偶看新闻数控焊割:占用人法律责任条例
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占用人法律责任条例
第314章详题
本条例旨在就由于任何土地上或其他物业上的物业状况所产生的危险或由于在该处作出或遗漏作出的事所产生的危险，以致对合法在该土地上或该其他物业上的人或物品造成伤害或损害，而使占用人及其他人对该等伤害或损害负上法律责任的法律作出修订，以及为与该等事项相关的目的订定条文。
[1960年4月1日](本为1959年第36号)
第314章 第1条简称
本条例可引称为《占用人法律责任条例》。
第314章 第2条导言
侵权法下的法律责任
(1)由第3及4条所制定的规则代替普通法规则，具有效力规管处所占用人由于处所的状况所产生的危险或由于在处所作出或遗漏作出的事所产生的危险，而须对其访客负上的责任。
(2)如此制定的规则，对由于某人占用或控制处所和由于他邀请或准许(或被视为邀请或准许)他人进入或使用该处所而由法律所施加的责任的性质，加以规管，但该等规则并不改变关于何人被如此施加责任或须向何人负上责任的普通法规则；据此，就如此制定的规则而言，被视为占用人及其访客的人，与根据普通法被视为占用人及获其邀请的人或获其特许的人相同。
(3)如此制定的规则中关于处所占用人及其访客的规则，亦适用于规管以下的义务，而适用的方式及程度，与根据普通法而适用于处所占用人及获其邀请的人或获其特许的人的原则一样─
(a)占用或控制包括任何船只、车辆或飞机的任何固定构筑物或活动构筑物的人所负的义务；及
(b)占用或控制任何处所或构筑物的人对于财产受损害方面所负的义务，而财产包括并非其访客的财产。
[比照1957 c.31 s.1 U.K.]
第314章 第3条占用人的通常责任范围
(1)处所占用人对其所有访客负有同样责任，即“一般谨慎责任”，但如处所占用人有自由而又确实凭协议或其他方式扩大、限制、修改或豁除其对一位或多于一位访客的责任，则属例外，但仅以其有自由而又确实扩大、限制、修改或豁除的范围为限。
(2)一般谨慎责任即采取在有关个案中所有情况下属合理谨慎的措施的责任，以确保访客为获占用人邀请或准许该访客到处所的目的而使用该处所时是合理地安全。
(3)就现时目的而言，有关情况包括通常预期上述访客会具备的谨慎程度，以及欠缺谨慎的程度，以致(例如)在适当的个案中─
(a)占用人必须防备儿童不及成年人谨慎；及
(b)占用人可预期任何人在从事他本身职业时，在占用人让他自由行事的范围内，会意识到并提防该职业通常附带的任何特别风险。(4)在决定处所占用人是否已经对访客履行一般谨慎责任时，须顾及所有情况，以致(例如)─
(a)对访客所造成的损害如是由占用人已向其发出警告的任何危险所引致，则除非在所有情况下，该警告足以使访客合理地安全，否则不得仅以该警告而视占用人的法律责任已获免除；及
(b)对访客所造成的损害如是由占用人所雇用的独立承办商在进行的任何建造、保养或修葺工程中有过失而产生的危险所致，而占用人在委托工程予独立承办商时，已在所有情况下合理地行事，并已采取占用人合理地应采取的步骤(如有的话)，以令其本身信纳该承办商是合乎资格的以及该项工程已适当地完成，则不得仅因此产生危险而将占用人视为须对该项危险负责。(5)就访客已自愿接受的风险而言，一般谨慎责任并不向占用人施加其对访客须负的任何义务(在决定风险是否已予如此接受的问题时所采取的原则，与在其他情况下任何人须对他人负上谨慎责任的原则一样)。
(6)就本条而言，任何人行使由法律所授予的权利而为任何目的进入处所，则该人须被视为已获得占用人准许为该目的而在该处，不论事实上该人是否已获得占用人准许。
[比照1957 c.31 s.2 U.K.]
第314章 第4条合约在占用人对第三者的法律责任方面的效力
(1)凡处所占用人受合约约束而须准许合约的局外人进入或使用其处所，则处所占用人对作为其访客的该等局外人所须负的谨慎责任，不得藉该合约而限制或豁除，但该项谨慎责任(除合约条文另有相反规定外)，就占用人在合约下有责任履行的义务超出该项谨慎责任所涉及的义务的范围来说，须包括该合约下的责任，不论该等有责任履行的义务是否为保护该等局外人而承担。
(2)除非合约内另有明文订定，否则任何合约不得凭借本条而产生效力，使占用人在已采取所有合理的谨慎的措施后，仍须就并非由其本人、并非由其雇用的人及并非由受其指示与控制的人在进行的任何建造、保养或修葺工程或其他类似行动中有过失所产生的危险，而对合约的局外人负责。
(3)在本条中，“合约的局外人”(stranger to the contract) 指当其时无权以合约一方的身分享有合约利益的人，或以藉转让或其他方式成为合约一方继承人的身分享有合约利益的人，据此亦包括已不再有权享有合约利益的合约一方。
(4)凡管限任何租赁(包括在法律上并不构成租赁的法定租赁)的条款或条件使业主或租客受到约束(但并非受合约所约束)而须准许任何人进入或使用业主或租客是占用人的处所，则本条适用，犹如该项租赁是业主与租客之间的合约一样。
(5)在本条防止一般谨慎责任受到限制或豁除的范围内，本条适用于在本条例生效日期前所订立的合约与所设定的租赁，亦适用于在本条例生效日期后所订立或设定者；但就本条将占用人的责任扩展至超出一般谨慎责任的范围来说，本条只对在本条例生效日期后所承担的义务，或在本条例生效日期后藉协议(不论是明示或隐含的)而重新承担的义务，具有效力。
[比照 1957 c.1 s. U.K.]
第314章 第5条业主由于修葺的义务而负上的法律责任
(1)凡任何处所由任何人根据一项租赁而占用，而该项租赁使业主对该人负上保养或修葺该处所的义务，则业主须对所有不时合法地在该处所或有物品在该处所的人，就他在履行该义务时有过失而引致的危险，负上同样责任，犹如他是处所的占用人，而该等人或他们的物品是获他邀请或准许(但无任何合约)而在该处所一样。
(2)凡任何处所根据一项分租租赁而被占用，则第(1)款适用于因该项分租租赁而须向占用人负上保养或修葺该处所义务的处所业主(不论是直接业主或上一级业主)，而为该目的，该项分租租赁使该处所的中间业主对占用人负上任何义务，或凭借本条文而视任何义务为任何中间业主须对占用人负上者，而该中间业主的租赁使另一业主对该中间业主负上同样的义务，则该中间业主的该等义务，须视为亦由该项分租租赁使该另一业主负上。
(3)就本条而言，任何租赁所包含的处所(不论该处所是根据该项租赁或根据一项分租租赁而占用)，如被用作非该项租赁所准许的用途，而在该项租赁下的该处所的业主并无因默许或其他情况以致受阻而不能提出反对或强制执行其反对，则纯粹由于用该处所作上述用途而在该处所的任何人或物品，对该处所的该业主或任何上一级业主而言，不得当作为合法地在该处所，而不论对下一级业主而言，该人或物品是否合法地在该处所。
(4)就本条而言，除非业主在履行义务时的过失是占用人可就过失提出起诉的，否则业主不得被当作在履行其对处所占用人的任何义务时有过失；或如属上一级业主须对下一级业主负上实际义务的情况，则除非上一级业主在履行义务时的过失是下一级业主可就该过失提出起诉的，否则上一级业主不得被当作在履行其对处所占用人的任何义务时有过失。
(5)如任何人或其物品仅因通道权的行使而合法地在任何处所，则本条并不使该处所的业主对该等人或物品负上较占用人为大的责任。
(6)本条并不解除业主根据除本条以外的其他规定亦须执行的任何责任。
(7)就本条而言，凭借某项租赁而由任何成文法则施加的义务，须视为由该项租赁所施加，而“租赁”(tenancy) 包括在法律上并不构成租赁的法定租赁，并包括授予占用权的任何合约，而“业主”(landlord) 亦须据此解释。
(8)本条适用于在本条例生效日期之前及之后所设定的租赁。
[比照 1957 c. 31 s. 4 U.K.]
第314章 第6条合约内的隐含条款
合约下的法律责任
(1)凡任何人行使其与占用或控制任何处所的人所订立的合约内所授权利而进入或使用该处所，或携带或运送物品到该处所，则只要占用或控制该处所的人由于该处所的状况所产生的危险或由于在该处所作出或遗漏作出的事所产生的危险而对该等人负上的责任是有赖于合约内一项隐含条款，而该条款是由于合约授予该权利而隐含在合约内的，则该责任即为一般谨慎责任。
(2)第(1)款适用于固定构筑物及活动构筑物，一如其适用于处所。
(3)由或凭借任何车辆、船只、飞机或其他交通工具的任何租用合约或为收取报酬而以车辆、船只、飞机或其他交通工具运载人或物品的合约而施加于任何人的义务，或由或凭借任何委托保管合约而施加于任何人的义务，不受本条影响。
(4)本条不适用于在本条例生效日期前所订立的合约。
[比照1957 c.31 s.5 U.K.]
第314章 第7条对官方的适用
详列交互参照：
3，4，5
一般规定
本条例对官方具约束力，但至于官方在侵权法方面所负的法律责任，其所受的约束并不较《官方法律程序条例》(第300章)使官方在侵权法方面所负的法律责任为大，而该条例，尤其是第4条的规定，须就属法定责任的本条例第3至5条所订的责任而适用。 〈* 注─详列交互参照：第3，4，5条 *〉
(由1997年第255号法律公告修订)
[比照1957 c. 31 s. 6 U.K.]
【英文全文】
Cap314Longtitle
To amend the law as to the liability of occupiers and others for injury or damage resulting to persons or goods lawfully on any land or other property from dangers due to the state of the property or to things done or omitted to be done there, and for purposes connected therewith.
[1 April 1960]
(Originally 36 of 1959)
Cap 314 s 1 Short title
This Ordinance may be cited as the Occupiers Liability Ordinance.
Cap 314 s 2 Preliminary
LIABILITY IN TORT
(1) The rules enacted by sections 3 and 4 shall have effect, in place of the rules of the common law, to regulate the duty which an occupier of premises owes to his visitors in respect of dangers due to the state of the premises or to things done or omitted to be done on them.
(2) The rules so enacted shall regulate the nature of the duty imposed by law in consequence of a person's occupation or control of premises and of any invitation or permission he gives (or is to be treated as giving) to another to enter or use the premises, but they shall not alter the rules of the common law as to the persons on whom a duty is so imposed or to whom it is owed; and accordingly for the purpose of the rules so enacted the persons who are to be treated as an occupier and as his visitors are the same as the persons who would at common law be treated as an occupier and as his invitees or licensees.
(3) The rules so enacted in relation to an occupier of premises and his visitors shall also apply, in like manner and to the like extent as the principles applicable at common law to an occupier of premises and his invitees or licensees would apply, to regulate-
(a) the obligations of a person occupying or having control over any fixed or movable structure, including any vessel, vehicle or aircraft; and
(b) the obligations of a person occupying or having control over any premises or structure in respect of damage to property, including the property of persons who are not themselves his visitors.
[cf. 1957 c.31 s.1 U.K.]
Cap 314 s 3 Extent of occupier's ordinary duty
(1) An occupier of premises owes the same duty, the 'common duty of care', to all his visitors, except in so far as he is free to and does extend, restrict, modify or exclude his duty to any visitor or visitors by agreement or otherwise.
(2) The common duty of care is a duty to take such care as in all the circumstances of the case is reasonable to see that the visitor will be reasonably safe in using the premises for the purposes for which he is invited or permitted by the occupier to be there.
(3) The circumstances relevant for the present purpose include the degree of care, and of want of care, which would ordinarily be looked for in such a visitor, so that (for example) in proper cases-
(a) an occupier must be prepared for children to be less careful than adults; and
(b) an occupier may expect that a person, in the exercise of his calling, will appreciate and guard against any special risks ordinarily incident to it, so far as the occupier leaves him free to do so.(4) In determining whether the occupier of premises has discharged the common duty of care to a visitor, regard is to be had to all the circumstances, so that (for example)-
(a) where damage is caused to a visitor by a danger of which he had been warned by the occupier, the warning is not to be treated without more as absolving the occupier from liability, unless in all the circumstances it was enough to enable the visitor to be reasonably safe; and
(b) where damage is caused to a visitor by a danger due to the faulty execution of any work of construction, maintenance or repair by an independent contractor employed by the occupier, the occupier is not to be treated without more as answerable for the danger if in all the circumstances he had acted reasonably in entrusting the work to an independent contractor and had taken such steps (if any) as he reasonably ought in order to satisfy himself that the contractor was competent and that the work had been properly done.(5) The common duty of care does not impose on an occupier any obligation to a visitor in respect of risks willingly accepted as his by the visitor (the question whether a risk was so accepted to be decided on the same principles as in other cases in which one person owes a duty of care to another).
(6) For the purposes of this section, persons who enter premises for any purpose in the exercise of a right conferred by law are to be treated as permitted by the occupier to be there for that purpose, whether they in fact have his permission or not.
[cf. 1957 c.31 s.2 U.K.]
Cap 314 s 4 Effect of contract on occupier's liability to third party
(1) Where an occupier of premises is bound by contract to permit persons who are strangers to the contract to enter or use the premises, the duty of care which he owes to them as his visitors cannot be restricted or excluded by that contract, but (subject to any provision of the contract to the contrary) shall include the duty to perform his obligations under the contract, whether undertaken for their protection or not, in so far as those obligations go beyond the obligations otherwise involved in that duty.
(2) A contract shall not by virtue of this section have the effect, unless it expressly so provides, of making an occupier who has taken all reasonable care answerable to strangers to the contract for dangers due to the faulty execution of any work of construction, maintenance or repair or other like operation by persons other than himself, his servants and persons acting under his direction and control.
(3) In this section 'stranger to the contract' (合约的局外人) means a person not for the time being entitled to the benefit of the contract as a party to it or as the successor by assignment or otherwise of a party to it, and accordingly includes a party to the contract who has ceased to be so entitled.
(4) Where by the terms or conditions governing any tenancy (including a statutory tenancy which does not in law amount to a tenancy) either the landlord or the tenant is bound, though not by contract, to permit persons to enter or use premises of which he is the occupier, this section shall apply as if the tenancy were a contract between the landlord and the tenant.
(5) This section, in so far as it prevents the common duty of care from being restricted or excluded, applies to contracts entered into and tenancies created before the commencement of this Ordinance, as well as to those entered into or created after its commencement; but, in so far as it enlarges the duty owed by an occupier beyond the common duty of care, it shall have effect only in relation to obligations which are undertaken after that commencement or which are renewed by agreement (whether express or implied) after that commencement.
[cf. 1957 c. 31 s. 3 U.K.]
Cap 314 s 5 Landlord's liability in virtue of obligation to repair
(1) Where premises are occupied by any person under a tenancy which puts on the landlord an obligation to that person for the maintenance or repair of the premises, the landlord shall owe to all persons who or whose goods may from time to time be lawfully on the premises the same duty, in respect of dangers arising from any default by him in carrying out that obligation, as if he were an occupier of the premises and those persons or their goods were there by his invitation or permission (but without any contract).
(2) Where premises are occupied under a sub-tenancy, subsection (1) shall apply to any landlord of the premises (whether the immediate or a superior landlord) on whom an obligation to the occupier for the maintenance or repair of the premises is put by the sub-tenancy, and for that purpose any obligation to the occupier which the sub-tenancy puts on a mesne landlord of the premises, or is treated by virtue of this provision as putting on a mesne landlord, shall be treated as put by it also on any landlord on whom the mesne landlord's tenancy puts the like obligation towards the mesne landlord.
(3) For the purposes of this section, where premises comprised in a tenancy (whether occupied under that tenancy or under a sub-tenancy) are put to a use not permitted by the tenancy, and the landlord of whom they are held under the tenancy is not debarred by his acquiescence or otherwise from objecting or from enforcing his objection, then no persons or goods whose presence on the premises is due solely to that use of the premises shall be deemed to be lawfully on the premises as regards that landlord or any superior landlord of the premises, whether or not they are lawfully there as regards an inferior landlord.
(4) For the purposes of this section, a landlord shall not be deemed to have made default in carrying out any obligation to the occupier of the premises unless his default is such as to be actionable at the suit of the occupier or, in the case of a superior landlord whose actual obligation is to an inferior landlord, his default in carrying out that obligation is actionable at the suit of the inferior landlord.
(5) This section shall not put a landlord of premises under a greater duty than the occupier to persons who or whose goods are lawfully on the premises by reason only of the exercise of a right of way.
(6) Nothing in this section shall relieve a landlord of any duty which he is under apart from this section.
(7) For the purposes of this section, obligations imposed by any enactment in virtue of a tenancy shall be treated as imposed by the tenancy, and 'tenancy' (租赁) includes a statutory tenancy which does not in law amount to a tenancy, and includes also any contract conferring a right of occupation, and 'landlord' (业主) shall be construed accordingly.
(8) This section applies to tenancies created before the commencement of this Ordinance, as well as to those created after its commencement.
[cf. 1957 c. 31 s. 4 U.K.]
Cap 314 s 6 Implied term in contracts
LIABILITY IN CONTRACT
(1) Where persons enter or use, or bring or send goods to, any premises in exercise of a right conferred by contract with a person occupying or having control of the premises, the duty he owes them in respect of dangers due to the state of the premises or to things done or omitted to be done on them, in so far as the duty depends on a term to be implied in the contract by reason of its conferring that right, shall be the common duty of care.
(2) Subsection (1) shall apply to fixed and movable structures as it applies to premises.
(3) This section does not affect the obligations imposed on a person by or by virtue of any contract for the hire of, or for the carriage for reward of persons or goods in, any vehicle, vessel, aircraft or other means of transport, or by or by virtue of any contract of bailment.
(4) This section does not apply to contracts entered into before the commencement of this Ordinance.
[cf. 1957 c.31 s.5 U.K.]
Cap 314 s 7 Application to Crown
Expanded Cross Reference:
3,4,5
GENERAL
This Ordinance shall bind the Crown, but as regards the Crown's liability in tort shall not bind the Crown further than the Crown is made liable in tort by the Crown Proceedings Ordinance (Cap. 300) and that Ordinance and in particular section 4 of it shall apply in relation to duties under sections 3 to 5 of this Ordinance as statutory duties. <* Note - Exp. X-Ref.: Sections 3,4,5 *>
[cf. 1957 c.31 s.6 U.K.]