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COLLOID-MEDIATED TRANSPORT OF HORMONES WITH LAND-APPLIED ANIMAL MANURES
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Thompson, M. L. Horton, R. Khanal, S. K. Fang, J.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
AGRONOMY
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
AMES,IA 50011
NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY: Livestock excretions contain appreciable quantities of natural estrogens, especially estrone, estradiols, and estriol. Hormones are a significant environmental concern because of their endocrine-disrupting potential. Currently, nutrient-rich animal manure is mostly recycled to agricultural land as a fertilizer. The ultimate fate of estrogen hormones in land-applied manure is governed by physical, chemical, and biological processes within the soil. Unfortunately, little information is available on the mechanisms of estrogen hormone transport and fate in soil. Objectives of the project are (1) to determine the rate, intensity, and capacity for adsorption and desorption of estrogens by colloidal components of beef manure and of three Iowa soils, (2) to quantify and to rank the impact of physical and chemical variables that regulate colloid-mediated transport of hormones in soils, and (3) to quantify and to rank colloid-mediated pathways in the dissipation of manure-associated hormones at the soil-profile scale. The research plan deals with aspects of the scientific basis for exposure predictions and risk assessment at three scales: (1) adsorption-desorption processes that determine how much of a land-applied hormone is transferred from manure to soil water or to soil solids (micro/molecular scale), (2) laboratory studies of leaching of colloid-associated hormone molecules through structured soil columns (meso/bench scale), and (3) transport of land-applied, manure-colloid-associated hormone molecules in overland runoff or leaching in field plots (macro/soil profile scale).
OBJECTIVES: Objective 1. Determine the rate, intensity, and capacity for adsorption and desorption of estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) by thoroughly characterized colloidal and fine-particulate components of beef manure and three Iowa soils. Objective 2. Quantify and rank the impact of physical and chemical variables that regulate colloid- and fine-particulate-mediated transport of hormones in columns of structured soil material. Objective 3. Quantify and rank colloid- and fine-particulate-mediated pathways in the dissipation of manure-associated hormones at the soil-profile scale.
APPROACH: In this project, we will focus on three stages in the fate of land-applied hormones: (1) adsorption-desorption processes that determine how much of the hormone is transferred from manure colloids to the aqueous phase or to the soil, (2) leaching of colloid-associated hormone molecules through aggregated, structured soils, and (3) overland transport of colloid- and fine-particulate-associated hormone molecules with runoff. To accomplish Objective 1, we will conduct a series of characterization and sorption experiments using cattle manure obtained from the Iowa State University Beef Nutrition Farm near Ames, Iowa, and three common soils in central Iowa. We will collect samples of both manure and soils, remove the colloids and fine-particulates that are dispersed by gentle overnight shaking in distilled water, and then obtain functional fractions of the manure that are separated by size, hydrophobicity, and acid/base character. Each of the fractions will be characterized with respect to elemental composition and, where appropriate, mineralogy. Separate water-dispersed samples will be used to determine the estrogen content (E2 and E1) of the manure-derived colloidal fraction of the cattle manure, after extraction with diethyl ether. We will conduct a series of sorption experiments to determine the extent and rate at which E2 and E1 are sorbed by the manure and soil colloidal fractions. Finally, a series of sorption experiments will be conducted in which the affinity of E2 for the manure-derived colloids and the soil-derived colloids will be compared in a competitive manner. In these experiments, manure colloidal fractions shown in earlier experiments to have the greatest affinity for E2 will be compared with colloidal fractions from each of the three soils (fractions that are expected to differ in the abundance of aromatic and aliphatic groups). To accomplish Objective 2, we will conduct saturated-flow column experiments with columns packed with aggregated soil materials from each of the three soils. Instead of passing water-soluble E2 through the columns, we will prepare suspensions of water-dispersible manure colloids to which radiolabeled E2 has been added in known amounts. In order to simulate run-on conditions (where suspended mobile colloids are concentrated at the base of a slope or in rills along a slope), the concentrations of manure-derived water-dispersible colloids will be concentrated about 50 times compared to the expected concentrations that might occur after uniform spreading of cattle manure on the soil. To accomplish Objective 3, we will conduct simulated precipitation events at field plots of each of the three soils chosen for study in Objectives 1 and 2. We will control the rate of precipitation over plots where cattle manure has been applied, and we will collect both runoff from the plots and leachate in buried zero-tension lysimeters, which are effective at sampling mobile soil water. We will then use the Root Zone Water Quality Model (or a comparable model) to predict estrogen transport and to compare the predicted to measured values.
CRIS NUMBER: 0211480 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJECT NUMBER: IOW05138 SPONSOR AGENCY: NIFA
PROJECT TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT PROJECT STATUS: TERMINATED MULTI-STATE PROJECT NUMBER: (N/A)
START DATE: Aug 15, 2007 TERMINATION DATE: Aug 14, 2011
GRANT PROGRAM: SOILS & SOIL BIOLOGY
GRANT PROGRAM AREA: Natural Resources
CLASSIFICATIONKnowledge Area (KA)Subject (S)Science (F)Objective (G)Percent
102011020006.240%
102011020106.240%
133333020006.120%
CLASSIFICATION HEADINGS
KA102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships
KA133 - Pollution Prevention and Mitigation
S3330 - Other beef cattle products
S0110 - Soil
F2010 - Physics
F2000 - Chemistry
G6.2 - Enhance Soil Quality for Productive Working Lands
G6.1 - Ensure Clean Water and Air
RESEARCH EFFORT CATEGORIES
BASIC100%
APPLIED(N/A)%
DEVELOPMENTAL(N/A)%
KEYWORDS: hormones; estradiol; estrone; e2; e1; colloid transport; manure colloids; soil colloids; land applied manure
PROGRESS: Aug 15, 2009 TO Aug 14, 2010
OUTPUTS: This project deals with the fate of hormones in soils where they are added by land application of cattle manure. Our long-term goal is to improve risk assessment of hormones in the environment, especially those derived from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Here, we focus specifically on the role that organic colloids play in facilitating or retarding hormone migration in soil environments. We have chosen to study the estrogens estradiol and its primary metabolite estrone because: (1) they are produced by a number of domestic animals and accumulate in manure, (2) they have been shown to affect the endocrine systems of aquatic species like fish at low concentrations, and (3) they can serve as prototypes for predictions about the fate of other endocrine-disrupting chemicals commonly found in the environment. In this third year of the research project, we conducted kinetic studies to determine the rate at which estradiol and estrone could be adsorbed by three soil materials and by water-dispersible colloids (WDCs) (clay plus organic matter) isolated from those soil materials. We also determined that the rate of degradation of estradiol to estrone in association with the WDCs. Finally, we fractionated swine manure into several solid-phase fractions (based on particle size and hydrophobicity) and determined the adsorption affinity of estradiol for each of those fractions. We shared this information at the 2010 annual meeting of the Soil Science Society of America. PARTICIPANTS: Michael L. Thompson and Robert Horton, Agronomy Department, Iowa State University TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project is the scientific community, which is reached primarily through refereed journal articles. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
IMPACT: 2009-08-15 TO 2010-08-14 In this period of the project, we are determining how colloidal materials in manure and soils retain the two hormones estradiol and estrone. We found that reaction kinetics for sorption of estrogens to these three soils do not appear to fit simple first- or second-order reaction models. Adsorption of estradiol and transformation of estradiol to estrone was more rapid in association with Hanlon and Clarion WDCs than with Zook. In addition, degradation plus adsorption of estrone was more rapid in association with Clarion WDCs than either Hanlon or Zook. In studies of swine manure, we found that the <71 um fraction yield was the largest portion of the solid mass of the swine manure. Carbon contents of the manure fractions ranged from 231 to 459 g/kg while N content varied from 22 to 116 g/kg. Infrared spectroscopy of the manure fractions showed that autoclaving did not alter the nature of functional groups present in the fractions. There was a linear increase of estradiol sorption to the manure fractions up to a maximum equilibrium concentration of 59 -74 ug/L. At higher concentrations, however, a nonlinear increase in adsorption was observed. In the next project period, we will explore the conditions under which the retention of these hormones by colloidal components either enhances or retards their movement in the soil and over the soil. These experiments are crucial in the development, parameterization, calibration, and validation of hormone transport models that will be used to guide both management and regulation of land-applied manure.
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: 2009-08-15 TO 2010-08-14
Prater, J., T. Chua, M. Thompson, and R. Horton. 2010. The Role of Colloids in Estrogen Transport through Soil. Abstract 252-4. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Annual Meetings Long Beach, CA. Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2010.
PROJECT CONTACT INFORMATION NAME: Good, C.
PHONE: 515-294-4544
FAX: (N/A)
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Thompson, M. L. Horton, R. Khanal, S. K. Fang, J.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
AGRONOMY
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
AMES,IA 50011
NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY: Livestock excretions contain appreciable quantities of natural estrogens, especially estrone, estradiols, and estriol. Hormones are a significant environmental concern because of their endocrine-disrupting potential. Currently, nutrient-rich animal manure is mostly recycled to agricultural land as a fertilizer. The ultimate fate of estrogen hormones in land-applied manure is governed by physical, chemical, and biological processes within the soil. Unfortunately, little information is available on the mechanisms of estrogen hormone transport and fate in soil. Objectives of the project are (1) to determine the rate, intensity, and capacity for adsorption and desorption of estrogens by colloidal components of beef manure and of three Iowa soils, (2) to quantify and to rank the impact of physical and chemical variables that regulate colloid-mediated transport of hormones in soils, and (3) to quantify and to rank colloid-mediated pathways in the dissipation of manure-associated hormones at the soil-profile scale. The research plan deals with aspects of the scientific basis for exposure predictions and risk assessment at three scales: (1) adsorption-desorption processes that determine how much of a land-applied hormone is transferred from manure to soil water or to soil solids (micro/molecular scale), (2) laboratory studies of leaching of colloid-associated hormone molecules through structured soil columns (meso/bench scale), and (3) transport of land-applied, manure-colloid-associated hormone molecules in overland runoff or leaching in field plots (macro/soil profile scale).
OBJECTIVES: Objective 1. Determine the rate, intensity, and capacity for adsorption and desorption of estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) by thoroughly characterized colloidal and fine-particulate components of beef manure and three Iowa soils. Objective 2. Quantify and rank the impact of physical and chemical variables that regulate colloid- and fine-particulate-mediated transport of hormones in columns of structured soil material. Objective 3. Quantify and rank colloid- and fine-particulate-mediated pathways in the dissipation of manure-associated hormones at the soil-profile scale.
APPROACH: In this project, we will focus on three stages in the fate of land-applied hormones: (1) adsorption-desorption processes that determine how much of the hormone is transferred from manure colloids to the aqueous phase or to the soil, (2) leaching of colloid-associated hormone molecules through aggregated, structured soils, and (3) overland transport of colloid- and fine-particulate-associated hormone molecules with runoff. To accomplish Objective 1, we will conduct a series of characterization and sorption experiments using cattle manure obtained from the Iowa State University Beef Nutrition Farm near Ames, Iowa, and three common soils in central Iowa. We will collect samples of both manure and soils, remove the colloids and fine-particulates that are dispersed by gentle overnight shaking in distilled water, and then obtain functional fractions of the manure that are separated by size, hydrophobicity, and acid/base character. Each of the fractions will be characterized with respect to elemental composition and, where appropriate, mineralogy. Separate water-dispersed samples will be used to determine the estrogen content (E2 and E1) of the manure-derived colloidal fraction of the cattle manure, after extraction with diethyl ether. We will conduct a series of sorption experiments to determine the extent and rate at which E2 and E1 are sorbed by the manure and soil colloidal fractions. Finally, a series of sorption experiments will be conducted in which the affinity of E2 for the manure-derived colloids and the soil-derived colloids will be compared in a competitive manner. In these experiments, manure colloidal fractions shown in earlier experiments to have the greatest affinity for E2 will be compared with colloidal fractions from each of the three soils (fractions that are expected to differ in the abundance of aromatic and aliphatic groups). To accomplish Objective 2, we will conduct saturated-flow column experiments with columns packed with aggregated soil materials from each of the three soils. Instead of passing water-soluble E2 through the columns, we will prepare suspensions of water-dispersible manure colloids to which radiolabeled E2 has been added in known amounts. In order to simulate run-on conditions (where suspended mobile colloids are concentrated at the base of a slope or in rills along a slope), the concentrations of manure-derived water-dispersible colloids will be concentrated about 50 times compared to the expected concentrations that might occur after uniform spreading of cattle manure on the soil. To accomplish Objective 3, we will conduct simulated precipitation events at field plots of each of the three soils chosen for study in Objectives 1 and 2. We will control the rate of precipitation over plots where cattle manure has been applied, and we will collect both runoff from the plots and leachate in buried zero-tension lysimeters, which are effective at sampling mobile soil water. We will then use the Root Zone Water Quality Model (or a comparable model) to predict estrogen transport and to compare the predicted to measured values.
CRIS NUMBER: 0211480 SUBFILE: CRIS
PROJECT NUMBER: IOW05138 SPONSOR AGENCY: NIFA
PROJECT TYPE: NRI COMPETITIVE GRANT PROJECT STATUS: TERMINATED MULTI-STATE PROJECT NUMBER: (N/A)
START DATE: Aug 15, 2007 TERMINATION DATE: Aug 14, 2011
GRANT PROGRAM: SOILS & SOIL BIOLOGY
GRANT PROGRAM AREA: Natural Resources
CLASSIFICATIONKnowledge Area (KA)Subject (S)Science (F)Objective (G)Percent
102011020006.240%
102011020106.240%
133333020006.120%
CLASSIFICATION HEADINGS
KA102 - Soil, Plant, Water, Nutrient Relationships
KA133 - Pollution Prevention and Mitigation
S3330 - Other beef cattle products
S0110 - Soil
F2010 - Physics
F2000 - Chemistry
G6.2 - Enhance Soil Quality for Productive Working Lands
G6.1 - Ensure Clean Water and Air
RESEARCH EFFORT CATEGORIES
BASIC100%
APPLIED(N/A)%
DEVELOPMENTAL(N/A)%
KEYWORDS: hormones; estradiol; estrone; e2; e1; colloid transport; manure colloids; soil colloids; land applied manure
PROGRESS: Aug 15, 2009 TO Aug 14, 2010
OUTPUTS: This project deals with the fate of hormones in soils where they are added by land application of cattle manure. Our long-term goal is to improve risk assessment of hormones in the environment, especially those derived from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Here, we focus specifically on the role that organic colloids play in facilitating or retarding hormone migration in soil environments. We have chosen to study the estrogens estradiol and its primary metabolite estrone because: (1) they are produced by a number of domestic animals and accumulate in manure, (2) they have been shown to affect the endocrine systems of aquatic species like fish at low concentrations, and (3) they can serve as prototypes for predictions about the fate of other endocrine-disrupting chemicals commonly found in the environment. In this third year of the research project, we conducted kinetic studies to determine the rate at which estradiol and estrone could be adsorbed by three soil materials and by water-dispersible colloids (WDCs) (clay plus organic matter) isolated from those soil materials. We also determined that the rate of degradation of estradiol to estrone in association with the WDCs. Finally, we fractionated swine manure into several solid-phase fractions (based on particle size and hydrophobicity) and determined the adsorption affinity of estradiol for each of those fractions. We shared this information at the 2010 annual meeting of the Soil Science Society of America. PARTICIPANTS: Michael L. Thompson and Robert Horton, Agronomy Department, Iowa State University TARGET AUDIENCES: The target audience for this project is the scientific community, which is reached primarily through refereed journal articles. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Nothing significant to report during this reporting period.
IMPACT: 2009-08-15 TO 2010-08-14 In this period of the project, we are determining how colloidal materials in manure and soils retain the two hormones estradiol and estrone. We found that reaction kinetics for sorption of estrogens to these three soils do not appear to fit simple first- or second-order reaction models. Adsorption of estradiol and transformation of estradiol to estrone was more rapid in association with Hanlon and Clarion WDCs than with Zook. In addition, degradation plus adsorption of estrone was more rapid in association with Clarion WDCs than either Hanlon or Zook. In studies of swine manure, we found that the <71 um fraction yield was the largest portion of the solid mass of the swine manure. Carbon contents of the manure fractions ranged from 231 to 459 g/kg while N content varied from 22 to 116 g/kg. Infrared spectroscopy of the manure fractions showed that autoclaving did not alter the nature of functional groups present in the fractions. There was a linear increase of estradiol sorption to the manure fractions up to a maximum equilibrium concentration of 59 -74 ug/L. At higher concentrations, however, a nonlinear increase in adsorption was observed. In the next project period, we will explore the conditions under which the retention of these hormones by colloidal components either enhances or retards their movement in the soil and over the soil. These experiments are crucial in the development, parameterization, calibration, and validation of hormone transport models that will be used to guide both management and regulation of land-applied manure.
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: 2009-08-15 TO 2010-08-14
Prater, J., T. Chua, M. Thompson, and R. Horton. 2010. The Role of Colloids in Estrogen Transport through Soil. Abstract 252-4. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Annual Meetings Long Beach, CA. Oct. 31 - Nov. 4, 2010.
PROJECT CONTACT INFORMATION NAME: Good, C.
PHONE: 515-294-4544
FAX: (N/A)