地球时代中文版下载:高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析Unit5-6

高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析Unit5-6

　　☆重点句型☆

　　1. While still a student, she played roles in many plays.

　　 连词 + 名词做时间状语

　　2. When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said… 连词+过去分词做时间状语

　　3. When drinking to someone's health, you raise your glasses. 连词 + 现在分词做时间状语

　　4. It's a custom in China to have some tea before the meal is served. It 做形式主语

　　5. Many people like this film not just because..., but also

　　 because... 并列连词

　　6. Having good table manners means knowing...

　　动名词做主宾语

　　☆重点词汇☆

　　1. comment v. 评论

　　2. marry v. 结婚

　　3. create v. 创造

　　4. attack v. 进攻

　　5. cruelty n. 残酷

　　6. escape v. 逃跑

　　7. advice n. 忠告；建议

　　8. afford v. 花得起(钱、时间)

　　9. encourage v. 鼓励

　　10. research n. 研究

　　11. interrupt v. 打断；打扰

　　12. apologize v. 道歉

　　13. pray v. 请求；祈祷

　　14. forgive v. 原谅；宽恕

　　15. match v. 相配；相适应

　　16. manners n. 礼貌

　　17. impression n. 印象

　　18. live adj. & adv. 活的；直播的(地)

　　19. custom n. 习惯；风俗

　　20. introduce vt. 介绍；引进
☆重点短语☆

　　1. take off 脱掉；起飞；成功

　　2. go wrong 出错；出问题

　　3. can't help doing 情不自禁做某事

　　4. take one's place 代替某人

　　5. run after 追逐；追踪

　　6. win a prize 获奖

　　7. think highly of 赞扬……；对……高度评价

　　8. call for 需要；索取

　　9. in all 总共

　　10. play a role 扮演角色(作用)

　　11. make money 挣钱

　　12. win over 争取过来

　　13. work on 从事，致力于

　　14. owe success to 把成功归功于某人

　　15. start with 以……开始

　　16. run away from school逃学

　　17. on the air 正在播出的

　　18. do research 进行调查

　　19. speed up 加速

　　20. follow the fashion 追随时尚

　　☆短语闯关☆

　　下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据

　　汉语在横线上填入一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才

　　能过关。你一定能过关，做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我

　　们就开始吧?

　　l. ____ screen 银幕，电影(业)

　　2. take ____ 成功；成名；脱掉(衣服)；(飞机)起飞

　　3. ____ wrong 走错路；误入歧途；不对头；出毛病

　　4. owe sth ____ sb 把……归功于某人

　　5. ____ all 总共；总之

　　6. stay ____ 不在家，外出

　　7. ____ school 小学

　　8. lock sb ____ 将某人锁于某处不得进出；将某人监禁起来

　　9. run ____ 追赶

　　10. bring sb ____ 送回某人

　　11. ____ the air正在播出的

　　12. think highly ____ 对……高度评价

　　13. leave ____ 省去；遗漏；不考虑

　　14. stare ____ 盯着

　　15. make ____ about sb 以某人为笑柄

　　16. drink (a toast) ____ 为……祝酒；为……干杯

　　17. win ____ 战胜

　　18. ____ comments on对……加以评论

　　19. look sb ____ 看望，拜访某人

　　20. ____ a role in 在……中扮演角色；在……方面起作用

　　21. ____ a prize获奖

　　22. to sb for (doing) sth因某事向某人道歉

　　23. make a good impression ____ 给……留下好印象

　　24. ____ silent 保持沉默

　　25. pay a visit ____ 拜访
☆交际用语☆

　　1. What do you think has happened?

　　2. What do you know about…?

　　3. How do you like…? / What do you think of…? / What db you feel...?

　　4. May I interrupt you for a moment?

　　5. Excuse me / Forgive me for... / I apologize for…

　　6. I'm (very / so / terribly) sorry. It's all my fault.

　　7. That's all right. / That's OK. / No problem.

　　8. I wish you all the best.

　　9. I'm sorry. I didn't mean to...

　　10. Let's drink (a toast) to...!

　　☆单词聚焦☆

　　1. afford

　　 (1) (和can，could，be able to连用) 有 (时间、经济等) 条件(做某事) + to do

　　 We can't afford to pay such a price.

　　 afford + n. / pron. (出得起；买得起等)

　　 They donot consider whether they can afford it or not.

　　 (2) 经得起 (做某事或发生某事) (多+to do)

　　 He could not afford to lose his fortune entirely.

　　2. apologize的用法

　　▲ 构词：apology n. 辩解，道歉

　　▲ 搭配：

　　① apologize to sb for (doing) sth = make an apology的 sb for (doing) sth向某人为某事(为做了某事)道歉

　　② apologize for oneself 为自己辩解或辩护

　　【考例】[NMET 1993]The captain ____ an apology to the passengers for the delay caused by bad weather.

　　 A. made B. said C. put D. passed

　　[考查目标] apologize及其名词的用法和搭配。

　　[答案与解析]A make an apology的意思是“道歉”。

　　3. choice的用法

　　▲搭配：

　　① make a choice 选择

　　② make choice of 挑选，选择，选定

　　③ make / take one's choice 任意挑选

　　④ have no choice but to do sth 非……不可，除……之外别无他法
【考例】[MET 1993] We've missed the last bus, I'm afraid we have no ____ but to take a taxi.

　　 A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection

　　[考查目标] choice的意思和习惯搭配。

　　[答案与解析]B choice是choose的名词形式．意思是

　　“选择”，在本句中构成固定搭配have no choice but to

　　do sth“不得不干……”。

　　4. determine的用法

　　▲ 构词：determination n. 决心，决断，决意；决定，确定

　　▲ 搭配：

　　① determine to do sth 决定做某事

　　② determine on / upon (doing) sth 决定

　　③ a man of determination 有决断力的人

　　▲ 辨析：decide；determine这两个词都有“决定”的意思。decide的含义是“不再迟疑不定”，而

　　determine含义是“把某件事确定下来”。

　　在be determined to do…这个固定的结构中。过去分词determined的词义为“下定了决心”。

　　decide的名词为decision，determine的名词为determination。例如：At first，she decided to go to the police，…起初，她决定去找警察……

　　▲ 友情提示: decide后跟宾语从句时，其含义有时是“断

　　定”。I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere. 我断定我一定是在某处拐错弯了。The determination of the meaning of a word is often difficult without a context. 脱离上下文来确定一个词的含义常常是困难的。

　　注：在determine to do...，determine on (upon)... 和determine that...。(宾语从句)三个搭配中，determine的词义和decide几乎没有多大差异。He determined / decided to learn medicine. 他决定学医。

　　注：decide sb to do sth 决定使某人做某事What decided you to give up your job? 什么因素使你决定放弃你的工作?

　　【考例】[2001京皖春招] Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must know why it does not work. For example, he must ____ the parts that are wrong.

　　 A. check B. determine C. correct D. recover

　　[考查目标]determine的用法。

　　[答案与解析]B determine和decide在一般情况下意思相同。

　　5. encourage的用法

　　▲ 构词：

　　① encouraging adj. 鼓励的，给予希望的，振奋人心的。令人欢欣鼓舞的

　　② encouraged adj. 被激励的，受到鼓舞的

　　③ encouragement n. 鼓励，激励

　　④ discourage v. 使泄气；劝阻

　　▲ 搭配：① encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事 ② be encouraged by 受……鼓励／鼓舞

　　【考例】 [2004北京]My advisor encouraged ___a summer course to improve my writing skills.

　　 A. for me taking B. me taking

　　 C. for me to take D. me to take

　　[考查目标] encourage的用法。

　　[答案与解析]D encourage sb to do sth鼓励某人干某事。句意为：我的导师鼓励我参加一个夏季课程来提高我的写作技巧。
6. escape (vi, vt ) escaped, escaping

　　 (1) 逃走；跑掉 + from / out of = run away from

　　 The soldier escaped from the enemy's prison.

　　 (2)逃脱；逃避 + n. / doing

　　 He narrowly escaped death / being killed.

　　 There's no way to escape doing the work.

　　 escape还可表示：

　　①（液体等）漏出 gas escaping from the pipe 煤气从管中漏出Water escaped rapidly from the drainpipe. 水从排水管中迅速流出。

　　② 避免escaped death 免于一死There is no escaping him. 怎么也避不开他。

　　③ 疏忽，忽略 Nothing escaped his attention. 什么也逃不过他的注意。 You cannot expect that something may escape the teacher's attention. 你不要奢望有什么能逃过老师的注意。

　　escape n

　　① 逃走The thief made his escape. 小偷逃走了。

　　②（气体）漏出，泄出；解闷She reads love stories as an escape. 她读爱情小说解闷。

　　7. hunt的用法

　　▲ 构词：hunter n. 猎人，搜寻者

　　▲ 搭配：

　　① hunt for / after追猎；寻找，搜寻

　　② hunt out 找出；调查出

　　【考例】He wandered in the street, ____ a new jacket for his nephew.

　　 A. hunting for B. waiting for

　　 C. shooting for D. aiming for

　　[考查目标]本题考查hunt for的意思。

　　[答案与解析]A hunt for原来是“猎取”的意思，引中为“搜寻，寻找”。

　　8. impression n. 印象

　　 (1) impression (on sb.) (给某人)印象His speech made a strong impression on his audience.

　　 (2) impression (of sth.) (对某事物)印象；想法That's my first impression of the new college.

　　 (3) impress sb. with sth. 给予某人深刻印象 = impress sth. on sb. 使某人铭记 The teacher impressed on his students the importance of speaking. = The teacher impre- ssed his students with the importance of speaking.

　　9. interrupt的用法vt, vi

　　① 阻断；中断 Don't interrupt me. 别打断我。Traffic in the city was interrupted by a snowstorm. 市内交通被暴风雪所阻断。

　　② 打岔；插嘴 It is rude to interrupt. 打断别人的话，是不礼貌的。 “Don't interrupt,” he said.“别插话, ”他说。

　　▲构词：

　　① interrupter n. 打岔者，打断者

　　② interruption n. 打岔．打断，使中断的事物
　【考例】[2005山西模拟] Be quiet! It's rude to ____ people when they are talking.

　　 A. stop B. introduce C. prevent D. interrupt

　　[考查目标] interrupt的词义。

　　[答案与解析]D interrupt的意思是“打断；使中断”．

　　后接指人或指物的各种名词。

　　10. marry

　　 (1) vi. 结婚 He didn't marry until he was fifty.

　　 (2) vt. 和……结婚 Jean is going to marry Hubert.

　　 (3) vt. (父母)嫁(女儿) He married his daughter to a businessman.

　　 (4) vt. (教士等) 为……主持结婚仪式 We've come to ask if you will marry them.

　　 [比较]

　　 (1) get married (to sb.) 强调动作

　　 His oldest girl got married last month.

　　 (2) be married (to sb.) 强调状态

　　 How long have you been married?

　　11. moment的用法 n.

　　① 片刻；瞬间 He will be here in a moment. 他一会儿就来。At the moment I am working. 此刻我正在工作。

　　② 时机；机遇；时宜 Choose your moment to visit him. 你选个合适的时机去拜访他。

　　③ 重要性 a matter of great moment

　　一件极重要的事情

　　▲搭配：

　　① at any moment 随时；在任何时候；马上

　　② at the last moment 在最后关头

　　③ at the moment 此刻；(正当)那时

　　④ every moment 时时刻刻

　　⑤ for a moment 片刻

　　⑥ in a moment 一会儿，不久；立即，马上

　　⑦ the moment(that)... 一……就……

　　【考例】[NMET 2004 II] "Can I? I don't think I can," Racy said with a laugh. "But I do have ____ when things come to me for no reason."

　　 A. events B. chances C. feelings D. moments

　　[考查目标] moment的词义。

　　[答案与解析] D moment可以指“时刻”，在本句中用了复数，意思是“一些次”。

　　12. owe的用法owed, owing

　　▲ 搭配：

　　①（常与for连用）欠，欠债I owe you for your help.我感谢你的帮助。(也可以是owe sth.或owe sb. sth) The food cost ￡4 , but I only paid ￡3 so I still owe ￡1. 食品要4英镑，可我只付了3英镑，因此我还欠1英镑。I owe you an apology. 我该向你道歉。

　　☆ owe sb sth for sth 或 owe sth to sb for sth 为…欠某人…

　　② 对…负有义务；感恩；感激We owe our parents a lot. 我们十分感激父母。

　　③（常与to连用）归功于；由于She owes her success to good luck. 她把成功归功于幸运。The young writer owed his success to his teacher's encouragement. 年轻作家把自己的成功归于他老师的鼓励。
【考例】[2004湖北] "How much do I ____ you?" "Oh, no," Paul said.

　　 A. Owe B. lend C. give D. offer

　　[考查目标]考查owe的词义和用法。

　　[答案与解析]A owe表示“欠”的时候是及物动词，可以接双宾语。

　　13. reason n. 原因；理由

　　 (1) + to do sth. You haven't any reason to leave me.

　　(2) + for sth. / doing People must have a reason for saying such things.

　　(3) + 从句；从句用why / for which引导 That is the reason why you should leave.

　　(4) for + reason，为了某种原因He is retiring for reasons of health.

　　[比较] cause“原因；起因”

　　 the cause of the fire 火灾的起因(引起某种后果的起因)

　　 the reason for being late 迟到的理由(做某件事的理由)

　　14. role

　　 (1) (戏剧中的) 角色Oliver played (acted) the role / part of Hamlet.

　　 (2) (现实生活中的) 身份；作用

　　 What is your role on the Committee?

　　(3) play a...role in... = play a...part in在……中扮演……角色或作用The headmaster plays an important role / part in the good running of a school.

　　15. serve v.

　　 (1) 为……服务／工作 A slave serves his master.

　　 (2) 接待(顾客) The shop assistant is serving a customer.

　　 (3) 侍候吃饭，端(菜)；供应(饭菜) Lunch is served now.

　　 (4) serve as 充任(某职务)作……用 She served as a model for several painters. / This box will serve as / for a seat.

　　16. speed的用法

　　▲搭配：

　　① at a high speed 以很大的速度

　　② at full / top speed 用全速，开足马力，尽力(快)地；

　　③ with great / an speed 用全速，开足马力

　　④ speed up 加速，快点

　　【考例】We had tried our best but the boss still shouted, " ____!"

　　 A. Speed up B. No hurry

　　 C. Wait a minute D. Slow down

　　[考查目标]本题考查speed及其构成的短语的意思。

　　[答案与解析]A speed up意思是“加速，快点”的意思。

　　17. stare的用法 vi, vt -- stared, staring 凝视，注视

　　He stared at the word trying to remember what it meant. 他盯着这个单词，努力想记起它的意思。

　　[习惯用语] stare one in the face 近在眼前；摆在眼前

　　▲辨析：gaze；stare；glare这组动词的一般含义是“凝视”。

　　gaze表示“目不转睛地看”，并含有“惊叹”、“羡慕”或“入迷”的意思。例如：She gazed at the carpet for some time, and then added, "You don't need bookcases at all." 她对地毯凝视了一会儿，然后补充说：“你根本不需要书柜。”

　　stare 特别表示“睁大眼睛凝视”，并含有“惊奇”、“傲慢” 或“茫然”的意思。例如：The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. 那位贵族对那张空白纸凝视了几秒钟。

　　glare 表示“凶狠而且带有威胁性的瞪眼睛”的意思。例如：The trapped eagle glared at his captors. 被诱捕到的雄鹰凶狠地瞪着捕获它的人。
【考例】[NMET 1999] ____ him and then try to copy what he does.

　　 A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch

　　[考查目标] stare 等近义词辨别。

　　[答案与解析]D watch意思是“观察”，是长时问关注；而stare at却是“盯着”。含有惊奇、傲慢的感情色彩。

　　18. trouble

　　 (1) 麻烦；烦恼；烦心的事 (可数，不可数) It is a pity to give you so much trouble. / Life is full of troubles.

　　 (2) 困难；费事 (不可数) have trouble with sth. / have trouble (in) doing sth. (= difficulty) Did you have much trouble in finding the post office? / I hope you won't have any trouble with the work.

　　 [相关短语]

　　 (1) ask for trouble 自寻烦恼；自找麻烦 What made you write such a letter? It was asking for trouble.

　　 (2) (be) in trouble 有烦事；有困难；出事；惹麻烦 He never came except when he was in trouble.

　　 (3) put sb. to trouble 给某人造成麻烦；增添麻烦 I am sorry for putting you to so much trouble.

　　 (4) take trouble to do sth. 费心做某事；费心 It was good of you to take the trouble to help us.

　　[牛刀小试1] 用所给单词的适当形式填空：(speed，owe，encourage，decide，moment，apologize)

　　1. will never forget the ____ given by Mr. Wang, which helped me overcome a lot difficulty.

　　2. I have made a ___that every department in our company should buy a computer of this kind.

　　3. I recognized the man the ____ I saw him at the corner.

　　4. Since it was a bit later，we had to ____ up.

　　5. We must ____ our success to our parents and teachers.

　　6. The parents came from the far-away village, making an ____ for their naughty son.

　　☆词语比较☆

　　1. win, beat, defeat 表示获胜、取胜的词语

　　 (1) win v. 赢……，获胜，接比赛或奖项 win a game / a prize / an honor / a race. / Our team won the game 8 to 7. / He won by five points. / He won her love at last. / He won the first place in the competition.

　　 (2) beat + 对手，表打败(尤指体育比赛) I can easily beat him at golf.

　　 (3) defeat 表战胜，接对手The enemy was defeated in the battle.

　　2. in the end, finally, at last

　　 三者均可表示“(经过周折、等待、耽误)最后，终于”之意。不同的是：

　　finally 一般用在句中动词前面，而 at last 与 in the end 的位置则较为灵活；

　　三者中at last 语气最为强烈，且可单独作为感叹句使用。After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Dalian. / At last he knew the meaning of life. / At last! Where on earth have you been? / But in the end he gave in.

　　 另外，finally还可用在列举事项时，引出最后一个内容，相当于lastly。 Firstly, we should make a plan; secondly, we should carry it out; finally we should make a conclu- sion.

　　3. by sea, by the sea, in the sea, on the sea, at sea

　　 (1) by sea “走海路，乘船”，用来表示交通方式，同 by ship 同义。 These heavy boxes should be sent by sea.

　　 (2) by the sea “在海边”，相当于 by (at) the seaside。The children enjoyed themselves by the sea on Children's Day.

　　 (3) in the sea “在海里，在海水中” There are many plants and animals in the sea.

　　 (4) on the sea “在海面上”，“在海岸边”。I want to live in a town with a beautiful position on the sea.

　　 (5) at sea 在海上；在航海 When he woke up, the ship was at sea.
　4. be afraid, be afraid to do sth., be afraid of (doing) sth.

　　 (1) be afraid 意为“担心，害怕”，多用于口语，常用来表示一种歉意，或遗憾，后可接 so 或 not，也可接 that 从句。I'm afraid (that) 其语意相当于 I'm sorry, but...。

　　 -- Are we on time? 我们准时吗? -- I'm afraid not. 恐怕不准时。I'm afraid you'll get caught in the rain.

　　 (2) be afraid to do sth 常表示“由于胆小而不敢做某事”。She is afraid to be here alone. / He is afraid to jump into the river from the bridge.

　　 (3) be afraid of (doing) sth. 常表示“担心或害怕某事(发生)”。I was afraid of hurting her feelings.

　　5. live, living, alive, lively

　　 (1) live adj.

　　 ① 活的；活生生的；(只修饰生物；只作前置定语) The laboratory is doing experiments with several live monkeys.

　　 ② 实况直播的 (不是录音)It wasn't a recorded show. It was live.

　　 ③ 带电的；燃着的；可爆炸的 This is a live wire.

　　 (2) living adj. 活着的，有生命的(作表语或定语) She was, he thought, the best living novelist in England. / The old man is still living. (或alive)

　　 (3) alive adj. ① 活着的；② 有活力的；有生气

　　作后置定语：Who's the greatest man alive?

　　 作表语：Was the snake alive or dead? / My grandmother is more alive than a lot of young people.

　　 作补语：Let's keep the fish alive.

　　 (4) lively adj. 活泼的；有生气的；活跃的(作表语或定语) The music is bright and lively.

　　6. take off, take down, take in, take on, take up

　　 (1) take off

　　 ① (飞机)起飞 A helicopter is able to take off and land straight up or down.

　　 ② 脱下(衣裳等)；取下 He took off his wet shoes. / Who took the knob off the door?

　　 ③ 休假；请假；歇工 When his wife was sick he took off from work.

　　 ④ (指观念、产品) 大受欢迎；(事业)突然发达，成功The new type of cell phones has really taken off. / His business began to take off when he was in his forties.

　　 (2) take down

　　 ① 拿下来；取下来 He reached up to the third shelf of the bookcase and took down a dictionary.

　　 ② 记下来 He read out the names and his secretary took them down.

　　 (3) take in

　　 ① 接受 (房客，客人等)；收留 The farmers took in the lost travelers for the night.

　　 ② 理解；领会；明白 The boys could not take in his meaning.

　　 ③包括；涉及 The study of physics takes in many different subjects.

　　 ④使上当；欺骗We were completely taken in by her story.

　　 (4) take on

　　 ① 接受；从事(某工作) After his father died, Bill took on the management of the factory.

　　 ② 雇用Is the supermarket taking on any more assis- tant?

　　 ③ 具有(新面貌、意思等) The city has taken on a new look.

　　 (5) take up

　　 ① 从事某项活动；发展某种爱好 So many young men want to take up writing.

　　 ② 开始做(某项工作)；开始学习(某个课程) Then she took up the task of getting the breakfast. / He dropped medicine and took up physics.

　　 ③ 占去 (时间或空间) The meeting took up the whole morning. / The table takes up too much room.

　　 ④ 接受I'd like to take up your offer of a ride into town.
　7. call for, call on, call up

　　 (1) call for

　　 ① 来找(某人)；来取(某物) I'll call for you at your house.

　　 ②要求；需要Success in school calls for much hard work.

　　 (2) call on

　　 ① call on / upon sb. 拜访；去会(某人) I hope to call on you at your office at 3 o’clock today.

　　 ② call on / upon sb. to do sth. 请／叫某人做某事He called upon me to speak immediately.

　　 ③ 号召；呼吁；要求 The President called on his people to serve the country.

　　 (3) call up

　　 ① 给……打电话 (英 ring up) I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.

　　 ② 征召入役；调用 (后备部队) Three boys in our street were called up last week.

　　8. too much, much too

　　 (1) too much “太多”之意，可以作形容词，修饰不可数 名词，也可作副词，修饰动词。 There is too much rain here in spring. / She talked too much at the meeting.

　　 (2) much too “简直太，过于”，只能作副词，用来修饰 形容词或别的副词，不能修饰动词。This book is much too difficult for me. / The old man walks much too slowly.

　　9. custom, habit

　　 (1) custom 指传统风俗、习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接不定式。They broke some of the old customs. / It is the custom in China to eat dumplings during the spring Festival.

　　 (2) habit 指个人生活习惯。“(有)养成……习惯”常

　　 用be in / fall into / get into / form / have the habit of doing sth. 句型；“戒掉……习惯”常用 give up / kick / break away from / get out of the habit of doing sth. 句型。It's easy to get into a bad habit but its hard to give it up. / The drug easily get one into the habit of smoking.

　　10. arise, rise, raise

　　 raise vt.“使……上升；升起；提高”等；

　　rise vi.“上升；升起”；

　　arise vi.“站起来(stand up)”，“起床(get up)”，rise和arise用作站起，起床都属正式用法；arise主要表示“出现、发生”等意思。She raised her voice in anger. (抬高) The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground. (刮起) The child rose from the ground and ran to his mother. (=The child raised himself from the ground and ran to his mother.) (爬起) She rises before it is light. (起床) Difficulties will arise as we do the work. (出现)

　　☆短语归纳☆

　　1. can't help doing sth. 禁不住做某事，不由得不做某事

　　 She couldn't hep smiling.

　　 [比较]

　　 (1) can't help but do 不得不……；不能不 When the streets are full of melting snow, you can't help but get your shoes wet.

　　 (2) cannot but 不能不，只能He could not but feel disappointed.

　　[归纳]

　　(1) help (sb.) (to) do sth. Help me get him back to bed at once. / By helping them we are helping save ourselves.

　　(2) help...with sth. 帮助……做某事 In those days he used to help her mother with her gardening.

　　 (3) help oneself / sb. to sth. 给自己 / 别人夹菜 / 拿烟

　　 等；擅自拿用 May I help you to some more vegetables?

　　 (4) help...in sth. 在……方面帮助某人 She offered to help Rose in the housekeeping when I am not here.

　　 (5) help out 帮忙 (做事；克服困难等) I've often helped Bob out when he's been a bit short of money.
2. 含go的短语

　　① go around 到处走／跑．(疾病)流传，(谣言)传开；go after 追求；go ahead 说吧，请吧，做吧；go away 离开，出去

　　② go back 走网头路，翻悔改变；go bad 变坏；go boating 去划船

　　③ go fishing 去钓鱼；go for a walk去 散步

　　④ go hiking 去徒步旅行；go home 回家

　　⑤ go in for 喜爱，从事于；go into 进入，加入

　　⑥ go mad 发疯

　　⑦ go off 离去，去世；go on 继续，进展，依据；go on doing 继续做；go out 出去，发出去，熄灭，不时兴；go over 研究，检查，搜查

　　⑧ go shopping 去商店；go skating 去滑冰；go straight along 沿着；go swimming 去游泳

　　⑨ go through 通过，经受，仔细检查；go to bed 上床

　　⑩ go up 上升

　　 go wrong 走错路，误入歧途

　　[例句] We'll go through the items one by one. 我们要逐条研究。She has gone back to her old habits. 她又回到了已往的习惯。Come on Sunday by yourself - we can go over the house together. 星期天你要过来．我们一起检查一下房子。His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep. 他的演讲持续很长时间，结果人们开始想睡。That expression has gone out. Nobody Uses it today. 那个短语已经过时了，现在没有人在用它。The young fellow hasn't realized that he has gone wrong. 这个年轻人还没有意识到他已经误入歧途。Tired of going shopping with his wife，Mr. Liu pretended to have something important to do. 厌烦与妻子一起去购物，刘先生假装有重要的事情要做。

　　【考例2】(2004北京) I don't ____ rock' n' roll. It's much too noisy for my taste.

　　 A. go after B. go away with

　　 C. go into D. go in for

　　[考查目标] 此题主要考查四个动词短语的意思。

　　[答案与解析]D go after 追求；go away with 带走；go into进入，加入；go in for 喜爱，爱好。根据句子意思“摇滚音乐太嘈杂。不合乎我的口味．所以我不喜欢”。

　　【考例】(NMET 1998) Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ____.

　　 A. be put up B. give in

　　 C. be turned on D. go out

　　[考查目标]此题主要考查四个短语的意思。

　　[答案与解析] D put up 挂起；give in 屈服；turn on 打开；go out 熄灭。本句话意思是“没有人注意到贼溜进了屋子，因为灯碰巧熄灭了”。

　　3. go wrong

　　 (1) 走错路；弄错方向

　　 (2) 失败；不顺利All our plans went wrong. / Everything went wrong in those days.

　　 (3)发生故障 The clock went wrong.

　　 [比较]表示“变为”的系动词

　　(1) go 表示由积极向消极方面变化Fish soon goes bad in hot weather. 又如：go mad / pale / blind / hungry

　　 (2) become / get 表示由积极向消极或消极向积极方

　　 面变化 The weather is getting quite warm. / Gradually he became silent.

　　 (3) turn 多接表颜色的词 This ink turns black when it dries. / He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.

　　 注意：become a writer

　　 (4) grow 侧重变化过程 The sea is growing calm.

　　 (5) fall 进入某种状态 All three children fell asleep.

　　4. owe...to... 受到恩惠；归功于……

　　(1) 欠(钱)owe sb. money = owe money to sb.

　　I owe ￡50 to my tailor. = I owe my tailor ￡50.

　　(2) 得过(某人的)好处；欠(某人的)人情债

　　We owe a great deal to our parents and teachers.

　　(3) 应当给予 You owe me an apology.

　　(4) ……应归功于；……都亏得

　　We owe the general theory of relativity to Einstein.

　　[拓展]表示“由于”的词组：owing to / because of / thanks to / due to / as a result of
5. take one's place

　　(1) 入座，站好位置，取得地位Take your places, please. We are about to start.

　　(2) take one's place = take the place of sb. 代替(职务或工作等)；接替Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England.

　　[比较]

　　(1) in place (of)代替；……而不用The grown-ups had coffee but the children wanted milk in place of coffee.

　　(2) take one's seat 在自己座位上坐下；有时等于 take one's place：More men entered and took their seats.

　　6. think highly of 赞扬

　　表赞赏的词有：

　　(1) think / speak highly / well / much...of: The people think very highly of him.

　　表认为不好的词有：

　　(2) think little / badly / poorly / nothing...of: Joan thought little of walking two miles to school.

　　7. 含“动词 + away”的短语

　　① do away with 去掉

　　② get away 逃脱，(使)离开

　　③ go away 离去，出去

　　④ put away 放好，把……收拾起来，存(钱)以备它日之用

　　⑤ run away 逃走，离开

　　⑥ smooth away 去除，克服

　　⑦ stay away (from) 不在家，外出

　　⑧ take away 拿走，带走，夺去，使离去

　　⑨ throw away 扔掉．浪费．坐失(良机)

　　[例句]Don't throw away such a good chance. Or you'll regret. 不要放弃这么好的机会，不然的话，你会后悔

　　的。Put away the tools before you leave. 离开前把工具收拾好。Why did you stay away from school? 你为什么不去上学? I had hoped to take a good holiday this year but I wasn't able to get away. 我本打算今年好好去度假，但是我离不开。

　　【考例】(2004重庆)Before the war broke out, many

　　people ____ in safe places possessions they could

　　not take with them．

　　 A. threw away B. put away

　　 C. gave away D. carried away

　　[考查目标]此题主要考查“动词+away”四个短语的意思。

　　[答案与解析]B throw away 扔掉；put way 放好，把

　　……收拾起来；give away 分发．泄露；carry away 冲

　　走。本句话意思是“在战争爆发以前，许多人把他们不

　　能带走的财产藏在了安全的地方”。

　　8. 含“动词 + off”的短语

　　① drop off 放下，下车

　　② fall off (从……)掉下来

　　③ get off (从……)下来，动身，起飞，脱下来

　　④ give off 发出，放出

　　⑤ jump off 跳离

　　⑥ put off 推迟，延期

　　⑦ set off 出发，引起，启程

　　⑧ see sb off 为某人送行，为……送行

　　⑨ switch off 关掉

　　⑩ take off 脱，去掉，起飞，匆匆离开，成名

　　throw off 匆忙脱掉

　 turn off 关掉，避开，拐弯
　[例句]The electricity supply must be turned off at the mains before you change the lighting circuit. 在改变火线前，主干线的电力供应必须切断。 Mrs Garey as usual went to the door to see him off. Garey夫人像通常一样把他送到门口。He had to put off an appointment with me on account of illness. 因为疾病的缘故，他不得不推迟了与我的约会。Before the body of the car can be properly repaired, all the external fittings must be taken off. 车身适当修理前，所有外部的配件必须拿下来。The fire doesn't seem to be giving off much heat. 这炉火好像不大热。

　　【考例】(2005广东) John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will ____ him ____ at the airport.

　　 A. send...away B. leave...off

　　 C. see...off D. show...around

　　[考查目标]此题主要考查短语see off的用法。

　　[答案与解析]C see off 意为“给某人送行”；send away意为“派遣”；leave off意为“停止，不再穿”；show around意为“带领某人参观”。

　　[牛刀小试2]

　　在下列句子的空白处填上适当的介词或副词。

　　1. My grandmother had put ____ over$50,000 when she was sixty—five years old.

　　2. His mother had thought it would be good for his charac- ter to get ____ home and earn some money on his own.

　　3. The market was filled ____ salted fish, giving the worst smell that you can imagine.

　　4. -- What do you think the contest? -- I was told that the English Speech Contest went ____ successfully last night.

　　5. If you had gone ____ your test paper carefully before handing it in you would have made fewer mistakes.

　　☆句型诠释☆

　　1. The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low. 他没能上电影学院是因为他的分数太低了。

　　该句巾的why引导一个定语从句，而that引导表语从句。

　　1. 句中that引导的表语从句说明主语reason的具体内容，往往被看作是固定句型：The reason is / was that clause. 当主语是reason / cause时，一般不能用because或why引导表语从句，以免造成语意重复。当主语是This / That时，可以由because / why引导表语从句。例如：One reason is that people traveled to America from all European countries.

　　【考例】(NMET 1999)

　　-- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

　　-- Is that ____ you had a few days off?

　　 A. why B. when C. what D. where

　　[考查目标] 表语从句。

　　[答案与解析]A 句子的意思是“那就是你请了几天假的原因吗?”因此可知答案为why。

　　2. why在句中是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason，同时它在定语从句中作状语，此时why = for which，但要注意：关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词that或which。

　　【考例】(2002上海春招)Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

　　 A. he explained B. what he explained

　　 C. how he explained D. why he explained

　　[考查目标]定语从句。

　　[答案与解析]A what，how不能引导定语从句，排除B、C两项；the reason在定语从句中作explained的宾语，可填that / which，或者也可以省略。

　　2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark. 好多看过这个片子的人一想起片中鲨鱼食人的场面．就不敢下海游泳了。

　　该句是一个复杂长句，从when到句子末尾是状语从句，在从句中包含一个由which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词scenes; 在前面的主句里面。包含一个由who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people。例如：Those who want to go camping next Sunday sign your name here before class is over.

　　定语从句关系词的选择，要遵循“瞻前顾后”的原则，所谓“瞻前”即看前面的先行词指人还是指物；“顾后”即后面的定语从句，看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。例如：This is the factory where he works. (状语) / This is the factory (that / which) he visited. (宾语)
【考例】(NMET 1992)In the dark street，there wasn't a single person ____ she could turn for help.

　　 A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom

　　[考查目标]定语从句。

　　[答案与解析]D “turn to sb for help”为固定短语，意思是“向某人求助”，所以选to whom。

　　3. When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children. 当有人问起他成功的秘诀时。史蒂文?斯皮尔伯格说起他的成功和幸福主要来自于妻子和孩子。

　　该句中的 "when" 是时间状语从句的省略形式。在状语从句中，如果从句主语与主句主语一致或从句主语是it，而且从句谓语动词是be或包含be时，常常将从句主语与be省略。例如：Although born in Chicago, the author is famous for his stories about New York.

　　【考例】 (2003上海春招) Unless ___to speak，you should remain silent at the conference.

　　 A. invited B. inviting

　　 C. being invited D. having invited

　　[考查目标]状语从句的省略现象。

　　[答案与解析]A unless为连词，后面省略了you are，所以选invited。

　　4. Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table. 在餐桌上，懂礼节意味着你知道如何使用刀叉，何时祝酒以及如何在用餐时举止得体。

　　该句中having good manners为v-ing形式作主语。例如：Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.

　　▲友情提示：在v -ing 形式前加形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，构成v -ing复合结构，在句中作主语、宾语。

　　【考例5】(2001上海)Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ____.

　　 A. he'd like to collect coins as well

　　 B. he feels like collecting coins, too

　　 C. to collect coins is also his hobby

　　 D. collecting coins gives him great pleasure

　　[考查目标]v -ing 作主语。

　　[答案与解析]D A、B、C三项句法都无错误，但在and连接的并列句中，两个简单句的主语要保持一致的形式 fishing and collecting coins分别做两个简单句的主语。

　　5. It's polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don't take more food than you need. 餐盘里的东西要吃光才礼貌，所以不要多拿。

　　该句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为to finish eating …例如：It's not right to tell lies. 撒谎是不对的。

　　it作为形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语。常见的句型有：

　　1. It + be + adj. + to do sth 2. It + be + n. + to do sth

　　3. It + be + PP. to do sth

　　【考例】(2001上海) In fact ____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.

　　 A. this B. that C. there D. it

　　[考查目标] 形式主语。

　　[答案与解析]D 只有it才可以作形式主语。

　　【句型归纳】

　　1. When / While / Though / Unless / If + n. / adj. / 现在分词／过去分词……

　　状语从句有些成分有时可省略，一般是主语和be省略；有时it和be可以省略： He made no answer when (he is) spoken to. /Though (he was) born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York. / Come back early if (it is) possible.

　　[注意]用法详见Chapter 10语法活用“省略和插入语”。

　　2. Not only / just…but (also) 连接相同的句子成分

　　Not only the teacher but all the students are going to visit the Science Museum. (连接主语时根据就近原则) / They not only sang but (also) danced for a whole night. / Many people go to see this film not just because the film is interesting, but also the leading actors and actresses are all world famous. / Not only do we learn for our country, but we'll work for her in the future. (连接句子时，not only后的句子要部分倒装)
[牛刀小试3]

　　1. The reason ____ you failed, I think, was ____ you had turned a deaf ear to your mother's advice.

　　A. that; because B. why; because

　　C. why; that D. for that; that

　　2. The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success. (2004 全国卷I)

　　A. for which B. at which

　　C. in which D. on which

　　3. When ____, the museum will be open to the public next year. (2002 上海春招)

　　A. completed B. completing

　　C. being completed D. to be completed

　　4. ____ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (2003 上海)

　　A. The president will attend

　　B. The president to attend

　　C. The president attend

　　D. The president's attending

　　5. I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. (NMET 1990)

　　A. this B. that C. its D. it

　　 【交际速成】

　　1. Giving opinions and Making comments 询问看法与作出评价

　　(2003北京西城)

　　-- How do you find the talk given by Mr．Smith? -- ____.

　　 A. Very well B. Excited C. Boring D. Not at an

　　[答案与解析]C 本题考查对事物提出看法或作出评价的用语。A、B两项词法错误，若改为Very good或Exciting，就可回答提问了。D项不合语境。此句完整为：(It's) Boring.

　　【归纳】英语中询问看法的用语有：

　　① How do you like / find...?

　　② What do you think of / about...?

　　③ What do you feel about...?

　　2. Describing sequences按次序描述事件发生的过程

　　Mother first did some washing and then did some cooking, ____ she had a rest.

　　 A. finally B. in the end

　　 C. by the end D. at last

　　[答案与解析] A 本题考查如何描述事情发生的顺序。finally 用于在列举一系列内容之后。要引出最后一项内容的场合；也可与at last互换，表示所盼望的事迟迟到来。in the end强调结果。有时可与口at last意义相同。

　　【归纳】英语中常见描述事件发生次序的用语有：

　　① First,.... Next,....Then.... Finally, ....例如:

　　 First, we went to Leshan. Next, we climbed Mount Emei. Then we played with some moneys. Finally, towards evening we were on the way back to Chengdu.

　　② What did you do next?

　　3. Thanks致谢

　　(2002北京) -- It's been a wonderful evening, Thank you very much. -- ____.

　　 A. My pleasure B. I'm glad to hear that

　　 C. No, thanks D. It's OK

　　[答案与解析]A 本题考查英语中如何表达感谢及应答。My pleasure是回答感谢的客套话。

　　【归纳】英语中表达感谢的用语有：

　　① Thank you (very much).

　　② Thanks a lot.

　　③ Thank you for your help.

　　④ It's very kind / nice of you.

　　⑤ Many thanks.

　　⑥ I appreciate your help.

　　⑦ I can never thank you enough.

　　⑧ I'm extremely grateful to you.

　　应答用语有：

　　① It's a pleasure.

　　② My pleasure.

　　③ That's OK / all right.

　　④ You're welcome.

　　⑤ Not at all.

　　⑥ Don't mention it.

　　⑦ No trouble at all (没什么).

　　⑧ At your service (愿为你效劳).

　　⑨ Think nothing of it.
[牛刀小试4]

　　1. -- Thank you ever so much for your help. -- ____.

　　A. Glad to hear that B. Not worth thanking

　　C. Think nothing of it D. You're too polite

　　2. -- How did you find your visit to the museum, Jane?

　　-- ____.

　　A. Oh, wonderful, indeed B. By taking a No. 3 bus

　　C. I went there alone

　　D. A classmate of mine showed me the way

　　3. -- ____ the articles of Times? -- I'm not sure. I glanced through them but I haven't formed an opinion yet.

　　A. How do you think of B. What did you like

　　C. How did you like D. What do you think of

　　4. -- Thank you very much for the meal. -- Not at all. ____.

　　A. I'm very glad to hear that B. I'm glad you could come

　　C. Make yourself at home D. With pleasure

　　☆精典题例☆

　　1. Generally speaking, ____ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (2003年上海)

　　A. when taking B. when taken

　　C. when to take D. when to be taken

　　【解析】选B take和drug是动宾关系，要用过去分词作状语。可看作是when it is taken的省略。

　　2. Unless ____ to speak，you should remain silent at the conference. (2003年春季上海)

　　A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited

　　【解析】选A you与invite是动宾关系，要用过去分

　　词invited作状语。

　　3. The research is so designed that once ____ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002)

　　A. begins B. having begun

　　C. beginning D. begun

　　【解析】选D once begun 在句中作状语；once这里是连词，“一旦”。

　　4. ____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. (2004年 湖北)

　　A. Compare B. When comparing

　　C. Comparing D. When compared

　　【解析】选D 相当于when it is compared。

　　5. ____ snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest. (2004年 上海)

　　A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bring

　　C. Not only brought they D. Not only they did bring

　　【解析】选B not only...but also引导的并列句；以not only开头的句子要部分倒装。

　　6. ____, he used to helped his father on the farm.

　　A. When was a boy B. As he was a boy

　　C. As a boy D. During a boy

　　【解析】选C as在这里是连词；as a boy = when (he was) a boy。