偶看新闻小受叫凤舞朱明:[神马语法]高中版:高考英语语法突破-构词法(3)
来源：百度文库 编辑：偶看新闻 时间：2024/04/28 14:52:13
（一）[基础讲解]
常见前后缀：
1?前缀
词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。在大多数情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，而后缀更多改变的是原词根的词性。
具有否定意义（表示对词根反向的概念，另外包括外向概念、下概念、过度或不足概念等）的前缀有：
ab - abuse滥用 abnormal 不正常的
anti- antiwar反战的 antitank反坦克的 antibody
contra- contra-missile反导弹的 contradict矛盾的
counter- counterrevolution反革命 counterattack反击
de- demobilize复员 deforest砍伐森林 devalue 贬值
dis- dislike厌恶 dishonest不诚实的 disability无能
in- incorrect inactive inconvenient indirect
il- illegal
im- impossible improper impolite
mal- maltreat虐待 malnutrition营养不良 malfunction功能失调
mis- mistake错误 mistrust不信任 mistrust
non- nonsmoker不抽烟的人 nonsense nonstop
out- outnumber在数量上超过
over- overuse使用过度 overlook俯视；忽视 overthrow推翻
re- replace reuse retell
sub- subway地铁 subhead副标题
super- superpower超级大国 supersensitive过度敏感
un- unreal虚假的 unconditional无条件的 unjust不公正的
vice- vice-president副总统 vice- chairman副主席
具有时间意义的前缀有：
pre - preread preview prehistory史前
post- postwar postreading
具有地点、方向意义（包括上下、前后、来回、内外）的前缀有：
ab- (away from) abnormal abuse
ex- export出口 exclude排除 ex-soldier退伍军人
extra- extracurricular课外的 extraordinary格外的
fore- forehead前额 foreground前景
im- import进口 immigrate
inter- interfere干涉 internet互联网 interactive互动
over- overtake oversleep
sub- subway地铁 submarine海面以下的
super- superstructure上层建筑
trans- transatlantic横越大西洋的transport运输
under- underground地下的 underwear内衣
ultra- ultraviolet紫外线
具有数量意义的有：
mono- monoxide一氧化物 monotone单调
pan- Pan- American泛美的
bi- bilingual双语的 bicycle bimonthly
di- dialogue dioxide
hemi- hemisphere
semi- semicircle半圆
tri- triangle三角形
penta- pentagon五角形
kilo- kilogram kilowatt
milli- milligram millimetre
micro- Microsoft microscope microwave
mini- minibus miniskirt
multi- multiparty多党的
co- cooperation coworker coauthor coexist
2?后缀
最常见的形容词后缀有：
-(a)ble : readable drinkable applicable valuable
- al personal national practical global
-(i)cal : typical biological
-an American European
-ian : Egyptian Canadian (名词和形容词同形)
- ar similar solar
-en: wooden golden
-ern : eastern western
-ese : Chinese Japanese（名词和形容词同形）
-ful : useful skillful eventful successful
-ic : atomic historic
-istic : artistic realistic
-tic : dramatic romantic
-ish : childish reddish English
–i(ti)ve : sensitive primitive protective productive
- less : homeless useless
- like : childlike manlike
-ly: friendlycostly daily
-ent : insistent different
-(i)ous : righteous正直的 anxious焦急的 curious好奇的 dangerous
-proof: fireproof bombproof
-some: troublesome lonesome
-ward : downward seaward awkard
- y : rainy rosy sleepy angry
最常见的名词后缀有：
表示具体的人的后缀：
-er: prisoner gardener lawyer stranger
-or: visitor actor operator inventor
-ar: scholar liar beggar
-eer: engineer mountaineer
-ent: resident
-ess: princess hostess goddess waitress actress
-ian: musician physician
-ist: scientist novelist specialist activist
-ant: assistant servant accountant
-ee: employee trainee examinee
-zen: citizen netizen
表示抽象的动作情况的后缀：
-acity : capacity
-al: survival refusal arrival trial approval
-ence ( - ance , -ency , -ancy ): influence acceptance difference
-ment: movement equipment arrangement treatment
-hood: boyhood neighborhood
-ics: linguistics athletics
-ness: darkness happiness illness
-tion: celebration attraction contribution addition
-ation: invitation application preparation pronunciation
-sion: permission possession discussion conclusion
decision
-y: injury discovery difficulty delivery
-(i)ty: variety reality ability safety
nationality activity equality
-ery: bakery nursery bravery
-ful: bagful basketful handful
-dom: freedom kingdom wisdom
-(t)ure: mixture failure pressure pleasure
-age: percentage marriage storage shortage
-ship: leadership scholarship hardship friendship
-ance: appearance entrance guidance performance
-th: truth length strength youth
warmth depth width death
最常见的动词后缀有：
-ate：differentiate
-en： sharpen darken strengthen fasten
broaden threaten brighten weaken
en-: enlarge enable encourage enjoy
-fy： simplify beautify classify
-ise(-ize)：criticize fertilize modernize realize
（二）[基础过关]
1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness
答案：C
解析：空格处为表语，应填入形容词。根据句意，此人很马虎，careless符合句意。
2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A. die B. dead C. died D. death
答案：D
解析：代词his后需要接名词。Death为名词。
3. The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A. sadly B. sadness C. sadlly D. sad
答案：D
解析：look在本句中为系动词，后面需要加形同词。Sad为形容词。
4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.
A. chemistry B. chemical
C. chemist D. physician
答案：C
解析：前一句表明他善于化学，-ist表示…家，chemist表示化学家。
5. Do you know the ________ (deep) of the river?
答案：depth
解析：在动词know后作宾语或者说在冠词the后，用名词，故填depth。
6. The teacher was angry at my ________ (come) late.
答案：coming
解析：在形容词性物主代词后或者说在介词后作宾语用名词或动名词，因come没有相 应的名词，故填coming。
7. The boy ran ________ (quick) to school.
答案：quickly
解析：修饰动词ran作状语，用副词，故填quickly。
8. The ________ (strength) we become, the more modest we should be.
答案：stronger
解析：在系动词become后作表语，用形容词，由句式结构可知，用比较级，故填stronger。
9.The little girl is ________ (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam。
答案：extremely
解析：在形容词前作状语，用副词，故填extremely。
（三）[能力提高]
1.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off.
A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged
答案：B
解析：复合形容词，-ed为形容词尾，按规则g双写，故选B。
2. You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A. headquarters B. headline
C. headmaster D. headache
答案：A
解析：headquarters表指挥部。符合句意。
3.Letting that animal escape was no accident；You did it ________.
A. intend B. intention
C. intentionally D. intentional
答案：C
解析：空白处为状语，需填进一个副词，-ly为副词词尾，故选C。
4. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________ smile.
A. practice B. practise
C. practical D. practiced
答案：D
解析：空白处为定语修饰smile,应填入形容词，而practiced有“练习过的”的字面含义， 故选D。
5. The teacher was angry at my ________ (come) late.
答案：coming
解析：在形容词性物主代词后或者说在介词后作宾语用名词或动名词，因come没有相 应的名词，故填coming。
6. The boy ran ________ (quick) to school.
答案：quickly
解析：修饰动词ran作状语，用副词，故填quickly。
7. The little girl is ________ (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam。
答案：extremely
解析：在形容词前作状语，用副词，故填extremely。
8. What’s the ________ (width) river in the world?
答案：widest
解析：在名词river前作定语，要用形容词，由in the world可知，要用最高级，故填 widest。
9.It is generally thought that traveling abroad can ________ (rich) one’s knowledge.
答案：enrich
解析：因情态动词后要接动词原形，故填enrich。
10 .Do you know the ________ (deep) of the river?
答案：depth
解析：在动词know后作宾语或者说在冠词the后，用名词，故填depth。
常见前后缀：
1?前缀
词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。在大多数情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，而后缀更多改变的是原词根的词性。
具有否定意义（表示对词根反向的概念，另外包括外向概念、下概念、过度或不足概念等）的前缀有：
ab - abuse滥用 abnormal 不正常的
anti- antiwar反战的 antitank反坦克的 antibody
contra- contra-missile反导弹的 contradict矛盾的
counter- counterrevolution反革命 counterattack反击
de- demobilize复员 deforest砍伐森林 devalue 贬值
dis- dislike厌恶 dishonest不诚实的 disability无能
in- incorrect inactive inconvenient indirect
il- illegal
im- impossible improper impolite
mal- maltreat虐待 malnutrition营养不良 malfunction功能失调
mis- mistake错误 mistrust不信任 mistrust
non- nonsmoker不抽烟的人 nonsense nonstop
out- outnumber在数量上超过
over- overuse使用过度 overlook俯视；忽视 overthrow推翻
re- replace reuse retell
sub- subway地铁 subhead副标题
super- superpower超级大国 supersensitive过度敏感
un- unreal虚假的 unconditional无条件的 unjust不公正的
vice- vice-president副总统 vice- chairman副主席
具有时间意义的前缀有：
pre - preread preview prehistory史前
post- postwar postreading
具有地点、方向意义（包括上下、前后、来回、内外）的前缀有：
ab- (away from) abnormal abuse
ex- export出口 exclude排除 ex-soldier退伍军人
extra- extracurricular课外的 extraordinary格外的
fore- forehead前额 foreground前景
im- import进口 immigrate
inter- interfere干涉 internet互联网 interactive互动
over- overtake oversleep
sub- subway地铁 submarine海面以下的
super- superstructure上层建筑
trans- transatlantic横越大西洋的transport运输
under- underground地下的 underwear内衣
ultra- ultraviolet紫外线
具有数量意义的有：
mono- monoxide一氧化物 monotone单调
pan- Pan- American泛美的
bi- bilingual双语的 bicycle bimonthly
di- dialogue dioxide
hemi- hemisphere
semi- semicircle半圆
tri- triangle三角形
penta- pentagon五角形
kilo- kilogram kilowatt
milli- milligram millimetre
micro- Microsoft microscope microwave
mini- minibus miniskirt
multi- multiparty多党的
co- cooperation coworker coauthor coexist
2?后缀
最常见的形容词后缀有：
-(a)ble : readable drinkable applicable valuable
- al personal national practical global
-(i)cal : typical biological
-an American European
-ian : Egyptian Canadian (名词和形容词同形)
- ar similar solar
-en: wooden golden
-ern : eastern western
-ese : Chinese Japanese（名词和形容词同形）
-ful : useful skillful eventful successful
-ic : atomic historic
-istic : artistic realistic
-tic : dramatic romantic
-ish : childish reddish English
–i(ti)ve : sensitive primitive protective productive
- less : homeless useless
- like : childlike manlike
-ly: friendlycostly daily
-ent : insistent different
-(i)ous : righteous正直的 anxious焦急的 curious好奇的 dangerous
-proof: fireproof bombproof
-some: troublesome lonesome
-ward : downward seaward awkard
- y : rainy rosy sleepy angry
最常见的名词后缀有：
表示具体的人的后缀：
-er: prisoner gardener lawyer stranger
-or: visitor actor operator inventor
-ar: scholar liar beggar
-eer: engineer mountaineer
-ent: resident
-ess: princess hostess goddess waitress actress
-ian: musician physician
-ist: scientist novelist specialist activist
-ant: assistant servant accountant
-ee: employee trainee examinee
-zen: citizen netizen
表示抽象的动作情况的后缀：
-acity : capacity
-al: survival refusal arrival trial approval
-ence ( - ance , -ency , -ancy ): influence acceptance difference
-ment: movement equipment arrangement treatment
-hood: boyhood neighborhood
-ics: linguistics athletics
-ness: darkness happiness illness
-tion: celebration attraction contribution addition
-ation: invitation application preparation pronunciation
-sion: permission possession discussion conclusion
decision
-y: injury discovery difficulty delivery
-(i)ty: variety reality ability safety
nationality activity equality
-ery: bakery nursery bravery
-ful: bagful basketful handful
-dom: freedom kingdom wisdom
-(t)ure: mixture failure pressure pleasure
-age: percentage marriage storage shortage
-ship: leadership scholarship hardship friendship
-ance: appearance entrance guidance performance
-th: truth length strength youth
warmth depth width death
最常见的动词后缀有：
-ate：differentiate
-en： sharpen darken strengthen fasten
broaden threaten brighten weaken
en-: enlarge enable encourage enjoy
-fy： simplify beautify classify
-ise(-ize)：criticize fertilize modernize realize
（二）[基础过关]
1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness
答案：C
解析：空格处为表语，应填入形容词。根据句意，此人很马虎，careless符合句意。
2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A. die B. dead C. died D. death
答案：D
解析：代词his后需要接名词。Death为名词。
3. The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A. sadly B. sadness C. sadlly D. sad
答案：D
解析：look在本句中为系动词，后面需要加形同词。Sad为形容词。
4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.
A. chemistry B. chemical
C. chemist D. physician
答案：C
解析：前一句表明他善于化学，-ist表示…家，chemist表示化学家。
5. Do you know the ________ (deep) of the river?
答案：depth
解析：在动词know后作宾语或者说在冠词the后，用名词，故填depth。
6. The teacher was angry at my ________ (come) late.
答案：coming
解析：在形容词性物主代词后或者说在介词后作宾语用名词或动名词，因come没有相 应的名词，故填coming。
7. The boy ran ________ (quick) to school.
答案：quickly
解析：修饰动词ran作状语，用副词，故填quickly。
8. The ________ (strength) we become, the more modest we should be.
答案：stronger
解析：在系动词become后作表语，用形容词，由句式结构可知，用比较级，故填stronger。
9.The little girl is ________ (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam。
答案：extremely
解析：在形容词前作状语，用副词，故填extremely。
（三）[能力提高]
1.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off.
A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged
答案：B
解析：复合形容词，-ed为形容词尾，按规则g双写，故选B。
2. You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A. headquarters B. headline
C. headmaster D. headache
答案：A
解析：headquarters表指挥部。符合句意。
3.Letting that animal escape was no accident；You did it ________.
A. intend B. intention
C. intentionally D. intentional
答案：C
解析：空白处为状语，需填进一个副词，-ly为副词词尾，故选C。
4. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________ smile.
A. practice B. practise
C. practical D. practiced
答案：D
解析：空白处为定语修饰smile,应填入形容词，而practiced有“练习过的”的字面含义， 故选D。
5. The teacher was angry at my ________ (come) late.
答案：coming
解析：在形容词性物主代词后或者说在介词后作宾语用名词或动名词，因come没有相 应的名词，故填coming。
6. The boy ran ________ (quick) to school.
答案：quickly
解析：修饰动词ran作状语，用副词，故填quickly。
7. The little girl is ________ (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam。
答案：extremely
解析：在形容词前作状语，用副词，故填extremely。
8. What’s the ________ (width) river in the world?
答案：widest
解析：在名词river前作定语，要用形容词，由in the world可知，要用最高级，故填 widest。
9.It is generally thought that traveling abroad can ________ (rich) one’s knowledge.
答案：enrich
解析：因情态动词后要接动词原形，故填enrich。
10 .Do you know the ________ (deep) of the river?
答案：depth
解析：在动词know后作宾语或者说在冠词the后，用名词，故填depth。