偶看新闻小时代1 4全集txt微盘:初中英语重点
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1.5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。
如：sports meeting 运动会
studentsreading-room 学生阅览室
talkstable 谈判桌
theforeign languages department 外语系
2) man,woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如：men workers women teachers
gentlemenofficials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。
如：goods train (货车)
armsproduce 武器生产
customspapers 海关文件
clothesbrush衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)
aten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树
afive-year plan. 一个五年计划
个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child
1.7 名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：ateacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：
1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。
2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。
如：John's and Mary's room（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）
6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。
如：a month or two's absence
2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构
1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises ablack and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The blackand the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。
He raises ablack and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。
2.5 冠词位置
1) 不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half，
I havenever seen such an animal.
Many a manis fit for the job.
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how,however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：
It is aspleasant a day as I have ever spent.
So short atime.
Too long adistance.
c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。
但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quite a lot
d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后：
Brave aman though he is，he tremblesat the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。
当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。
2) 定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。
All thestudents in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。
3.3 代词的指代问题
1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he,his, him代替。
Nobodycame, did he? 谁也没来，是吗?
2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give thecat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3）指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。
3.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称－> 第三人称－> 第一人称
you －> he/she; it -> I
You, heand I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称－> 第二人称－> 第三人称
we －> you －> They
注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，
It was Iand John that made her angry.
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
3.6 双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each,every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。
公式为：
a, an, this,that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：
a friendof mine.
eachbrother of his. 3.8 相互代词
1）相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的，例如：
It is easyto see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见，不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2） 相互代词的句法功能：
a. 作动词宾语；
Peopleshould love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语；
Does bark,cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，例如：
He put allthe books beside each other.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put allthe books beside one another.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usuallythese small groups were independent of each other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格，例如：
Thestudents borrowed each other's notes.
学生们互借笔记。
3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor
1）不定代词有
all , both,every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other,some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody,anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2） 不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
I have noidea about it.
b. all 都，指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goeswell. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China， all the city， all my life， all the way
3) both 都，指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用，但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
Who canspeak Japanese? We both(all) can.
4) neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither… nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型，避免重复。
She can'tsing，neither (can)he.
neither 与nor
d. 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。
If youdon't do it，neithershould I. 如果你不干，我也不干。
e. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。
He can'tsing，nor dance，nor skate.
3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones
一、 none 无
1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none可单独使用。
Are thereany pictures on the wall? None.
2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。
It is noneof your business.
二、few 一些，少数
few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做"某一"解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain）
You willbe sorry for this some day.
总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。
A certain(some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意：
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would youlike句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：
Wouldyou like some coffee?
b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：
If youneed some help，let me know.
c. some位于主语部分,
Somestudents haven't been there before.
d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：
I haven'theard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。
Here arethree novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说，你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不
用ones。
Have youbought any rulers? Yes，I 've boughtsome.
3.14 代词比较辩异 one，that 和it
one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't findmy hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat youbought is bigger than that I bought. (同类但不同个)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't findmy hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
3.15 one/another/the other
one… the other 只有两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another，another…
some… others，others…
others =other people/things
the others =the rest 剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一个用another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。
4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。
3.17 anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each
1．anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。
2．no one 和none
a) none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。
b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。
None of youcould lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did anyone call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?
---- No one. --没有。
3．every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。
Everystudent in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Eachstudent may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
Everystudent has to take one.
Each boyhas to take one.
Each of theboys has to take one.
4) every不可以作状语，each可作状语。
5) every 有反复重复的意思，如every two weeks等； each没有。
6) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。
Every manis not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man isnot honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none
这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后，行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。
1) both (两者都)，either(两者中任何一个)， neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。
Neither ofthe two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
2) both，either
both与复数连用，either与单数连用。
Both theboys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
Either ofthe two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
There areflowers on both sides of the street.
(两岸)
There areflowers on either side of the street.
(岸的两边)
路边长满了野花。
3) all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。
All theflowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
I don't likeany of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
I like noneof the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。
All of thestudents are there.
所有的学生都在那。
All (of)the milk is there.
所有的牛奶都在那。
3.20 few, little, a few, a little
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / alittle 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a fewfriends. 他有几个朋友。
He has fewfriends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still havea little time. 我们还有点时间。
There islittle time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
典型例题:
Although he's wealthy，he spends___on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few(=few) not a few(=many) quite a few(=many)
many a(=many)
Many bookswere sold.
Many a bookwas sold.
卖出了许多书。
4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体
1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：thedead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry
The poorare losing hope.
2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。
the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.
The Englishhave wonderful sense of humor.
4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词
a smallround table
a tall graybuilding
a dirty oldbrown shirt
a famousGerman medical school
anexpensive Japanese sports car
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. oldChinese stone B. Chineseold stone C. old stoneChinese D. Chinesestone old
答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3) ---- How was your recent visit toQingdao?
---- It wasgreat. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few lastsunny B. last fewsunny C. lastsunny few D. few sunnylast
答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：
限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
old + brown + wood + table
4.8 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。
He cannotrun so/as fast as you.
2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。
as +形容词+ a +单数名词
as +many/much +名词
This is asgood an example as the other is.
I can carryas much paper as you can..
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。
This room istwice as big as that one.
Your room isthe same size as mine.
4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ then + of
This bridgeis three times as long as that one.
This bridgeis three times the length of that one.
Your room istwice as large as mine.
Your room istwice the size of mine.
4.10 可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, agreat deal, any, still, even等
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
4.13 和more有关的词组
1) the more… the more… 越……就越……
The harderyou work，the greaterprogress you'll make.
2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B
less A thanB
He is morelazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多
Theofficials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than… 与……一样……
He is noless diligent than you.
4) more than 不只是，非常
She is morethan kind to us all.
5.1 系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（LinkVerb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明：
有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：
He fell illyesterday.
他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）
He fell offthe ladder.
他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel,smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind ofcloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flowersmells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He becamemad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grewrich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,trun out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：
The rumorproved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The searchproved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His planturned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
6.2 worth 的用法
worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……"
be worthdoing sth. "……某事值得被做"
Thequestion is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy tobe done "某事值得被做"
Thequestion is not worthy to be discussed againand again.
3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth "值得做某事"
worth while： It is worth while doing sth
It isworth while sb to do sth.
6. 动名词
6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语
1）作主语
Fightingbroke out between the South and the North.
南方与北方开战了。
2）作宾语
a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth
admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免
complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 prevent阻止
fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险
suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续
7.1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
7.2 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean,prefer, want, wish, undrstand注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard,think believe, take, consider. 7.3 不定式主语
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's veryhard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's verynice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You arenice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
7.5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work isto clean the room every day.
His dreamis to be a doctor.
7.6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
I have alot of work to do.
So he madesome candles to give light.
7.7 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran sofast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come hereonly to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have Isaid to make you angry.
He searchedthe room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad tosee you.
7.8 用作介词的to
to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认， confess to承认，
be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
7.9 省to 的动词不定式
1）情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2）使役动词 let, have, make：
3）感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice ,observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw himdance.
=He was seento dance.
The bossmade them work the whole night.
=They weremade to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8）由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
9）通常在discover, imagine, suppose,think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：
7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…
He is tooexcited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can Ihelp you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well,I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all thesame. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。
It's nevertoo late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all,but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only toopleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was buttoo eager to get home. 他非常7.12 不定式的特殊句型so asto
1）表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom keptquiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go inquietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would yoube so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Whynot +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
例如：
Why nottake a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
7.14 不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to bedoing
完成式 tohave done to havebeen done
完成进行式 tohave been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems toknow this.
I hope tosee you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry tohave given you so much trouble.
He seems tohave caught a cold.
3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems tobe eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
She is knownto have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
7.15 动名词与不定式
1）动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2）接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3）动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget todo forgetdoing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret todo regretdoing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid todo afraiddoing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/start to do begin/ startdoing
8. 特殊词精讲
8.1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop tosmoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stopsmoking.. 我必须戒烟了
8.2 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light inthe office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgotturning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forgetto come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
8.3 remember doing/to do
remember todo 记得去做某事 (未做)
rememberdoing 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office afterschool.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
8.4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)
regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)
I regret tohave to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don'tregret telling her what I thought.
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
8.6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事。
try doing 试验，试着做某事。
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
8.7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
After he hadfinished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
Go on doingthe other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
8.8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。
She was afraid to step further in grassbecause she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
8.9 be interested doing/to do
interested todo 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
interested indoing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
8.11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / startto do sth
begin / startdoing sth.
1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.
How old wereyou when you first started playing the piano?
你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do
I wasbeginning to get angry。
我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。
I begin tounderstand the truth。
我开始明白真相。
4) 物作主语时
It began tomelt.
8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see,watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
I saw himwork in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
I saw himworking in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
9. 分词
9.1 分词作定语
分词前置
We can seethe rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日
He is aretired worker. 他是位退休的工人
分词后置 (i分词词组；ii 个别分词如given, left； iii 修饰不定代词 something等)
There was agirl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里
This is thequestion given. 这是所给的问题
There isnothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西
过去分词作定语
与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Most of thepeople invited to the party were famous scientists.
Most of theartists invited to the party were from South Africa. 9.2 分词作状语
As I didn'treceive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
-> Not receiving any letter from him, Igave him a call.
由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。
If moreattention was given, the trees could have grown better.
-> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
9.3 连词+分词(短语)
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如：
Whilewaiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
waiting 和saw 的主语相同。9.4 分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：
I found mycar missing. 我发现我的车不见了。
I'll have mywatch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
9.5 分词作表语
现在分词： 表示主动，正在进行
过去分词： 表示被动，已经完成
She lookedtired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
He remainedstanding beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
9.6 分词作插入语
其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generallyspeaking 一般说来
talking of(speaking of) 说道
strictlyspeaking 严格的说
judging from 从…判断
all thingsconsidered 从整体来看
taking allthings into consideration 全面看来
Judging fromhis face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generallyspeaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)
9.7 分词的时态
1）与主语动词同时，
Hearing thenews, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。
Arrivingthere, they found the boy dead. 刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
Thesecretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。
2）先于主动词
Whilewalking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。
Havingfinished his homework, he went out.
=As he hadfinished his homework, he went out.
做完作业后，他出去了。
9.8 分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…)
他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生
gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped,faded, returned
例: a well-readperson. 一个读过许多书的人
amuch-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-outmatch 烧完了的火柴
10.1 独立主格
（一）： 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The testfinished, we began our holiday.
= When thetest was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
Thepresident assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After thepresident was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weatherpermitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meetinggone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came intothe room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came outof the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave homefor school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earthmoves around the sun.
Shanghailies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goesbefore a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbusproved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't wantso much.
Ann Wangwrites good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I putthe sugar in the cup.
I am doingmy homework now.
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where didyou go just now?
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was achild, I often played football in the street.
Whenever theBrowns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is timefor sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"
It is timesb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"
It is timefor you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is timeyou went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had)rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd ratheryou came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought youmight have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
Christine wasan invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine hasbeen an invalid all her life.
(含义：她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darbylived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darbyhas lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did youwant anything else?
I wonderedif you could help me.
2）情态动词 could, would.
Could youlend me your bike?
11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Whichparagraph shall I read first.
Will you beat home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
What areyou going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play isgoing to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at thedark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are todiscuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is aboutto leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to playfootball tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)
I'm going toplay football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The trainleaves at six tomorrow morning.
When doesthe bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comesthe bus. = The bus is coming.
There goesthe bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中。
When Billcomes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me.
I'll writeto you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hopethey have a nice time next week.
Make surethat the windows are closed before you leave the room.
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive,leave, stay等。
I'm leavingtomorrow.
Are youstaying here till next week?
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is thefirst time that I have visited the city.
It was thethird time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is thebest film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is thefirst time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
11.15 过去完成时
1）概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2）用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said(that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When thepolice arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think,intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We hadhoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We arewaiting for you.
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Greenis writing another novel.
(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She islearning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn,run, go, begin等。
The leavesare turning red.
It'sgetting warmer and warmer.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You arealways changing your mind.
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1) 事实状态的动词
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist,include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
I have twobrothers.
This housebelongs to my sister.
2) 心理状态的动词
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose,imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean,understand, love, hate
I need yourhelp.
He loves hervery much.
3 ) 瞬间动词
accept, receive, complete, finish, give,allow, decide, refuse.
I acceptyour advice.
4) 系动词
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel,taste, get, become, turn
You seem alittle tired.
11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all dayyesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
11.22 一般现在时代替将来时
时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, assoon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether,the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
He is goingto visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。
11.23 一般现在时代替过去时
1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。
Thenewspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2) 叙述往事，使其生动。
Napoleon'sarmy now advances and the great battle begins.
11.24 一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand,forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear (=have heard) he will go to London.
I forget(=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since welast met.
11.25 一般现在时代替进行时
1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes…
Look, herecomes Mr. Li.
11.26 现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。
Are youstaying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗?
We are leavingsoon. 我们马上就走。
2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
He is dying.
11.27 时态一致
1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。
At that time,people did not know that the earth moves.
He told melast week that he is eighteen.
2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
He thoughtthat I need not tell you the truth.
12.1 let 的用法
1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。
They letthe strange go.---> The strange was let go.
2） 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
The nurselet me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
----> Iwas allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
12.3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组
believe,consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that…务必记住的是
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan onTuesday.
12.4 不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie,remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keepsilence, lose heart, take place.
After thefire, very little remained of my house.
比较： rise,fall, happen是不及物动词；raise,seat是及物动词。
(错) The price has been risen.
(对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened lastweek.
(对) The accident happened last week.
(错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised.
(错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost,notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, sufferfrom, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key justfits the lock.
Your storyagrees with what had already been heard.
3) 系动词无被动语态：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow,keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It soundsgood.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreameda bad dream last night.
5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.
12.5 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash,clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
The booksells well. 这本书销路好。
This knifecuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was toblame for the accident.
Much workremains.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The doorneeds repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This roomneeds cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book isworth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。
13.1 祈使句结构
祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。
1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。
Take thisseat.
Do becareful.
否定结构：
Don't move.
Don't belate.
2）第二种祈使句以let开头。
Let 的反意疑问句
a. Let's 包括说话者
Let's haveanother try，shall we /shan't we?
= Shall wehave another try?
b. Let us 不包括说话者
Let us haveanother try，will you /won't you?
= Will youplease let us have another try?
否定结构：
Let's nottalk of that matter.
Let us nottalk of that matter. 13.2 感叹句结构
感叹句通常有what,how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。
what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：
掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序
How+形容词或副词+ 陈述语序
What +名词+ 陈述语序
What+a+形容词+名词+ 陈述语序
What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序
How clever a boy he is!
How lovely the baby is!
What noise they are making!
What a clever boy he is!
What wonderful ideas (we have)!
What cold weather it is!
感叹句的省略形式为：
What a clever boy (he is)!
13.3 强调句结构
常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。
It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。
It is fromthe sun that we get light and heat.
It was notuntil I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.
13.4 用助动词进行强调
强调句还有一种类型，就是用助动词do (did，does) 强调谓语。
She does likethis horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。
Please dotake care of yourself. 千万保重。
13.5 反意疑问句
1) 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren'tI.
I'm as tallas your sister，aren't I?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish tohave a word with you, may I?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swedemade no answer, did he / she?
Some plantsnever blown (开花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought toknow what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
We have toget there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used totake pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd betterread it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He wouldrather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd liketo go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
He must be adoctor, isn't he?
You musthave studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must havefinished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。
Whatcolours, aren't they?
What asmell, isn't it?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everythingis ready, isn't it?
14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smithhad been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now,shouldn't he?
b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is notthe man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said hewanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect,suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don'tthink he is bright, is he?
We believeshe can do it better, can't she?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
Everyoneknows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knowsabout it, do they? (does he?)
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need notdo it again, need we ?
He dare notsay so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn'tdare to go home alone, does she?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't dothat again, will you?
Go with me,will you / won't you ?
注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
Let's go andlisten to the music, shall we?
Let us waitfor you in the reading-room, will you ?
18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There issomething wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There willnot be any trouble, will there?
19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It isimpossible, isn't it?
He is notunkind to his classmates, is he?
20) must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
He must bethere now, isn't he?
It must begoing to rain tomorrow, won't it?
快速记忆表
陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分
I aren't I
Wish may +主语
no,nothing,nobody,never,
few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含义
rarely, little等否定
含义的词
ought to（肯定的） shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语
have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主语(didn't +主语)
used to didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语
had better + v. hadn't you
would rather + v. wouldn't +主语
you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主语
must 根据实际情况而定
感叹句中 be +主语
Neither…nor,
either…or 连接的根 据其实际逻辑意义而定
并列主语
指示代词或不定代词
everything,that, 主语用it
nothing,this
并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定
定语从句,宾语从句的
主从复合句 根据主句的谓语而定
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one 复数they, 单数he
情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语
省去主语的祈使句 will you？
Let's 开头的祈使句 Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you?
there be 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）
否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式
must表"推测" 根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句
14.1 倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here,there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be,come, go, lie, run。
There goesthe bell.
Then camethe chairman.
Here is yourletter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed amissile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat anold woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here hecomes. Away theywent.
14.2 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never,seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have Iseen such a performance.
Nowhere willyou find the answer to this question.
Not until thechild fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I havenever seen such a performance.
The motherdidn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
14.3 以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only didhe refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly hadshe gone out when a student came to visit her.
No soonerhad she gone out than a student came to visit her.
14.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom canspeak French. So can Jack.
If you won'tgo, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do youknow Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don'tknow, _____.
A. nor don'tI care B. nor do Icare C. I don'tcare neither D. I don'tcare also
答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
Tom asked meto go to play football and so I did.
---It'sraining hard. ---So itis.
14.5 only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in thisway, can you learn English well.
Only afterbeing asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when heis seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
14.6 as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard ashe will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
14.7 其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
Sofrightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you allbe happy.
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were,had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you,I would try it again.
15.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
The teachertogether with some students is visiting the factory.
He as wellas I wants to go boating.
15.4 谓语需用单数
1）代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
Each of ushas a tape-recorder.
There issomething wrong with my watch.
2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The ArabianNight is a book known to lovers of English.
<<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。
3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
Three weekswas allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten yuan isenough.
15.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）在代词what, which, who, none, some,any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All isright. (一切顺利。)
All arepresent. (所有人都到齐了。)
2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
His familyisn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。
His familyare music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are thereany police around?
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of+名词复数+单数动词。
A number ofbooks have lent out.
The majorityof the students like English. 15.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1）用half of, part of, most of, aportion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
Most of hismoney is spent on books.
Most of thestudents are taking an active part in sports.
2）在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many aperson has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
16.2 非真实条件句
1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
a. 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型 ：条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should(would) +动词原形
If they werehere, they would help you.
b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型： 条件从句 主句
过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词
If she hadworked harder, she would have succeeded.
The ricewould not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
If my lawyerhad been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he hadcome yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he hadnot been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greaterprogress.
c. 表示对将来的假想
句型： 条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should+ 动词原形
were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形
should+ 动词原形
If yousucceeded, everything would be all right.
If you shouldsucceed, everything would be all right.
If you wereto succeed, everything would be all right.
16.6 wish的用法
1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
真实状况 wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作 现在时 过去时
（be的过去式为 were）
从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时 过去完成时
（had + 过去分词）
将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +
动词原形
I wish I wereas tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished hehadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish itwould rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）Wish to do表达法。
Wish sb /sth to do
I wish tosee the manager. = I want to see the manager.
I wish themanager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)
17.1 引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose,which.
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That shewas chosen made us very happy.
We heardthe news that our team had won.
比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
Whether hewill come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
It is notimportant who will go.
It is stillunknown which team will win the match.
17.2 名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in hisoffice.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quiteclear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pitythat you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It isnecessary that… 有必要……
It isimportant that… 重要的是……
It isobvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be +-ed 分词+ that-从句
It isbelieved that… 人们相信……
It is knownto all that… 从所周知……
It has beendecided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It iscommon knowledge that… ……是常识
It is asurprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is afact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appearsthat… 似乎……
It happensthat… 碰巧……
It occurredto me that… 我突然想起……
17.3 名词性wh-从句
1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语： How thebook will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one'sown home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The clubwill give whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语： Myquestion is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：She willname him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语： I haveno idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm notsure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语： Thatdepends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。
2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
It is not yetdecided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remainsunknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
17.4 if, whether引导的名词从句
1）yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：
主语：Whetherthe plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语：Let usknow whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The pointis whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语：They areinvestigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语： She'sdoubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语： I worryabout whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成，例如：
Please tellme whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't carewhether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
17.5 否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don'tthink I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' tbelieve he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope youweren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn'tseem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn'tappear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don'tremember having ever seen such a man.
我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not aplace where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。
(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant isnot gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was notready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
She had notbeen married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struckby her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。
18. 定语从句
定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who,whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when,where, why等。
18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he theman who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is theman whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushedover to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please passme the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperitywhich / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package(which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There areoccasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing isthe place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this thereason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where,why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His fatherdied the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He isunlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is themountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll neverforget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is thismuseum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is thisthe museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ youvisited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ theexhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in themuseum词组，可用介词in +which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
18.5 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is thehouse in which I lived two years ago.
This is thehouse where I lived two years ago.
Do youremember the day on which you joined our club?
Do youremember the day when you joined our club?
18.7 先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoeverspits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parentswill use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
18.8 what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What youwant has been sent here.
Whateveryou want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think(that) you will like the stamps.
What we needis more practice.
18.9 关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用。
We dependon the land from which we get our food.
We dependon the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one,all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
All that isneeded is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, thethief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
20. 连词
连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as wellas, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then等等。
20.5 表原因关系
1) for
判断改错：
(错) For he is ill, he is absenttoday.
(对) He is absent today, for he isill.
for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。
2) so, therefore
He hurt hisleg, so he couldn't play in the game.
注意：
a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。
You canwatch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt hisleg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
b. although… yet…，但although不与 but连用。
(错) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..
(对) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
20.6 比较so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副
词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
21.2 比较can 和be able to
1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will beable to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2）只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was ableto flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managedto flee Europe before the war broke out.
注意：could不表示时态
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
--- Could Ihave the television on?
--- Yes,you can. / No, you can't.
2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
Hecouldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。
21.3 比较may和might
1）表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May Godbless you!
He mightbe at home.
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2）成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that isthe case, we may as well try.
21.4 比较have to和must
1) 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brotherwas very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said thatthey must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3）在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't 表示"禁止"，
You don'thave to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn'ttell him about it. 你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
21.5 must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You haveworked hard all day.You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must beworking in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：
He must bestaying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He muststay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn'thear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Whydidn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I musthave been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用can't。
If Tomdidn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
21.6 表示推测的用法
can, could,may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't knowwhere she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At thismoment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We wouldhave finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road iswet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mothermust have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can'thave found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could,might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。
21.7 情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could)have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can(could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2) must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
---Linda hasgone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She musthave gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have donesth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to(should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought notto have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressedvery warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would liketo have read the article, but I was very busy then.
21.9 had better表示"最好"
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had betterdo sth
had betternot do sth
It is prettycold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd betternot play with the dog.
had betterhave done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You hadbetter have come earlier.
21.10 would rather表示"宁愿"
would ratherdo
would rathernot do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有wouldsooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have achoice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I wouldrather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
21.11 will和would
注意：
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would youlike to go with me?
2）Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you likesome cake?
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't yousit down?
21.13 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个：oughtto, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：
Do they haveto pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn'tuse to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You oughtnot to have told her all about it.
Ought he tosee a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do等助动词协助。
21.14 比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词： need （需要, 要求）
need +n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。
Need you goyet?
Yes, I must./ No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：
need doing =need to be done
7. 动词不定式
7.1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake