太原上门服务靠谱吗:Oktoberfest: Then and Now　乾杯！慕尼黑啤酒节来!

本期文章
·Oktoberfest: Then and Now乾杯！慕尼黑啤酒节来棉!
·单字小铺
·Grammar Tips
·精解单字片语
·中文翻译&标准答案
Oktoberfest: Then and Now乾杯！慕尼黑啤酒节来棉!
by Rebecca A. Fratzke
An inside look at one of the largest festivals in the world
一窥世上最大节日之一的真貌

When someone mentions Oktoberfest, Germany's most famous festival, most people think of one thing—lots and lots of beer. However, this festival has a long and rich history that is rooted in Bavarian tradition. Beer is an element of today's Oktoberfest, but for the citizens of Munich, where the festival started, it will always be first and foremost a festival of culture.
The very first Oktoberfest was held in 1810 to celebrate the marriage between Bavarian Crown Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese von Sachen-Hildburghausen. The events of that day were quite different from those of the modern Oktoberfest because the celebration was honored with a horse race. Years later, though, the horse racing tradition was no longer the focus of the festival and new ones began. This is when the traditions of today's Oktoberfest began to take shape. In 1818, Oktoberfest was changed into a carnival-like celebration with rides, booths, games, and beer stands. Other changes that took place around this time affected the length and regularity of the festival. Munich officials decided that Oktoberfest would become an annual event without exception and that it would be extended to a 16-day event.
Although it was declared that Oktoberfest would happen every year without fail, it has been interrupted by hardships that shook Germany and its citizens. These include war, cholera epidemics, and financial troubles, leading to a total of 24 Oktoberfests having been canceled since its beginning. During World War I, Oktoberfest was not held at all and was later downsized to a simple autumn festival. Oktoberfest was again canceled during World War II.

Oktoberfest n.（德国）慕尼黑啤酒节；10 月节
festival n. 节日
focus n. 焦点
carnival n. 嘉年华会，狂欢节
ride n.（游乐园的）乘坐装置，游乐设施（如旋转木马、云霄飞车等）
booth n.（有蓬的）摊位；电话亭
stand n. 摊位
regularity n. 规律性
annual a. 每年的；一年一次的
hardship n. 困难，艰苦
cholera n. 霍乱
downsize vt. 缩小规模员

the very + N正是……，就是……
= just the + N注意:
a. very 作形容词时是一种强调用法，表『正是、就是、只要是』，之前一定要有定冠词 the, this, that 或代名词所有格 his, your, my 等。翻译时 very 可视情况不必译出。
例: The very sight of a spider makes Annie scream with fear.
= Just the sight of a spider makes Annie scream with fear.
（一看见蜘蛛就会让安妮害怕地大叫。）
b. 在严谨的文法中，『the very + N』之後若有形容词子句加以修饰时，关系代名词一定要用 that，但在现代美语中，也可用 who、whom、which，而不限於 that。
例: The very first place that/which I visited outside of my own country was Bali.
（我出国玩去的第 1 个地方就是　里岛。）

be rooted in...根植於　源自於……
例: The city's traffic problems are rooted in poor planning and overpopulation.
（该市的交通问题源自於规划不当和人口过多。）
element n. 要素，元素
例: The elements of success include honesty and hard work.
（成功的要素包括诚实及努力。）
first and foremost最重要地，首要地
foremost a. 最重要的；最先的
例: There are many steps in baking a pie. First and foremost, you need a good crust.
（烤派时有许多步骤。首先，要有好的面皮。）
honor vt. 致敬
例: The mayor honored the fire fighters that died in the line of duty.
（市长向因公殉职的消防队员致敬。）
no longer...不再……
= not...any longer
= not...anymore
例: May no longer smokes because she is pregnant.
（小梅不再抽菸，因为她怀孕了。）
take shape逐渐成形
例: I'm glad that our plan is finally taking shape.
（我很高兴我们的计划终於逐渐成形。）
be changed into...被转变为……
= be turned into...
例: Vast stretches of farmland have been changed into residential areas over the past five years.
（在过去 5 年中，大片的农田已变更为住宅区。）
take place发生（= occur = happen）；举行（= be held）
例: A terrible car accident took place early this morning.
= A terrible car accident occurred/happened early this morning.
（今天清晨发生了一起严重车祸。）
例: The meeting took place at 9:00 AM.
= The meeting was held at 9:00 AM.
（会议在早上 9 点钟举行。）
without exception没有例外
with the exception of...除了……之外
例: Lori goes to yoga class three times each week without exception.
（萝莉每个星期去上 3 次瑜珈课，毫无例外。）
例: With the exception of his bad temper, John is quite a nice person.
（约翰除了脾气坏之外，为人倒是挺不错的。）
extend vt. 延长；延伸
例: We extended our stay in Hawaii to two months instead of just one.
（我们把在夏威夷停留的时间从 1 个月延长为 2 个月。）
declare vt. 宣布；宣称
declare + that 子句宣布　宣称……
declare A (to be) B宣布 A 为 B
例: The woman declared that she was able to communicate with dead people.
（那个女人宣称她能和死者沟通。）
例: The mayor declared the city a disaster zone after the earthquake.
（地震过後，市长宣布该市为灾区。）
without fail必定，一定
例: Without fail, Dora arrives five minutes late for work every day.
（朵拉每天上班一定会迟到 5 分钟。）
interrupt vt. 打断，中断（谈话等）
例: It was annoying when Shirley kept interrupting our discussion.
= It was annoying when Shirley kept cutting in on our discussion.
（雪莉一直打断我们的讨论真的很烦。）
epidemic n. 传染病，流行病
例: A worldwide influenza epidemic killed about 20 million people during WWI.
（第一次世界大战期间，全球流行感冒的疫情造成大约 2 千万人死亡。）
a total of + 数字总共……（数目）
in total总共
例: The company lost a total of US$5 million during the recession.
= The company lost US$5 million in total during the recession.
（那家公司在不景气时总共亏损了 5 百万美金。）

乾杯！慕尼黑啤酒节来棉!
一窥世上最大节日之一的真貌
提到慕尼黑啤酒节（又称『10 月节』）这个德国最有名的节日，大部分人都会想到有很多很多的啤酒。但是，这个节日其实源自於历史悠久且丰富的巴伐利亚区传统。虽然现今的啤酒节都少不了啤酒，但对起源地慕尼黑当地的市民来说，啤酒节主要是文化的节庆。
第 1 个啤酒节於 1810 年举行，是为了庆祝巴伐利亚王储路德维希王子和王妃黛蕾瑟·撒克森西德堡豪森的婚礼。当天的节目和现代啤酒节大不相同，因为当时的庆典还安排 1 场赛马大会作为庆祝。不过数年後，赛马的传统不再是节日重心，转而开启了新的传统。今日的啤酒节传统就是从这个时候开始成形。1818 年，啤酒节被改成类似嘉年华的节日，有游乐设施、货摊、游戏和啤酒摊。这个时期发生的其他改变影响了节日的长短和举办频率。慕尼黑官员决定，啤酒节成为每年固定举行的活动，并延长为 16 天。
虽然宣布啤酒节一定会举办，但该节日仍被动摇德国和其人民的困境所中断。战争、霍乱流行以及财政困顿等困境，导致啤酒节开办至今总共停办 24 次。第一次世界大战时，啤酒节全面停办，其後规模缩小成 1 个简单的秋季节庆。第二次世界大战期间啤酒节又再度中断。