毛囊里的阴虱卵图片:浅谈不定式在英语中的运用

摘要：目前，英语语法中的不定式在英语中运用不可或缺，在其应用过程中常常存在着带to的不定式与介词to两者运用上的混淆，以及在什么场合下该使用不带to不定式的困惑。因此本文就此方向开始通过分析关于不定式的结构形式、单独使用、省略及其带to不定式与介词to的辨别等相关问题，来浅谈不定式在英语句法中的作用
关键词：英语；语法；不定式(to)；介词to
英语动词中有三个非限定形式，即不定式（Infinitive）、-ing分词（-Ing Participle）和-ed分词（-Ed Participle）。而不定式在英语运用中处处可见，由此可见其重要性！
1.     动词不定式的结构形式
不定式分为带to不定式（To-Infinitive）和不带to不定式(Bare Infinitive)。
不定式通常带to，但是在某些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中既可带to也可不带to。既是同常带to，熟悉一下什么时候不带to，就更有必要了。下面就不定式不带to的使用场合作一些归纳，并作一些比较说明。
a)      在情态动词之后
在情态动词之后用不带to不定式。
如：You must do as you’re told.
但是边际情态助动词（Marginal Modal Auxiliary）有所不同。例如need作情态助动词后跟不带to不定式，作主动词后跟带to不定式：
We needn’t stay this evening.(作情态助动词)
We don’t need to stay this evening.(作助动词)
又如dare作情态助动词后跟不带to不定式，作主动词其后不定式通常带to，也可不带to:
I daren’t go there.(作情态助动词)
I do not dare to go there.(作主动词)
Does he dare (to) go?(作主动词)
b)      在半助动词之后
在半助动词之后用不带to 不定式。
如：It’s sure to rain.
I happened to be out when he called.
c)在情态成语之后
在would rather/would sooner/would (just) as soon(宁愿)，may/might (just) as well(不妨、可以)，cannot help but(不能不、不由得不)等情态成语（Modal Idiom）之后跟不带to不定式。
如：Since it’s a fine day we might as well walk.
We could not but weep at the sad news.
He would rather listen to others than talk to himself.
He would sooner play than work.
d)在rather than/sooner than之后
置于句首时，其后跟不带to不定式。
如：Rather than cause trouble, he left.
Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress.
置于句中其他位置时，其后不定式既可带to也可不带to:
The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.
He decided to write rather than telephone.
e)在“主动词+主动词”固定搭配到第一个主动词之后
常见的搭配有make believe, make do with/on, let drop/let fall, let fly at, let slip, let go of/leave go of, hear tell of, let…go hang等。
如：let’s make believe we have a million dollars.
They are not rich, but they make do on what they have.
f)在“使役动词+宾语” ，“感觉动词+宾语”及“have known+宾语”之后
在“let, make, have等使役动词+宾语”， “see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch等感觉动词+宾语”及“have known(看过、听过)+宾语”之后用不带to不定式，但是被动态时，不带to不定式转为带to不定式。
如：Abbey made him stay to tea.
John made her tell him everything.
She was made to tell him everything.
They saw him enter the building.
He was seen to enter the building.
Have you ever known him tell a lie?
That man has never been known to smile.
g)在介词except/but 之后
注：如果except/but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后通常用不带to不定式，否则用带to.
如：They did nothing except work.
There’s no choice but to wait.
h)在“why…/why not…？”之后
在这种句式中，紧接why之后的不定式总是不带to 。
i)        在其他一些习惯用法中
在口语中，不带to不定式还常见于其他一些习惯用法，比如在go, come, try等动词之后可接不带to不定式。
如：Go post (=Go and post) a letter for me.
Come look (=Come and look).
I’ll try help (=try and help)him.
2.     不定式符号的单独使用及其省略问题
就不定式单独使用而言，为了避免重复可省略其后的动词原形及其补足成分。不过，省略情况常见于非正式语体，这里就不举例了。但是如果其后的动词原形是be和have，在省略中通常要保留be和have,但随后的成分仍可省略。
如：A：Aren’t you the manager?
B: No, and I don’t want to be.
3.     不定式符号to与介词to 的辨别问题
在我看来，要辨别这两者也没什么特别的好方法，只能将介词to的短语搭配背下来。下面我就个人学习过程中发现的带to的介词短语举些该类搭配。
a)      动词+介词to
常见的搭配有add to, agree to, adhere to, admit to, allude to, amount to, attend to, attest to, bow to, cling to, come to, correspond to, confess to, consent to, contribute to, object to, get to, pertain to, react to, resort to, recover to, refer to, relate to, submit to, succeed to, stick to, swear to, take to, trust to, witness to yield to等。
b)      动词+名词/代词+介词to
常见的搭配有ascribe… to, apply… to, attribute… to, abbreviate… to, accustom …to, confine… to, commit… to, devote… to, dedicate… to, owe… to, prefer… to, reconcile… to, reduce …to, resign …to等。
c)      动词+-ed分词 +介词to
常见的搭配有be accustomed to, be abbreviated to, be reduced to, be resigned to, be reconciled to, be devoted to, be given to, be used to等。
d)      动词+副词小品词+介词to
常见的搭配有get round to, get down to, get near to, face up to, feel up to, look forward to等。
e) 形容词+介词to
常见的搭配有adjacent to, averse to, deaf to, equal to, loyal to, preferable to, similar to, superior to, sensitive to, tantamount to等。
f)名词+介词to
常见的搭配有obstacle to, limit to, aid to, objection to, indifference to, key to, answer to, hinderance to等。
g)以介词to结尾的复杂介词
常见的搭配有according to, as to, owing to, preliminary to, preparatory to, previous to, prior to, thanks to, in addition to, in relation to, with a view to, with an eye to等。
4.不定式在句法中的作用
a)不定式作主语
往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
如：It's so nice to hear your voice.
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.
但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。
如：（对）To teach is to learn.
（错）It is to learn to teach.
（错）To teach is learning.
（错）Teaching is to learn.
b)不定式作宾语
有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。
1）             有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如：
 
afford
 
aim
 
agree
 
arrange
 
ask
 
decide
 
bother
 
care
 
choose
 
demand
 
desire
 
determine
 
elect
 
endeavor
 
hope
 
fail
 
help
 
learn
 
long 渴望
 
mean
 
manage
 
offer
 
plan
 
pretend
 
refuse
 
tend
 
undertake
 
expect
 
hate
 
intend
如：The driver failed to see the other car in time.
He offered to help me.
2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
 
ask
 
choose
 
expect
 
help
 
beg
 
intend
 
like/love
 
need
 
prefer
 
prepare
 
want
 
wish
如：I like to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom.　 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom.　 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3)有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如：
 
decide
 
know
 
consider
 
forget
 
learn
 
remember
 
show
 
wonder
 
find out
 
tell
 
inquire
 
explain
如：Please show us how to do that.
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.
c)不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。
如：My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
d)不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
There was nothing to bring home that morning.
e)不定式作状语
1）目的状语
常用结构为to do ， only to do（仅仅为了）， in order to do，　so as to do，　so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。
如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
I come here only to say good-bye to you.
2）作结果状语
可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
如：I awoke to find my truck gone.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3）表原因
如：I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4）表示理由和条件
如：He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
f)不定式作补语
1)有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如：
 
advise
 
allow
 
cause
 
challenge
 
command
 
compel
 
drive 驱使
 
enable
 
encourage
 
forbid
 
force
 
impel
 
induce
 
instruct
 
invite
 
like/love
 
order
 
permit
 
make
 
let
 
have
 
want
 
get
 
warn
 
persuade
 
request
 
send
 
tell
 
train
 
urge
如：Father will not allow us to play on the street.
The officer ordered his men to fire.
注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2）有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：
 
consider
 
find
 
believe
 
think
 
declare（声称）
 
appoint
 
guess
 
fancy（设想）
 
guess
 
judge
 
imagine
 
know
如：We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be 不能省去）
3）有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如：
 
believe
 
expect
 
intend
 
like
 
love
 
mean
 
prefer
 
want
 
wish
 
understand
 
 
如：We didn't expect there to be so many people there.
You wouldn’t want there to be another war.
以上这些只是本人在学习不定式过程中的总结与归纳，我认为掌握不定式，弄清楚以上这些方面是非常有必要的，当然还应将不定式与-ing分词和-ed分词在其句法运用上作对比，这里因篇幅原因就不列出了。