硅藻泥装修黑色玫瑰花:路透社关于新闻照片编辑的原则

本帖网文来源地址： http://www.niwota.com/submsg/7714594/
纪实新闻类应该有纪实的严肃性，艺术照片并不受以下限制。

Photoshop is a highly sophisticated image manipulation programme. We use only a tiny part of its potential capability to format our pictures, crop and size them and balance the tone and colour.
Photoshop是一个非常复杂的图片编辑软件。我们仅仅只使用其巨大图片编辑功能中的一小部分，剪裁和重定图片大小以及平衡色调和色彩。

Materially altering a picture in Photoshop or any other image editing software will lead to dismissal.
用Photoshop或者其它任何图片编辑软件对照片进行本质修改将直接导致被解雇。

THE RULES ARE（规则是）：

1.No additions or deletions to the subject matter of the original image.
不得对原片的主体进行增加或减少
thus changing the original content and journalistic integrity of an image.
不得改变原始内容以及图片的新闻真实
2.No excessive lightening, darkening or blurring of the image.
不得过度调亮、调暗或者模糊图片
thus misleading the viewer by disguising certain elements of an image.
不得通过对图片某些部分进行掩盖从而误导读者
3.No excessive colour manipulation.
不得过度调整颜色
thus dramatically changing the original lighting conditions of an image.

THE GUIDELINES ARE(指导原则是)：

1.Only minor Photoshop work should be performed in the field.
在新闻现场只能通过Photoshop进行细微的调整
(Especially from laptops) We require only cropping, sizing and levels with resolution set to 300dpi. Where possible, ask your regional or global picture desks to perform any required further Photo-shopping on their calibrated hi-resolution screens. This typically entails lightening/darkening, sharpening, removal of dust and basic colour correction.
（尤其在笔记本电脑上）我们要求只能进行剪裁、调整图片大小、色阶以及分辨率调整至300象素/英寸。当有需要的时候，可以要求地区或者全球图片编辑室在其校准过的高分辨率屏幕上进一步对图片编辑。这些包括调亮/调暗、锐化、清楚污点以及基本颜色校准。
2.When working under prime conditions, some further minor Photo-shopping (performed within the above rules) is acceptable.
在一流条件下，进一步的Photoshop细微调节（在以上规定内执行）是可以接受的。
This includes basic colour correction, subtle lightening/darkening of zones, sharpening, removal of dust and other minor adjustments that fall within the above rules. Reuters recommendations on the technical settings for these adjustments appear below. The level of Photoshop privileges granted to photographers should be at the discretion of the Chief/Senior Photographers within the above guidelines. All photographers should understand the limitations of their laptop screens and their working environments.
这些包括基本的颜色校准，部分区域轻微地调亮/调暗、锐化、去除污点以及其它在以上规则下进行的细微调整。路透社对于这些技术设置的推荐如下：摄影记者所能使用Photoshop程度的权限需要由首席摄影记者/高级摄影记者来处置。所有的摄影记者都必须理解他们笔记本电脑以及工作环境的局限性。
Photographers should trust the regional and global pictures desks to carry out the basic functions to prepare their images for the wire.　 All EiCs and sub editors from regional and the global desks will be trained in the use of Photoshop by qualified Adobe trainers to a standard set by senior pictures staff. The photographer can always make recommendations via the Duty Editor. Ask the desk to lighten the face, darken the left side, lift the shadows etc. Good communication with the desk is essential.
摄影记者必须信任地区编辑室以及全球编辑室来通过一些基本功能来准备他们的照片。地区和全球编辑者的主编和助理编辑都会接受Adobe培训师的训练使其达到资深影像专家所确定的标准。摄影记者可以向编辑提出建议。要求编辑调亮人物脸部、调暗左侧、消除阴影等。与编辑室的良好交流非常必要。

TECHNICAL GUIDELINES(技术指导)：

1. Cloning, Healing or Brush Tools are not to be used. The single exception to this rule is sensor dust removal. The cloning tool will only be used below the 100 pixels radius setting. Unless performed on a well-calibrated screen under good working conditions we strongly recommend photographers to request dust removal by pictures desks.
克隆，修复或笔刷工具不允许使用。唯一的例外就是去除相机图象传感器上灰尘导致的照片污点。克隆工具只可以设置在100象素以下进行操作。除非是在良好工作环境下的校准屏幕下，我们强烈建议摄影记者让编辑室来处理照片上的污点。
2. Saturation should not be used. It affects image quality and cannot be judged well on a laptop screen and adds nothing more than what can be achieved in levels.
色相/饱和度工具不允许使用。它不仅会影响图片质量，而且在笔记本电脑的屏幕上也无法被很好的调整，更重要的相对于色阶调整的效果而言它并没有什么特殊之处。
3. Colour Balance adjustment should be kept to the minimum, especially on laptop screens which tend to have a blue dominance.
色彩平衡的调整应该尽量最低限度，尤其在有偏蓝色主导的笔记本电脑屏幕上。
4. Levels should only be adjusted to the start points of the histogram graph on both shadows and highlights.
色阶工具只能通过移动色阶柱状图的起止点来调整暗调和高光。
5. Auto Levels should not be used.
自动色阶工具不允许使用。
6. The Burn Tool in most cases should only used to subtly darken areas that have been overexposed. When the burn tool is used in shadows a visible element of everything that can be seen in the raw file must remain visible.
加深、减淡、海绵工具在大多数情况下只能用于局部轻微调暗曝光过度的地方。当减淡工具在阴影地方使用的时候，原片中所有可视部分应依然保持可以被识别。
7. Highlights and Shadows can be toned by using the selective highlights tool, a feather of 25-30 and then adjusted in curves.
高光和暗调工具只能通过选择性的高光工具来调整，通过20～30象素羽化以及曲线调整。
8. The Lasso Tool should not be used when using a laptop to file pictures. It is essential that great care is taken with this tool to avoid the ‘halo’ effect which is produced when the feathering is too great and the tonal change ‘bleeds over’ into the unselected zone. Likewise, not enough feathering will produce a vivid jagged edge to the lasso area. Typically a feathering setting of between 5 and 20 pixels is used, depending on the size and positioning of the zone. Again we strongly recommend this is handled by desks.
套索工具在使用笔记本电脑来编发图片时不允许使用。使用此工具的时候应尽量避免由于过度羽化而导致的“晕轮”效应，从光调变化“渐进”至那些没有选择的区域。类似的，不足的羽化则会导致套索边缘区域出现明显的锯齿。通常情况下，5～10象素的羽化应当根据照片中调整区域的大小和位置来使用。再次申明，我们强烈建议由编辑室来进行处理。
9. The Eye Dropper can be used on a neutral gray area to set colour. But is dependent on the quality of the computer screen to determine if you are in fact seeing a real gray.
取色器工具只能通过灰点来设置颜色，但是此举取决于电脑屏幕的质量事实上是否能够让你看到真正的灰色 。
10. Sharpening should be set at zero (0) in the camera. Pictures may then be sharpened by 300% at a radius of 0.3, threshold 0, in Photoshop.
锐化工具在相机设置中应该被调整到零。照片可能需要在Photoshop中按照300％数量，半径0.3象素以及阈值0色阶进行锐化。
11. No selective area sharpening should be done.
选择性局部锐化工具不允许使用。
Third-party Sharpening Plug-ins is not permitted.
第三方锐化工具不允许使用。
12. Third-party Noise-Reduction Plug-ins should be avoided but are acceptable if Chief Photographers are convinced they are being used properly.
第三方噪点减弱插件工具应尽量避免除非当地首席摄影记者确信其被恰当使用。
13. Camera Settings, in particular saturation (and Image Styles in the Canon 5D) should be set to “standard” with the exception of in-camera sharpening which should be turned OFF. The Color setting Adobe RGB is the Reuters standard.
相机设置的特殊色相（例如佳能5D下的照片模式中）应该选择“标准”，而相机内的锐化功能应该选择关闭。Abode RGB是路透标准的颜色设置。
14. Multiple-Exposure pictures must be clearly identified in the caption and drawn to the attention of pictures desks before transmission.
多次曝光的照片必须在图说中清楚地说明，并且在发稿之前需向编辑室说明。

关于摆拍/策划新闻照片

1. Reuters photographers, staff and freelance, must not stage or re-enact news events. They may not direct the subjects of their images or add, remove or move objects on a news assignment. Our news photography must depict reality. Any attempt to alter that reality constitutes fabrication and can lead to disciplinary action, including dismissal.
路透社的摄影记者，无论是专职还是自由摄影记者，都绝不允许摆布或重新导演新闻事件，绝不允许在拍摄过程中摆布被摄对象或者添加、删除以及移动被摄对象。路透社的新闻图片必须还原新闻事件发生时的真实场景。任何一种试图改变这种真实场景的行为将被视为捏造事实，摄影记者将因此受到包括解雇在内的相应惩罚。
2. Photographers may direct the subjects of portraits, formal interviews and non-news feature images needed to illustrate a story. The caption must not mislead the reader into believing these images are spontaneous.
摄影记者在拍摄人物肖像、正式采访和非新闻类的特写故事时，可以适当控制被摄对象。对此，图片说明必须解释现场情况，避免误导读者以为画面中是自然发生的场景。
3. The presence of the media can often influence how subjects behave. When the behavior shown is the result of the media’s presence, our captions must make that clear.　 If photographers from outside Reuters orchestrate or set up scenes, it is still a set-up.　
新闻记者的出现有时会影响被摄对象的表现。当被摄对象的行为是由于新闻记者的出现而产生时，必须在图片说明中特别标明。在新闻采访中，即便是非路透社的记者摆布了新闻现场，这张照片也将被视为是摆拍的照片。
4. The best news photography occurs when the presence of the camera is not noticeable. Photographers should be as unobtrusive as possible to avoid influencing events and consider using long lenses.
最佳的新闻画面是在照相机不被（被摄对象）察觉的情况下产生的。摄影记者必须尽量避免影响正在发生的新闻事件，在一些场合可以考虑使用长镜头。
5. Composite images that show the progression of an event (e.g. lunar eclipse, time lapse) must indicate the technique in their captions. They are never acceptable in a news assignment. Captions must also make clear when a specialty lens (e.g. lens babies, tilt-shift lenses) or a special technique (e.g. soft focus, zooming) has been used to create an image in portraiture or on a features assignment.
当用合成照片表现某类特殊事件（如日食、月食或者连续画面）的过程时，必须在图片说明中交代所使用的特殊摄影技法。在常规新闻事件的报道中，禁止使用这类特殊摄影技法。人物肖像和特写故事的图片说明必须交代所使用的特殊镜头（如宽角转换镜头lens babies, 移轴镜tilt-shift lenses），或技法（如柔焦、变焦）。

ACCURACY IN CAPTIONS(图片说明的准确性)：

1. Just as our news photographs must reflect reality, so too should our captions. They must adhere to the basic Reuters rules of accuracy and freedom from bias and must answer the basic questions of good journalism.　 Who is in the picture? Where was it taken? When was it taken? What does it show? Why is a subject doing a particular thing?
新闻摄影是图片与文字相结合的传播方式，这意味着在这种传播方式中，文字与摄影同样重要。因此，图片说明的准确性是新闻摄影真实性的一部分。合格的图片说明必须包括完整的新闻要素：谁？什么时间？在哪儿？发生了什么？为何发生？
2. They generally consist of a single sentence but a second sentence should be added if additional context or explanation is required.
一般情况下，图片说明用一句话概括，必要时增添第二句交代新闻背景。
3. Contentious information, like death tolls in conflict, must be sourced. The caption must explain the circumstances in which a photograph was taken and state the correct date.
对于那些容易引起争议的信息，如死亡人数，必须提供来源。图片说明必须交代新闻事件发生时的现场情况以及准确时间。
4. Captions must not contain assumptions by the photographer about what might have happened, even when a situation seems likely. Explain only what you have witnessed. All other information about an event must be sourced unless you are certain of your information.
图片说明中不允许添加摄影记者的任何主观想象，即便是极有可能发生的现象。除了摄影记者亲身见证的信息，图片说明中的其他任何信息必须标明来源。
5. Captions also should not make assumptions about what a person is thinking e.g. England captain David Beckham ponders his future after his team was knocked out of the World Cup soccer finals ... Stick to what the photo shows and what you know.
图片说明中禁止出现对被摄对象主观想法的揣测，如“英格兰队世界杯淘汰后，队长贝克汉姆考虑着自己的前途……”在图片说明的写作中，必须准确地分辨画面中展示什么和你（摄影记者）知道什么。
Sensitive Images in Controlled Environments(特殊控制情况下的敏感照片):
Some of our photographs are taken under controlled conditions in which photographers cannot operate freely. This is particularly true during conflicts and in countries where the media’s movements are restricted. Such photographs must say if the image was taken during an organized or escorted visit unless the photographer was truly free to work independently.
在一些情况下，摄影记者不得不在受到局限的条件下工作，特别是在报道冲突时或者在新闻自由受到限制的国家。此时，图片说明必须交代该画面时在有（官方）组织的条件下拍摄的。

Photo Opportunities(拍摄机会)：

Reuters does not stage news photos. Sometimes, subjects may strike an artificial pose, such as at a product launch, a show business event or a sports victory ceremony or when requested to do so to illustrate a feature. In some circumstances, such as during demonstrations, civil unrest, street celebrations or conflict, the presence of photographers and television crews may prompt subjects to act abnormally.
路透社不摆布新闻图片。有时，被摄对象会刻意摆好姿势等待拍摄，如产品发布会、商务活动或者庆功会。还有一些情况，如游***示威或是街头庆祝，摄影记者和电视记者的出现可能会激发当事人反常的举动。
These images should be few and can be clichés. They must be clearly captioned to show the reader that the actions are not spontaneous and to explain the context.
这类图片应该越少越好。如果出现，必须在图片说明中注明被摄对象的举动不是自发产生的。

To Recap(再次说明)

ALLOWED(允许的)：

Cropping
剪裁
Adjustment of Levels to histogram limits
色阶柱状图边缘调整
Minor colour correction
细微颜色修正
Sharpening at 300%, 0.3, 0
锐化300%, 0.3, 0
Careful use of lasso tool
仔细使用套索工具
Subtle use of burn tool
精细使用减淡工具
Adjustment of highlights and shadows
亮光和阴影的调整
Eye dropper to check/set gray
取色器来检验或设置灰点
NOT ALLOWED(不允许)：
Additions or deletions to image
照片内容的增加或减少
Cloning & Healing tool (except dust)
克隆及修复工具(去污点除外)
Airbrush, brush, paint
喷笔、笔刷、绘图工具
Selective area sharpening
选择性局部锐化
Excessive lightening/darkening
过度调亮/调暗
Excessive colour tone change
过度色调变化
Auto levels
自动色阶
Blurring
减谈工具
Eraser tool
橡皮擦工具
Quick Mask
快色遮罩工具
In-camera sharpening
相机内锐化
In-camera saturation styles
相机内色相设置