段王爷艾栗栗完整:【中考英语】初中英语总复习之语法篇--动词的被动语态

初中英语总复习之语法篇--动词的被动语态
初中英语被动语态考点聚焦
［焦点一］什么是被动语态？它是怎样构成的？
被动语态表明一个被动性动作，它由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。请看下表：
时 态
主语为单数被动语态构成
主语为复数被动语态构成
一般现在时
is/ am doneare done
一般过去时
was donewere done
一般将来时
will be done/ is （am） going to be donewill be done/ are going to be done
情态动词
may/ can/ must/ should be donemay/ can/ must/ should be done
被动语态否定式为be not done，情态动词被动语态否定式为情态动词＋not be done.
［焦点二］在什么情况下要使用被动语态？
在下列情况下要使用被动语态：
1. 行为主体不明确，不必说出或者无法说出动作的执行者时。如：
Football is played all over the world.
2. 不易找到或根本就不可能找到动作的执行者时。如：
My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被盗了。
3. 汉语中含有“据说、据悉、有人说、大家说”等时。如：
It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and dropped some money down a chimney.
据说，有一天他爬到一所房子的顶上，往烟囱下面扔了一些钱。
4. 汉语中含有“被、由”等词时。如：
Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao.
魏华是被林涛叫来的。
5. 汉语中没有“被、由”等词，而在原句中试加这类词且句意通顺时。如：
These songs are usually sung by boys.
这些歌曲通常是男生唱的。（在“是”后面可以加上“由”）
6. 某些句子习惯上用被动语态。如：
He was born in October， 1989.
7. 表示礼貌时。如：
You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8：00 p.m. tomorrow.
敬请您明天晚上8：00光临我们的英语晚会。
［焦点三］那么在什么情况下不能使用被动语态呢？
在以下10种情况下均不能使用被动语态：
1. 不及物动词不能用于被动语态。如：
正：The story happened in London.
误：The story was happened in London.
2. 表示状态的动词，如have，cost，fit，last，own，hold，become等往往不能用于被动语态。如：
正：The shirt fits him very well.
误：He is fitted very well by the shirt.
3. 某些“不及物动词＋介词”构成的短语动词，如listen to，walk into，fall off等，往往不使用被动语态。如：
正：He walked into the room.
误：The room was walked into by him.
4. 祈使句一般没有被动语态。如：
正：Look at the blackboard， please.
误：The blackboard is looked at by you.
5. 宾语和主语所指的对象相同时不能用于被动语态。如：
正：We must help each other.
误：Each other must be helped by us.
6. 某些及物动词的宾语表示处所、地点、组织时不能用于被动语态。如：
正：He joined the League in 1998.
误：The League was joined by him in 1998.
7. 动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语时不能用于被动语态。如：
正：They like to watch TV.
误：To watch TV is liked by them.
正：He enjoys listening to the radio.
误：Listening to the radio is enjoyed by him.
8. 主动句中有表示数量、长度、大小或程度的单词或短语作宾语时往往不使用被动语态。如：
正：She pays three yuan for the tomatoes.
误：Three yuan is paid for these tomatoes by her.
9. 由“动词＋名词”构成的英语习语（如make faces，make friends，take place等）一般不可改为被动语态。如：
正：The boy make faces in class.
误：Faces are made by the boy in class.
10. 反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被动语态。如：
正：You must look after yourself.
误：Yourself must be looked after.
［焦点四］初中英语被动语态八注意
1．我们知道，主动语态变为被动语态时，通常将主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语；主动语态的主语变为由介词by引导的宾语；谓语动词变为被动语态“be +过去分词”形式，例如：
Everyone likes the interesting film. (主动语态) → The interesting film is liked by everyone. (被动语态)
They used knives to cut things. (主动语态) → Knives are used to cut things. (被动语态)
但是，并非所有由“be +过去分词”构成的形式就是被动语态。有时过去分词已经变为形容词，表示一种状态。试比较：
My brother is very interested in English. 我哥哥对英语非常感兴趣。（状态）
My brother was interested by what I told him. 我告诉他的话让我哥哥非常感兴趣。（动态）
2．在被动语态中谓语动词一定是及物动词，也就是说必须跟宾语的动词。如：
We can make metals into different shapes. (主动语态) → Metals can be made into different shapes. (被动语态)
在主动语态中make是及物动词，其动作的承受者即宾语是metals。
但是，并非所有的及物动词都有被动语态。比如，表示静态的动词（have、belong to）、宾语是反身代词或相互代词等。例如：
He has a nice house. 他有一所漂亮的房子。
We must help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。
3．主动语态中的主语在变为被动语态时通常变为由介词by的引出的宾语。如：
They have already cut down the trees. → The trees have already been cut down by them. 那些树木已经被他们砍光。
如果谓语动词是know，在变为被动语态时，原来的主语变为由to引出的宾语。如：
May people know him very well. → He is well known to many people. 很多人都非常了解他。
注意：我们之所以用被动语态是因为我们不清楚动作的执行者、或没有必要指出动词的执行者等。因此很多被动语态没有由by引出的宾语。如：
People may lose their lives and homes or they may be injured badly in a fire. 在大火中人们可能失去性命和家园，要不就是严重烧伤。
It is used for protecting the fireman from smoke. 它用来保护消防人员以避免吸进烟雾。
4．在主动语态变为被动语态时，时态一般应保持一致。如：
We will build more factories in my hometown. → More factories will be built in my hometown. 我们家乡将要建起更多的工厂。
为此，我们必须记住以下某些时态的被动结构：
do（es）→ is/am/are done           did → was/were done
have/has done → have/has been done   will do → will be done
be doing → be being done
5．某些动词可以跟双宾语如give、pass、bring、write；buy、make等，在变为被动语态时如果直接宾语变为被动语态中的主语，则间接宾语通常由介词to、for引出。例如：
My sister gave me a nice watch for my birthday. → A nice watch was given to me by my sister for my birthday. 我过生日时收到了姐姐的一块手表。
They have bought us many books. → Many books have been bought for us by them. 很多书都是由他们给我们买的。
6．某些动词make、hear、see、watch等在主动语态中，其宾语补足语要求用不带to的不定式。但在变为被动语态时通常省略的不定式符号to必须恢复。如：
He made us clean the classroom after school. → We were made to clean the classroom after school. 我们被迫在放学后打扫教室。
I saw him come into the room. → He was seen to come into the room. 人们看见他进了屋子。
7．在主动语态中如果谓语动词是含有介词或副词的短语动词，变为被动语态时不能丢掉该介词或副词。如：
They must take good care of the children. → The children must be taken good care of. 孩子们必须小心照看。
8．英语中某些动词如sell、lock、draw、start等在否定句、进行时或用在某些形容词、副词前可以表示被动意义。如：
This kind of books sells well. 这种书畅销。
The door won’t lock. 门锁锁不上。