清楚地理解这项规则,只举一个例子是远远不够的。
than 是从属连词,引导比较状语从句,未省略前的句子应为:
More examples are necessary to make them understand the rules clearly than one example is necessary to make them understand the rules clearly.
如果前句保留了主语,那么我们应将than one 看作省略句,句子的动词则应使用are,
More examples (than one) are necessary to make them understand the rules clearly.
又如:More than two are necessary to help them out.
要帮助他们彻底摆脱困境,只去两个人是不够的。
(than后面的主语为two, 因此应使用复数动词are.)
从以上的例子不难看出,“more than one 表示复数概念,使用单数动词” 的解释是不正确的。
4. 在含有连词as well as 的句子里
例如:She likes this book as well as I ( like the book). (as well as 后面的相同成分被省略)
她喜欢这本书,我也喜欢。
She doesn’t like this book as well as I ( like the book).
她不喜欢这本书,而我喜欢。(as well as 只能引起肯定句,本句中前后句含义相反。)
比较:如表示前后都否定,应将省略句as well as I提到主语she的后面,起修饰作用,含义为“还有我的她”。
She as well as I doesn’t like this book.
她还有我都不喜欢这本书。
(本句中,as well as I 为省略句,动词与she保持一致,因此本句自然就强调了she, 而不是因为强调she,动词才与she保持一致的。)
再看两个例子:
Henry as well as I isn’t good at art.
亨利还有我都不太懂艺术。
The students as well as I are not going to be absent from the meeting.
学生们,还有我,都不准备缺席这次会议。
在含有as well as的句子里,动词只能与主语保持一致。倘若as well as置于句末, 则句子为肯定含义,因此,表示否定含义时,只可以看作省略句的as well as 插在主语和动词之间。
5. 在含有rather than ;more than的句子里
例如:The teacher rather than the young students is going to take on the whole responsibility.
将由老师而不是学生们承担全部责任。
(rather than 含义为 “而不是”, than 后面是省略句,动词与the teacher保持一致。)
原句应为:The teacher is going to take on the whole responsibility rather than the young students are going to take on the whole responsibility.
The children more than their mother are eager to go for an outing.
不仅他们的母亲,而且孩子们都更加期盼着出去郊游。
(more than 含义为 “不仅”, than 后面是省略句,动词与the children保持一致。)
6. 含有介词短语修饰的名词
例如:An old man with a group of children was sitting in the room watching TV.
一位老人带着一群孩子当时正在屋里看电视。
(介词短语with a group of children 作定语,修饰an old man, 含义为“带着孩子的一位老人”,动词与an old man 保持一致。)
比较:An old man and a group of children were sitting in the room watching TV.
( 句子的主语是由并列连词and 连接的两个名词,因此需要使用复数动词were。)
在主谓一致当中,除了根据句子的连词欲借此来判断句子的结构外,我们还要根据担当主语的名词经常由于所带的修饰语对其限定来确定其准确含义,以及自身的含义来判定。
1.单数名词前必须由限定词(冠词,物主代词,指示代词)修饰,表示唯一。
●The Party secretary and principal of our school is a maths teacher.
我们学校的校长兼书记是一位数学老师。
(定冠词the 修饰的 Party secretary and principle 是一个人,动词用单数形式is.)
●The Party secretary and the principal are both maths teachers.
我们学校的校长和书记都是数学老师。
(两个定冠词分别修饰名词Party secretary 和 principle,表示两个人,动词用复数形式are。)
●A famous singer and dancer is to come to our evening party.
一位著名的歌舞演员要来参加我们的晚会。
(被一个不定冠词修饰的两个名词singer and dancer含义为单数,是一个人,动词用单数形式is。)
2.复数名词用定冠词修饰表示全部
●The poor (people) are often helped here. 贫困的人们在这经常得到帮助。
(定冠词the 修饰名词复数people, 动词用复数形式are,people在日常生活中经常被省略,常被误认为定冠词修饰形容词,表示一类人。如果被默认的名词是单数,动词使用单数。)
比较:Yesterday, a young man knocked down an old man in the street. At that time, The old was lying on the ground crying but the young was still sitting in the car blaming the old for his being careless.
昨天一个年轻人将一位老人撞倒,老人当时躺在地上呻吟,而那个年轻人却坐在汽车里埋怨车祸是因为老人不小心所致。
(本句中the young 和the old 后面都省去了man, 因此,动词都使用单数形式was。)
3.当单数名词被every; each, no 等词修饰并由and连接时
●Every/Each boy and (every/ each) girl is required to take part in the meeting.
这次会议,无论男生还是女生都要求参加。
句子的主语Every/Each boy and (every/each) girl 虽使用了并列连词and,但这是用来强调“每位同学”,并非一个男生和一个女生之意,因此,动词用单数形式is。
●No doctor & no nurse is allowed to receive red letters from patients.
任何医护人员都不得收受患者的红包。
(no doctor & no nurse 用来强调医护人员无一例外。)
4.当复数名词或单数名词被many修饰时
●(Many) students have heard of the news.
●(Many) a student has heard of the news.
许多学生都听说了这个消息。
(句中名词复数students 和单数名词a student都泛指学生们,为了表示并非全体,在名词前面加上many, 因此,动词应与句子的主语的单复数一致,不要说单数名词被many a 修饰,表示复数,而使用单数动词。)
又如:Many a man and (many) a woman likes to spend their holiday at the seaside.
人们无论男女,都喜欢到海滨去度假。
(主语名词为a man;a woman, 表示强调“无论男女”,动词用单数形式likes。)
5.当主语名词单复数同形时根据其修饰语来判断
●Every means has been tried.
每项措施都尝试过了。(every 修饰means,使用单数动词has。)
●All means have been tried.
所有措施都尝试过了。(all 修饰means,使用复数动词have。)
●A chemical works lies on the other side of the river.
坐落于河对岸的是一座化工厂。
(works在用作原料工厂时,单复数同形。)
●All are good and all goes smoothly.
一切情况都好,事情进展十分顺利。
(第一个all表示名词conditions, 用复数动词are, 第二个all则表示everything,用单数动词goes。)
●The three huge fish were hooked by Ronny this afternoon.
这三条大鱼都是罗尼今天下午钓的。
(fish单复数同形,从定语three可以看出fish为复数,动词使用复数形式were。)
6. 当复数名词表示唯一或整体概念(时间、钱数、长度、数量)时,动词用单数形式
●The United States is in North America.(国家名称)
●Ten minutes was given to prepare the answer.(表示一段时间)
●150 dollars is a very reasonable price for this nice Mp4.(表示一笔钱数)
●Over hundred meters has been checked so far.(表示一段长度)
7.当名词被分数或百分数修饰时要根据名词自身的单复数而定
●Three fourths/One fourth of the students of this university are from various countries.
这所大学的学生有四分之三/一来自世界不同国家。
(被分数修饰students为名词复数,动词使用复数形式,与分数自身的大小无关。)
●70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
(被百分数修饰surface为不可数名词,动词使用单数形式,与百分数自身的大小无关。)
8. 当名词相互修饰时要确定中心词
●A box of apples is left in the corner of the room.
屋子的角落里放着一箱苹果。
(本句中含义为装满苹果的箱子,box 为中心词,动词用单数形式。)
●Look! This box of apples are rotting!
看,这箱苹果都快要烂了!
(本句中含义为苹果快要烂了而不是箱子,因此apples为中心词,动词用复数形式。)
●A quantity of food was on the table.
Quantities of food were on the table.
餐桌上摆满了丰盛的食物。
(两句话含义相同,of food为定语, 修饰中心名词quantity,第一句动词用单数was, 第二句动词用复数形式were, 这种用法与分数和百分数根据被修饰词而定的概念截然不同。) 9.当主语为从句或非谓语动词时
●What he said has left much for us to think about.
他的一番话给我们留下了许多思索。
(主语从句what he said 相当于单数概念,动词用单数形式。)
●What he wants are reference books on economy.
他所需要的是经济方面的参考书。
(本句主语为从句,但表语为名词复数,这句话可以倒装为Reference books on economy are what he wants. 因此,动词使用复数形式。)
●What she said and did are no business of yours.
他说什么,做什么不关你的事情。
(本句中主语从句有两个句子what he said和what he did分别表示不同概念,动词用复数)
●When and where to build another bridge is still unknown.
究竟什么时间、什么地点再建一座桥还不清楚。
(本句主语为when to build和where to build , 但表示相同概念,动词使用单数形式。)
10.集合名词表示整体,谓语动词用单数,表示个体用复数。
●The audience was so large that the spacious hall was filled to the fullest capacity.
当时听众非常多,将偌大的会场挤了个水泄不通。
(集合名词audience表示整体,谓语动词用单数形式)
●The audience were excited at the speech made by Obama.
在场的听众听了奥巴马的讲话非常兴奋。
(集合名词audience表示个体,谓语动词用复数。)
常见的集合名词有:committee, class, crew, company, enemy, family, group, government, staff, team, population, public等。
11.群体名词“people, police, cattle”谓语动词永远用复数形式
●The police are on the track of the criminals.
警方正在搜捕嫌疑犯。
●The people in that country are heavily taxed.
那个国家的人民赋税很重。
●The cattle in that village are sleek and well-fed.
村里的牲畜个个膘肥体健。
总之,在英语的动词使用形式当中,主谓一致与动词时态、语态并重。由于英语句子的结构和含义与汉语有很大区别,所以从汉语角度去分析是不可靠的。反之,将某些用法现象不加分析理解地叫做固定搭配也是不科学的。要掌握好英语主语与谓语人称和数的一致就要摒弃死记硬背的学习方法,只有从句子结构和主语的实际含义两个方面来考虑,才能真正地掌握和用好主谓一致。