陈绮贞还是会寂寞歌词:中国青铜器铭文

中国青铜器铭文 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia从维基百科，自由的百科全书
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Precursors ·Oracle bone script ·Bronze script ·Seal script (large ,small ) ·Clerical script ·Cursive script ·Regular script ·Semi-cursive script前体 ·甲骨文青铜脚本 ·隶书草书楷书行书篆书 （大 ，小 ）
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Chinese Bronze inscriptions are writing in a variety ofChinese scripts on Chinese bronze artifacts such as zhōng[ 1 ]bells anddǐng tripodal cauldrons from theShāng dynasty to theZhōu dynasty and even later. 中国青铜器铭文写在中国的各种脚本 ，如忠中国青铜器[1]的钟声和 dǐng三角架大锅从商代到周代甚至更晚。 Early bronze inscriptions were almost always cast (that is, the writing was done with a stylus in the wet clay of the piece-mold from which the bronze was then cast), while later inscriptions were often engraved after the bronze was cast.[ 2 ]早期的青铜器铭文，几乎总是投（即写作是用手写笔在湿件模具从青铜然后抹上粘土做），而后来的题字往往刻铜牌后投[2]
Contents目录
[hide]
1 Terminology1 术语2 Inscribed Bronzes Found找到 2 铭文青铜器3 Shāng bronze inscriptions3 商代青铜器铭文4 Western Zhōu script on bronzes4 西周脚本青铜器5 Eastern Zhou scripts on bronzes5 东周脚本对青铜器5.1 Spring & Autumn period scripts on bronzes5.1 春秋青铜器时期脚本5.2 Warring States Period scripts on bronzes5.2 战国青铜器时期脚本
6 See also6 参见7 Notes7 笔记8 References8 参考文献9 External links9 外部链接
[edit ] Terminology [编辑 ] 术语

highly pictorial Shāng emblem character (牛 niú 'ox')高度图案尚徽字符（牛妞妞“牛”）

For the earlyWestern Zhōu to earlyWarring States period, the bulk of writing which has been unearthed has been in the form of bronze inscriptions.[ 3 ] As a result, it is common to refer to the variety of scripts of this period as bronze script , even though there is no single such script.对于早期的西周早期的战国时期国中，已出土的大部分写作青铜器铭文的形式。 [3]因此，它是常见的青铜这一时期的各种脚本脚本 ，即使是没有单一的脚本。 The term usually includes bronze inscriptions of the precedingShāng dynasty as well.[ 4 ][4]该术语通常包括前面的青铜器铭文以及殷商王朝。
However, there are great differences between the highly pictorial Shāng emblem (aka 'identificational') characters on bronzes (see 'ox' clan insignia at left), typical Shāng bronze graphs, writing on bronzes from the middle of the Zhōu dynasty, and that on late Zhōu toQín ,Hàn and subsequent period bronzes.不过，也有很大的差异（又名“identificational”）之间的高度图案尚徽铜器上的字符（见左侧的“牛”族徽记），典型的商代青铜图，写就从中间周代青铜器，并晚周，秦 ，汉及以后的时期青铜器。 Furthermore, starting in theSpring and Autumn period, the writing in each region gradually evolved in different directions, such that the script styles in the Warring States ofChǔ ,Qín and the eastern regions, for instance, were strikingly divergent.此外，写在每个地区在春秋时期开始，逐步在不同的方向进化，如战国脚本样式Chǔ ，秦和东部地区，例如，是惊人的分歧。 In addition, artistic scripts also emerged in the late Spring and Autumn to early Warring States, such asBird Script (鳥書 niǎoshū), also called Bird Seal Script (鳥篆 niǎozhuàn), andWorm Script (蟲書 chóngshū).此外，艺术脚本也出现在春秋晚期至战国早期，如脚本鸟 （鸟书niǎoshū），也叫鸟篆书（鸟篆niǎozhuàn），蠕虫脚本 （虫书chóngshū）。 The comparison below of one Shāng graph and threeZhōu graphs, all from bronzes but clearly in four different scripts, illustrates why talk of “bronze script” as if it were one entity is meaningless, even when referring only to the Zhōu dynasty period.一个尚图和三个比较下面的青铜器但很明显，在四个不同的脚本，周图表，说明了为什么谈“铜牌脚本”，就好像它是一个实体是没有意义的的，即使指周朝时期。 Such vague references make discussions ofetymology particularly problematic:这种模糊使词源 ，特别是有问题的讨论：
寅 Yín in Four Different Scripts on Shāng–Zhōu bronzes寅贤在商周青铜器的四个不同的脚本

Shāng dyn.尚DYN。

late W. Zhōu W.周晚期

Bird Script, early Warring States鸟脚本，战国早期

late Warring States战国末期
When precision is needed, bronze may be viewed as a medium , and more specific reference may be made to a script by naming one of the periods, areas, or script styles, eg:当需要精度，铜牌可能被视为作为一种媒介 ，和更具体的可参考脚本由命名的时期，地区，或脚本的风格，如：
By period:Western Zhōu bronze script, or even its early, middle or late phases西周青铜脚本，甚至它的早期，中期或后期阶段期： By region or lineage:Qín -lineage Spring and Autumn script; orWarring State of Chǔ script按地区或宗族：秦系春季和秋季脚本;或交战Chǔ国家脚本 By script style:seal script (broadly meaning the Qín script in theEastern Zhou toQín dynasty ); or Bird Script, Worm Script, etc.通过脚本风格：篆书 （大致意思在秦脚本东周至秦汉 ）;或鸟脚本，蠕虫脚本，等等。
[edit ] Inscribed Bronzes Found [编辑 ] 发现的铭文青铜器

Left: Bronze "fāng zūn" ritual wine container, c.左：青铜“方尊”祭祀酒容器，C. 1000 BCE. 1000 BCE的。 The inscription commemorates a gift of cowrie shells to its owner.碑文纪念礼物送给其所有者的贝壳。 Right: Bronze "fāng yí" ritual container c.右：青铜“方毅”礼容器C. 1000 BCE. 1000 BCE的。 An inscription of some 180 characters appears twice on it, commenting on state rituals that accompany court ceremony, recorded by an official scribe.大约180个字符的题词出现两次就可以了，国家仪式，陪同法院仪式，由官方隶记录发表意见。
Over ten thousand inscribed bronzes have been uncovered which date to before theQín dynasty , with roughly a quarter dating to theShāng and three quarters dating to theZhōu dynasty .[ 5 ] These have been periodically unearthed ever since their creation, and have been systematically collected and studied since at least theSòng dynasty .[ 6 ] The inscriptions tend to grow in length over time, from only one to six or so characters for the earlier Shāng examples, to forty or so characters in the longest, late-Shāng case,[ 6 ] and frequently a hundred or more on Zhōu bronzes, with the longest up to around 500[ 7 ]已发现的十余万题写青铜器日期前的秦王朝，大约四分之一，可追溯至殷商和四分之三，可追溯至周朝。 [ 5]这些已定期出土以来他们的创作，并已系统收集和研究，因为至少在宋代 。[6]铭文往往成长的长度随着时间的推移，四字符中最长的，商代后期的情况下，从只有一至六个月左右的商代早期例子字符，[6]和经常百元以上周青铜器，最长者达约500，[7]
In general, characters on ancient Chinese bronze inscriptions were arranged in vertical columns, written top to bottom, in a fashion thought to have been influenced bybamboo books, which are believed to have been the main medium for writing in the Shāng and Zhōu dynasties.[ 8 ][ 9 ] The very narrow, vertical bamboo slats of these books were not suitable for writing wide characters, and so a number of graphs were rotated 90 degrees; this style then carried over to the Shāng and Zhōu oracle bones and bronzes.在一般情况下，在中国古代青铜器铭文中的字符被安排在竖列，从上到下书面一种时尚，认为已影响了竹书，被认为已经写在商周时代的主要媒介。[8][9] ，很窄，垂直这些书竹简不适合写宽字符，图表旋转90度，这种风格，然后结转到商周甲骨和青铜器。 Examples:例如：

Examples of bronze inscription graphs rotated 270°: From left, 馬 mǎ 'horse'; 虎 hǔ 'tiger', 豕 sh? 'swine', 犬 quǎn 'dog', 象 xiàng 'elephant', 龜 guī 'turtle', 為 wèi 'to lead' (now 'do'), 疾 jí 'illness'.青铜铭文图旋转270 °：左马mǎ“马”;虎hǔ'老虎'，豕仕“猪”，quǎn犬“狗”，象祥“大象”，龟鬼“乌龟”，为伟“领导”（现在的“做”），疾纪“疾病”。
[edit ] Shāng bronze inscriptions [编辑 ] 商代青铜器铭文
Inscriptions onShāng bronzes are of a fairly uniform style, making it possible to discuss a “Shāng bronze script”, although great differences still exist between typical characters and certain instances of clan names or emblems.商代青铜器上的铭文是一个比较统一的风格，使我们能够讨论“商代青铜脚本”，虽然之间的氏族的名称或标志的典型人物和某些情况下仍然存在很大的差异。 Like early periodoracle bone script , the structures and orientations of individual graphs varied greatly in the Shāng bronze inscriptions, such that one may find a particular character written differently each time rather than in a standardized way (see the many examples of 'tiger' graph to the lower left).初期甲骨文一样，个别图形的结构和方向变化很大，在殷商的青铜器铭文等，人们可以找到一个特定的字符写入不同的时间，而不是每一个标准化的方式（见“虎”图的例子很多左下）。

虎 hǔ 'tiger' from bronze inscriptions (in green), compared to other script forms虎hǔ“老虎”从青铜铭文（绿色），相比其他脚本形式
As in the oracle bone script, characters could be written facing left or right, turned 90 degrees, and sometimes even flipped vertically, generally with no change in meaning.[ 10 ] For instance,在甲骨文中，字符可以写成面临向左或向右转90度，有时甚至垂直翻转，没有普遍意义的变化。[10 ]例如， and和 both represent the modern character 戌 xū (the 11thEarthly Branch ), while都代表了现代品格戌徐（11酉 ），而 and和 are both 侯 hóu 'marquis'.既侯侯“侯爵”。 This was true of normal as well as extra complex identificational graphs, such as the 虎 hǔ 'tiger' clan emblem at right, which was turned 90 degrees clockwise on its bronze.这是真正的正常以及额外的复杂identificational图形，如虎hǔ“虎”族徽的权利，这是其青铜顺时针旋转90度转向。
Shāng tiger emblem from a bird-shaped zūn vessel (虎丰鳥形尊)尚虎从鸟形尊船只会徽（虎丰鸟形尊）
These inscriptions are almost all cast (as opposed to engraved),[ 11 ] and are relatively short and simple.这些铭文是几乎所有的投（反对以刻），[11 ]和相对较短和简单。 Some were mainly to identify the name of a clan or other name,[ 12 ] while typical inscriptions include the maker's clan name and the posthumous title of the ancestor who is commemorated by the making and use of the vessel.[ 13 ] These inscriptions, especially those late period examples identifying a name,[ 12 ] are typically executed in a script of highly pictographic[ 14 ] flavor, which preserves[ 15 ] the formal, complex Shāng writing as would have primarily been written on bamboo or wood books,[ 16 ] as opposed to the concurrent simplified, linearized[ 17 ] and more rectilinear form of writing as seen on the oracle bones.有些人主要是确定一个氏族或其他名称的名称，[12 ]，而典型的铭文包括了制造商的氏族名称和的的祖先谁是的决策和船只使用纪念追授称号。[13 ]这些铭文，尤其是后期的例子确定一个名称，[12]通常执行脚本[14]的味道，保留[15]正式的，复杂的商代书面形式将主要有竹子或木材的书籍，写了高度的象形 [16] ，而不是并发简化，线性[17]和直线的形式写在甲骨上看到。 A few Shāng inscriptions have been found which were brush-written on pottery, stone, jade or bone artifacts, and there are also some bone engravings on non-divination matters written in a complex, highly pictographic style;[ 12 ] the structure and style of the bronze inscriptions is consistent with these.[ 15 ] The soft clay of the piece-molds used to produce the Shāng to early Zhōu bronzes was suitable for preserving most of the complexity of the brush-written characters on such books and other media, whereas the hard, bony surface of theoracle bones was difficult to engrave, spurring significant simplification and conversion to rectilinearity.几个商代铭文已发现陶器，石器，玉器或骨等文物刷写，也有一些非占卜事项骨书面雕刻在一个复杂的，高度象形的风格[ 12]的结构和风格;青铜铭文这些是一致的。[15 ]用于生产商代早期的周青铜器件模具的软粘土，适合保存的最复杂等书籍和其他媒体上刷写出来的文字，而坚硬，骨表面甲骨是很难刻，以直线性刺激显著简化和转换。 Furthermore, some of the characters on the Shāng bronzes may have been more complex than normal due to particularly conservative[ 18 ] usage in this ritual medium, or when recording identificational inscriptions (clan or personal names); some scholars instead attribute this to purely decorative considerations.[ 19 ] Shāng bronze script may thus be considered a formal script, similar to but sometimes even more complex than the unattested daily Shāng script on bamboo and wood books and other media, yet far more complex than theShāng script on the oracle bones .此外，商代青铜器上的人物有的可能已经比正常情况更复杂，由于特别保守[18]在这个仪式介质的使用，或录音时identificational铭文（氏族或个人姓名）;一些学者认为，这纯粹是装饰[19]考虑。商代青铜脚本可能会因此被认为是一个正式的脚本，相似，但有时甚至要复杂得多unattested每天尚竹木书籍和其他媒体上的脚本，但远远超过了复杂的殷商甲骨脚本。
[edit ] Western Zhōu script on bronzes [编辑 ] 西周脚本对青铜器
Western Zhōu dynasty characters (as exemplified by bronze inscriptions of that time) basically continue from the Shāng writing system; that is, early W. Zhōu forms resemble Shāng bronze forms (both identificational inscriptions such as clan names,[ 20 ] and typical writing), without any clear or sudden distinction.西周字符（例如当时的青铜铭文）基本上继续从商代书写系统，也就是说，早期W.周形式类似（如氏族名称都identificational铭文，商代青铜形式[20 ]和典型的写作） ，没有任何明确的或突然的区别。 They are, like their Shāng predecessors in all media, often irregular in shape and size, and the structures and details often vary from one piece of writing to the next, and even within the same piece. ，像他们尚在所有的媒体，经常在不规则的形状和大小的前辈，他们是经常变化的结构和细节，从一个写作上到下，甚至在同一块。 Although most are not pictographs in function, the early Western Zhōu bronze inscriptions have been described as more pictographic in flavor than those of subsequent periods.虽然大多不是在功能上的象形文字，西周早期青铜铭文已被描述为以后各期的多味象形。 During the Western Zhōu, many graphs begin to show signs of simplification and linearization (the changing of rounded elements into squared ones, solid elements into short line segments, and thick, variable-width lines into thin ones of uniform width), with the result being a decrease in pictographic quality, as depicted in the chart below.西周期间，许多图表开始，结果显示简化和线性化的迹象（薄的均匀宽度的圆形元素转变成平方的，短的线段成固体的元素，而厚实，线条宽度可变）在象形质量下降，在下面的图表所示。

Linearization of characters during the Western Zhōu在西周的字符的线性
Some flexibility in orientation of graphs (rotation and reversibility) continues in the Western Zhou, but this becomes increasingly scarce throughout the Zhōu dynasty.[ 21 ] The graphs start to become slightly more uniform in structure, size and arrangement by the time of the third Zhou sovereign,King Kāng , and after the ninth,King Yì , this trend becomes more obvious.[ 22 ]一些图表方向的灵活性（旋转和可逆性）继续在西周，但整个周代，这变得越来越稀缺。[ 21]的图表开始变得稍微更均匀，在结构，规模和安排，第三次周的宗主国，王康 ，第九，景逸后，这一趋势变得更加明显。[22]
Some have used the problematic termlarge seal ' (大篆 dàzhuàn) to refer to the script of this period.一些问题长期大印章 “（大篆dàzhuàn），是指这一时期的脚本。 This term dates back to theHàn dynasty ,[ 23 ] when (small)seal script andclerical script were both in use.这个术语可以追溯到汉代 ，[23] （小）篆书和隶书 ，在同时使用。 It thus became necessary to distinguish between the two, as well as any earlier script forms which were still accessible in the form of books and inscriptions, so the terms 'large seal ' (大篆 dàzhuàn) and 'small seal' (小篆 xiǎozhuàn, aka 秦篆 Qín zhuàn) came into being.因此，它成为必要区分两个，以及任何早期的脚本形式仍然在书籍和碑刻的形式访问，使条款“大印章“（大篆dàzhuàn）和”小密封“（小篆xiǎozhuàn ，又名秦篆秦篆）应运而生。 However, since the term 'large seal' is variously used to describezhòuwén (籀文) examples from the ca.然而，由于“大密封”有不同用来描述从CA周文王（籀文）的例子。800 BCE Shizhoupian compendium , or inscriptions on both late W. Zhōu bronze inscriptions and theStone Drums of Qín , or all forms (includingoracle bone script ) predating small seal, the term is best avoided entirely.[ 24 ][24]800公元前Shizhoupian汇编 ， 或铭文都晚W.周青铜器铭文和秦石鼓 ， 或捕食小型密封的所有形式（包括甲骨文），这个词最好是完全避免。
[edit ] Eastern Zhou scripts on bronzes [编辑 ] 对青铜器的东周脚本
[edit ] Spring & Autumn period scripts on bronzes [编辑 ] 春秋时期脚本青铜器

Bronze sword of King Gōujiàn of Yuè (late Spring & Autumn), with bird script; detail—part of inscription: "越王自作" Yuè Wáng zì zuò, “Made by the King of Yuè”.渔王越王勾践（晚春秋），禽流脚本的青铜剑，细节部分题词：“越王自作”岳旺仔佐，“愉景”。 Húb?i Provincial Museum湖北省博物馆
By the beginning of theEastern Zhōu , in theSpring and Autumn period , many graphs are fully linearized, as seen in the chart above; additionally, curved lines are straightened, and disconnected lines are often connected, with the result of greater convenience in writing, but a marked decrease in pictographic quality.[ 17 ]东周开始，在春秋战国时期 ，许多图表是完全线性，在上面的图表中看到;此外，拉直弯曲的线条，以及更大的方便以书面的结果往往与断开的线， ，但在象形的质量明显下降[17] 。
In the Eastern Zhōu, the various states initially continued using the same forms as in the late Western Zhōu.在东周，最初的各种状态继续使用相同的形式，为西周晚期。 However, regional forms then began to diverge stylistically as early as the Spring and Autumn period,[ 25 ] with the forms in thestate of Qín remaining more conservative.然而，区域的形式，然后开始分歧的曲风，早在春秋战国时期，[ 25]的形式在秦国，其余较为保守。 At this time,seals and minted coins, both probably primarily of bronze, were already in use, according to traditional documents, but none of the extant seals have yet been indisputably dated to that period.[ 26 ][26]这时，密封件和铸造硬币，都可能是主要的青铜，已在使用中，根据传统的文件，但没有任何现存的密封尚未无可争议月这一时期。
By the mid to late Spring and Autumn period, artistic derivative scripts with vertically elongated forms appeared on bronzes, especially in the eastern and southern states, and remained in use into the Warring States period (see detail of inscription from the Warring StatesTomb of Marquis Y? of Zēng below left).通过对青铜器的中期到晚期，春秋时期，艺术衍生脚本与垂直拉长的形式出现，特别是在东部和南部各州，并且仍然在使用到战国时期（从战国看到碑文详细侯爵墓毅曾左下）。 In the same areas, in the late Spring and Autumn to earlyWarring States , scripts which embellished basic structures with decorative forms such as birds or worms also appeared.在同一地区，在春秋晚期，战国早期，其中点缀装饰形式，如鸟类或蠕虫的基本结构的脚本也出现了。 These are known as Bird Script (鳥書 niǎoshū) and Worm Script (蟲書chóngshū), and collectively asBird-worm scripts , (鳥蟲書 niǎochóngshū; see Bronze sword of King Gōujiàn to right); however, these were primarily decorative forms for inscriptions on bronzes and other items, and not scripts in daily use.[ 27 ] Some bronzes of the period were incised in a rough, casual manner, with graph structures often differing somewhat from typical ones.这些被称为“鸟脚本（鸟书niǎoshū）和蠕虫脚本（虫书chóngshū），并统称为鸟蠕虫脚本，（鸟︼书niǎochóngshū;青铜右王越王勾践剑）;然而，这些主要装饰铭文青铜器和其他物品，而不是在日常使用中的脚本的形式。[ 27]时期的一些青铜器图结构往往不同于典型的有点粗糙，随意地切开。 It is thought that these reflected the popular (vulgar) writing of the time which coexisted with the formal script.[ 28 ]据认为，这反映流行（庸俗）正式脚本共存的时间写作。[28]
[edit ] Warring States Period scripts on bronzes [编辑 ] 青铜器战国脚本
Seals have been found from theWarring States period , mostly cast in bronze,[ 29 ] and minted bronze coins from this period are also numerous.密封件已发现的战国时期多为青铜铸造，[ 29]从这一时期铸造的青铜硬币也很多。 These form an additional, valuable resource for the study of Chinese bronze inscriptions.这些形成了一个额外的宝贵的资源，为研究中国青铜器铭文。 It is also from this period that the first surviving bamboo and silk manuscripts have been uncovered.[ 30 ][30]这也是在这期间，已发现的第一个幸存的竹和帛书。
In the early Warring States period, typical bronze inscriptions were similar in content and length to those in the lateWestern Zhōu toSpring and Autumn period .[ 31 ] One of the most famous sets of bronzes ever discovered dates to the early Warring States: a large set ofbiānzhōng' ' bells from thetomb of Marquis Y? of the state of Zēng , unearthed in 1978.在战国早期，典型的青铜器铭文中后期的内容和长度类似的西周至春秋时期。[ 31]最有名的集日期，以不断发现战国早期的青铜器之一：编钟“ ，“侯爵毅曾状态墓编钟出土于1978年，大集。 The total length of the inscriptions on this set was almost 2,800 characters.[ 31 ]在此设置的铭文的总长度几乎是2800字符[ 31 ]。

Bronze biānzhōng bells from the early Warring States Tomb of Marquis Y? of Zēng青铜编钟的钟声从战国早期墓曾侯乙易

Detail of inscription from biānzhōng bell, Tomb of Marquis Y? of Zēng侯爵曾以墓编钟钟的铭文，详细
In the mid to late Warring States period, the average length of inscriptions decreased greatly.[ 32 ] Many, especially on weapons, recorded only the date, maker and so on, in contrast with earlier narrative contents.在中期到战国晚期，铭文的平均长度较大幅度的下降。[32 ]许多人，特别是在武器，只有日期，制造商等，在早期的叙事内容的对比记录。 Beginning at this time, such inscriptions were typically engraved onto the already cast bronzes, rather than being written into the wet clay of piece-molds as had been the earlier practice.从此时开始，通常刻有这样的铭文上已投的青铜器，而不是件模具的湿粘土的书面已早先的做法。 The engraving was often roughly and hastily executed.[ 33 ]雕刻往往是大致贸然执行。[33]
In Warring States period bronze inscriptions, trends from the late Spring and Autumn period continue, such as the use of artistically embellished scripts (eg, Bird and Insect Scripts) on decorated bronze items.在战国国时期的青铜器铭文，从春末和秋季期间继续的趋势，如青铜物品装饰艺术点缀的脚本使用（例如，鸟类和昆虫脚本）。 In daily writing, which was not embellished in this manner, the typical script continued evolving in different directions in various regions, and this divergence was accelerated by both a lack of central political control as well as the spread of writing outside of the nobility.[ 34 ] In the state of Qín, which was somewhat culturally isolated from the other states, and which was positioned on the old Zhōu homeland, the script became more uniform and stylistically symmetrical,[ 35 ] rather than changing much structurally.在日常写作，这是不以这种方式点缀，典型的脚本继续在各地区不同的方向发展，这种分歧是缺乏中央的政治控制，以及传播的贵族以外的书面加速。 [34]在秦，这是有点文化孤立的其他国家，这是老周的家园定位的状态，脚本变得更均匀，文体对称，[ 35]，而不是改变很多结构。 Change in the script was slow, so it remained more similar to the typical late Western Zhōu script as found on bronzes of that period and theSh? Zhoù Piān (史籀篇) compendium of ca.在脚本的变化是缓慢的，所以它仍然更类似于典型的西周晚期的脚本作为这一时期的青铜器和石周片（史籀篇）汇编的CA。 800 BCE.[ 35 ][ 36 ] As a result, it was not until around the middle of theWarring States period that popular (aka common or vulgar) writing gained momentum in Qín, and even then, the vulgar forms remained somewhat similar to traditional forms, changing primarily in terms of becoming more rectilinear. 800公元前[35][36]因此，它不是直到大约中间的战国时期，流行（又名共同的或庸俗的）写在秦获得势头，即使在当时，庸俗的形式仍然有点类似传统的形式，主要变化变得更直线。 Traditional forms in Qín remained in use as well, so that two forms of writing coexisted.仍然在使用传统的形式在秦，使两种形式编写并存。 The traditional forms in Qín evolved slowly during theEastern Zhōu , gradually becoming what is now called (small)seal script during that period, without any clear dividing line (it is not the case, as is commonly believed, that small seal script was a sudden invention byL? Sī in theQín dynasty[ 37 ] ).秦的传统形式发展缓慢，逐渐成为现在所谓（小）篆书在此期间没有任何明显的分界线（并非如此，因为普遍认为，在东周 ，小篆书是突然发明李斯在秦王朝[37] ）。 Meanwhile, the Qín vulgar writing evolved into early clerical (or proto-clerical) in the late Warring States to Qín dynasty period,[ 38 ] which would then evolve further into theclerical script used in theHàn through theWèi -Jìn (晉) periods.[ 39 ]同时，秦庸俗的写作演变成早在战国末期的文书（或原文书）秦王朝时期，[38 ]这将进一步演变成隶书，在汉通过威-金（晋）期[39] 。
Meanwhile, in the eastern states, vulgar forms had become popular sooner; they also differed more radically from and more completely displaced the traditional forms.[ 34 ] These eastern scripts, which also varied somewhat by state or region, were later misunderstood byX? Shèn , author of the Hàn dynasty etymological dictionaryShuōwén Jiézì , who thought they predated the Warring States Qín forms, and thus labeled themgǔwén (古文), or “ancient script” .同时，在东部各州的，庸俗的形式已成为流行的越快;他们也有更激进和更完全取代传统的形式[34]这些东部的脚本，其中还有些国家或地区不同，后来被误解许慎汉代词源字典的作者说文 Jiézì，谁想到他们早在战国秦形式，从而标记gǔwén（古文），或“古老脚本 “ 。
[edit ] See also [编辑 ] 参见
Chinese writing中国文字Chinese calligraphy中国书法Oracle bone script甲骨文Seal script篆书clerical script隶书
[edit ] Notes [编辑 ]
^ For overviews of the shapes, names and functions of such Chinese bronze artifacts, see Deydier pp.197-205, & Rawson Ancient China p.63^等中国青铜器的形状，名称和功能的概述，请参阅Deydier pp.197 - 205，和罗森中国古代第63页^ Qiú 2000 p.60^邱2000第60页^ There are also extremely small numbers of inscriptions from the Zhōuyuán (周原)oracle bones dating to the start of the Zhōu dynasty (Qiú 2000, pp.68-9), as well as the Sh? Zhoù Piān (史籀篇) compendium of ca.^有铭文还非常小的数字，从周原（周原 ）甲骨追溯到周代（邱2000，pp.68 - 9）的启动，以及石周片（史籀篇）汇编CA的。 800 BCE, a tiny fraction of which has been preserved as the zhòuwén (籀文) examples inShuōwén , and finally, theStone Drums of Qín of the lateSpring & Autumn period.公元前800，已保存为周文王（籀文）中的例子说文 ，终于，秦石鼓后期春秋时期的一小部分。^ Bronze inscriptions also exist for the periods preceding and following this; but the bulk of earlier (Shāng dynasty) writing is inoracle bone script , while later writings are also available on bamboo books, silk books, and stone monuments (stelae ) in significant quantities.^青铜器铭文也存在着前面和后面这个时期;但大部分早期（商代）写作是在甲骨文 ，而后来的著作也对竹书，丝绸书，和石碑（石柱显著）数量。^ Qiū 2000, p.62 2000年，第62页 ^邱 ^ab Qiú 2000, p.62 ^A B邱2000年，第62页^ Qiú 2000, p.68 cites 291 on the Dà Yú D?ng (大盂鼎) , about 400 on the Xiǎo Yú D?ng (小盂鼎), 350 on the Sǎn Shì Pán (散氏盤), 498 on the Máo Gōng D?ng (毛公鼎), and 493 on a large bó bell cast by Shū Gōng (叔弓 (sic)) in theSpring and Autumn period.^邱2000年，第68页CITES 291上的大禹丁（大盂鼎），约400 Xiǎo余鼎（小盂鼎），350 Sǎn筮盘（散氏盘），498毛公丁（毛公鼎），和上博一个大钟铸蜀宫（叔弓（SIC））在春秋时期493 。^ Xu Yahui, p.12^徐亚辉，P.12^ Qiu 2000, p.63 2000年，第63页 ^邱^ Qiu 2000, p.67 2000年，第67页 ^邱^ Qiú 2000, p.60^邱2000年，第60页 ^abc Qiú 2000, p.64^B C邱2000，第64页^ Qiú 2000 p.62^邱2000 P.62^ However, although pictographic in origin, many of these characters are no longer pictographic in function, after undergoing semantic extension or phonetic loan, so that they no longer represent the object originally depicted.^不过，虽然起源于象形，许多这些字符不再象形的功能，经过语义扩展或拼音贷款，使他们不再代表原来所描绘的对象。 ^ab Qiú 2000, p.63 ^A B邱2000年，第63页^ The main writing medium of the time is believed to have been the writing brush and bamboo or wood books; although they have not survived, the character for such books,^的时间主要书写介质被认为是毛笔和竹或木书;虽然他们没有幸存下来，这类书籍的性格， 冊 cè, showing their vertical slats bound with a horizontal string, is found on Shāng and Zhōu bronzes, as is the graph for the writing brush (see Qiú 2000, p.63, and Xǔ Yǎhuì, p.12).册CE，其垂直与水平字符串绑定的板条，发现商周铜器，是毛笔的图（见邱2000年，第63页，Xǔ Yǎhuì，P.12）。 Historical references to use by the Shāng of such books also exist, eg, in the Duōshì chapter of the Shàngshū (Qiú pp.62-3)使用这类书籍的商代的历史典故也存在，例如，在Duōshì的尚书章（邱pp.62 - 3） ^ab Qiú 2000, p.70 ^A B邱2000年，第70页^ Qiú 2000, p.65^邱2000年，第65页^ Insert Shāng identificational bronze graphs compared to typical bronze or oracle bone script form of the same characters here^较典型的青铜或甲骨文相同字符的脚本的形式插入尚identificational青铜图^ Qiú 2000, p.69; p.65 footnote 5 also mentions that highly pictographic clan emblems and other identificational forms are still found in the Zhōu period, especially the beginning of the W. Zhōu^邱2000年，第69页，65页脚注5还提到，高度象形的氏族的徽记和其他identificational形式仍发现在周期间，特别是周的W.开始^ Qiú 2000, p.67^邱2000年，第67页^ Qiú 2000, pp.69-70^邱2000，pp.69 - 70^ Qiú 2000, p.100^邱2000年，第100页^ Qiú 2000, p.77^邱2000年，第77页^ Qiú 2000, p.^邱2000年，第 71 & 76 71及76^ Qiú 2000, p.80^邱2000年，第80页^ Qiú 2000, pp.71-72^邱2000，pp.71 - 72^ Qiu 2000, p.72 2000年，第72页 ^邱^ Qiú 2000, p.80 notes that some were also silver or jade^邱2000年，第80页指出，也有一些是银或玉^ Qiú 2000, p.81^邱2000年，第81页 ^ab Qiú 2000, p.79 ^A B邱2000年，第79页^ Qiú 2000, p.^邱2000年，第 79 79^ Qiú 2000, p.79-80 & 93^邱2000年，第79页，80及93 ^ab Qiú 2000, p.78 ^A B邱2000年，第78页 ^ab Qiú 2000, p.97 ^A B邱2000年，第97页^陳昭容 Chén Zhāoróng 2003^陈昭容陈召荣2003^ Qiú 2000, p.107^邱2000年，第107页^ Qiú 2000, p.78, 104 & 107^邱2000年，第78页，104及107^ Although popularly associated only with the Hàn dynasty, clerical actually remained in use alongside cursive, neo-clerical and semi-cursive scripts until after the Wèi-Jìn period, when the modernstandard script became dominant; see Qiu 2000, p.113^虽然只与汉代普遍，文书实际上仍然在使用草书，新文书和半草书脚本一起直到魏晋时期，现代化的标准脚本成为主导后 ，见邱2000年，第113页
[edit ] References [编辑 ]
陳昭容 Chén Zhāoróng (2003) 秦系文字研究 ﹕从漢字史的角度考察 Research on the Qín (Ch'in) Lineage of Writing: An Examination from the Perspective of the History of Chinese Writing.陈昭容陈召荣（2003）秦忎文字研究：从汉字史的角度考察秦（秦）写作谱系的研究：从中国文字史的角度看考试。 中央研究院歷史語言研究所專刊 Academia Sinica, Institute of History and Philology Monograph.ISBN 957-671-995-X (in Chinese).中央研究院历史语言研究所专刊中央研究院历史语言研究所专刊。ISBN 957 - 671 - 995 - X （中国）。 Deydier, Christian (1980). Deydier，基督教（1980年）。 Chinese Bronzes.中国青铜器。 New York: Rizzoli NK7904.D49, SA纽约：里佐利NK7904.D49，SA Qiú Xīguī (2000).邱局长由喜贵（2000）。 Chinese Writing.汉语写作。 Translation of 文字學概論 by Mattos and Norman.翻译的文字学概论由Mattos的和诺曼。 Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4.中国早期特别专着系列的第4号。 Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.ISBN 1-55729-071-7 .伯克利：中国早期的研究和东亚研究学院，美国加州大学伯克利分校的社会 。国际标准书号1-55729-071-7。 Rawson, Jessica (1980) Ancient China: Art and Archaeology.罗森，杰西卡（1980）中国古代艺术和考古。 London: British Museum Publications.伦敦：大英博物馆的出版物。 Rawson, Jessica (1987) Chinese Bronzes: Art and Ritual.罗森，杰西卡（1987）中国青铜器艺术和礼仪。 London.伦敦。 Rawson, Jessica (1983) The Chinese Bronzes of Yunnan.罗森，杰西卡（1983年）云南的中国青铜器。 London and Beijing: Sidgwick and Jackson.伦敦和北京：西奇威克和杰克逊。 Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1991).肖内西，爱德华L.（1991）。 Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels.西周的历史资料来源：铭文的青铜器。 University of California Press, Berekeley, Los Angeles, Oxford.ISBN 0-520-07028-3 .加州大学出版社，Berekeley，洛杉矶，牛津大学。国际标准书号0-520-07028-3 。 Wáng Huī (王輝, 2006).王晖（王辉，2006）。 “商周金文” (Shāng and Zhōu bronze inscriptions). “商周金文”（商周青铜器铭文）。 北京 : 文物出版社 B?ijīng, Wénwù Publishing.北京：文物出版社北京，文武出版。
[edit ] External links [编辑 ] 外部链接
Richard Sears on bronze characters理查德西尔斯青铜字符Seal Scripts密封脚本
v ·d ·eChinese bronzesV ·Ð° E中国青铜器
Selected选择
vessel types船种Ding (鼎) •Gu •Guang (觥) •Hu (壺) •Jia (斝) •Jue (爵) •Yi •You (卣) •Zun (尊) or Yi (彝)丁（鼎） •谷 •广（觥） •胡（壶） •贾（斝） •珏（爵） •易 •（卣） •尊（尊），或易（彝）

Other其他Taotie (饕餮) •Bianzhong (編鐘) •Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (曾侯乙) •Xiqing Gujian (西清古鑑) • Chinese bronze inscriptions饕餮（饕餮） •编钟（编钟） •墓曾（曾侯乙）侯爵易 •西清古鉴（﹁清古鉴） • 中国青铜器铭文
v ·d ·e Chinese script and type styles ( 漢字與其字體風格 )V ·Ð° E 中国的脚本和类型样式（汉字与其字体风格 ）
Script styles /脚本风格 /
Calligraphy styles书法风格
Neolithic signs ( 古文 ) •Oracle bone script ( 甲骨文 ) • Bronze inscriptions ( 金文 ) •Clerical script ( 隸書 ) •Regular script ( 楷書 ) •Semi-cursive script ( 行書 ) •Cursive script ( 草書 )新石器时代的迹象 （ 古文 ）•甲骨文 （ 甲骨文 ）• 青铜器铭文 （ 金文 ）•隶书 （ 隶书 ）•楷书 （ 楷书 ）•行书 （ 行书 ）•草书 （ 草书 ）
Seal script ( 篆文 )篆书 （ 篆文 ）
Large Seal Script ( 大篆 ) •Small Seal Script ( 小篆 ) •Bird-worm seal script ( 鸟虫篆 )大篆书 （ 大篆 ）•小篆书 （ 小篆 ）•鸟虫篆 （ 鸟虫篆 ）
Styles for为样式
movable type andcomputer fonts活字印刷术和计算机字体Imitation Song ( 仿宋體 ) •Ming ( 宋體 ) •Sans-serif ( 黑體 )仿宋 （ 仿宋体 ）•明 （ 宋体 ）•无衬线字体 （ 黑体 ）
v ·d ·eWriting systemsV ·Ð° E书写系统
Overview概述History of writing ·History of the alphabet ·Graphemes ·Scripts in Unicode写字母的 历史·字形的Unicode脚本的历史
Lists列表Writing systems ·Languages by writing system /by first written account ·Undeciphered writing systems ·Inventors of writing systems书写系统书写系统的语言 /第一份书面帐户 ·Undeciphered书写系统书写系统的发明者
Types类型Featural alphabets ·Alphabets ·Abjads ·Alphasyllabaries / Abugidas ·Syllabaries ·Semi-syllabaries ·Ideogrammic ·Pictographic ·Logographic ·NumeralFeatural字母 ·字母Abjads ·Alphasyllabaries / Abugidas音节半音节 ·Ideogrammic象形Logographic ·数词
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Categories :Writing systems |Chinese inscriptions |Chinese scripts分类 ：书写系统 |中国题字 |中国脚本
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