尼罗河水文水系特征:2012年职称英语卫生类新增文章详解汇总

Eat Healthy

　　"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.

　　According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.

　　Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.

　　Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.

　　It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.

　　词汇:

　　orphan /''?:f?n] / n.孤儿

　　belly /'beli/ n.肚子

　　nutrition / nju:'tri??n / n.营养

　　waistline / 'weistlain / n.腰围

　　paycheck / 'pei't?ek / n.薪金支票

　　注释:

　　1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员

　　2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!

　　3. take too many bites 吃得太多

　　4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。

　　5. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a

　　good deal. 事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。

　　练习：

　　1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children

　　A to save food.

　　B to wash the dishes.

　　C not to waste food.

　　D not to eat too much

　　2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?

　　A Because Americans associate quantity with value.

　　B Because Americans have big bellies.

　　C Because Americans are good eaters.

　　D Because Americans are greedy.

　　3. What happened in the 1970s?

　　A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.

　　B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.

　　C The United States produced more grain than needed.

　　D The American waistline started to expand.

　　4. What does the survey indicate?

　　A Many poor Americans want large portions.

　　B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.

　　C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150 ,000 per year.

　　D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.

　　5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?

　　A They work long hours.

　　B They live from paycheck to paycheck.

　　C They don't want to be healthy eaters.

　　D They want to save money for their children

　　答案与题解:

　　1. C 本题问的是:美国父母总是叫他们的孩子干什么?文章开头说到，每个美国孩子都能从父母或爷爷奶奶那里听到这样的话，"吃光你盘子里的东西"，"做清盘俱乐部的成员"。这些话表达的意思就是不要浪费粮食。因此 C 是正确的答案。

　　2. A 本题问的是:美国饭馆为什么饭菜给得多？第二段相关的话是这么说的：美国人在传统上把东西值不值是跟数量联系在一起，因此大多数的饭馆给的量大。这些饭馆乐于让顾客们抱怨饭菜给得太多而不乐于让他们抱怨饭菜给得太少。所以 A 是正确的答案。

　　3. D 本题问的是：20 世纪 70 年代发生了什么？文章第三段是这样说的：一位宾州大学营养教授，Barbara Rolls ，告诉《今日美国》20 世纪 70 年代饭馆给的饭菜的量开始增加，与此同时，美国人的腰围也开始增大。所以 D 是对的。

　　4. A 本题问的是：调查报告说明了什么？选项 B、C和 D 所说的数字不对。因此唯有 A 是正确的。A说的是：许多美国穷人希望量大。这个信息可以在第四段中找到。相关的句子是这么说的：许多吃不起精美正餐的美国人仍然要量大。

　　5. C 本题问的是:下面的哪种说法不带合美国工人的实际情况？ C 说的是：他们不想做吃得健康的人。这个说法是不对的。最后一段的第一句话是这么说的：美国工人不是不想做吃得健康的人。因此 C 正确。

Prolonging Human Life

　　Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.

　　Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.

　　When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.

　　词汇：

　　dependency / di'pend?nsi/ n.依赖性

　　contemporary / k?n'temp?r?ri / α.现代的

　　obligation / ,?bli'ɡei??n / n. 义务

　　insurance / in'?u?r?ns / n. 保险

　　welfare / 'welfε? / n.福利

　　senile / 'si:nail / αdj. 衰老的

　　grave /ɡreiv / αdj. 严肃的

　　convalescent /,k?nv?'les?nt/ αdj.康复的

　　sponsor / 'sp?ns?/ v. 发起，资助

　　institution /,insti'tju:??n / n. 机构

　　注释:

　　1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是动名词短语。由动名词短语作句子的主语时，句中动词必须用单数形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby.

　　2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前，他们会死于各种儿童疾病。

　　3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因为有更多的人寿命更长，所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。

　　4. the dependency load: 抚养人口数量。

　　5. In times of famine: 在饥荒年代

　　6. go on welfare : 靠福利救济

　　go on 有许多意思，其中的一个意思是"依靠……过活"。例:

　　Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.

　　(工作难找时，许多人靠政府救济金过日子。)

　　7. grave problems: 严重的问题

　　8. convalescent hospitals: 康复医院;疗养院

　　9. profit-making organizations: 赢利机构

　　10. dumping grounds: 垃圾场

　　练习:

　　1. The writer believes that the population explosion results from

　　A an increase in birthrates.

　　B the industrial development.

　　C a decrease in death rates.

　　D cultural advances.

　　2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures

　　A it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.

　　B infants could be left dead in times of starvation.

　　C parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children.

　　D death was considered to be freedom from hardships.

　　3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?

　　A Many of them have a very hard life.

　　B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.

　　C They rely mainly on their children for financial support.

　　D Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.

　　4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase "this need" refers to

　　A the need to prolong the lives of old people.

　　B the need to enrich the life of the retired people.

　　C the need to build profit-making nursing homes.

　　D the need to take care of a sick and weak person.

　　5. Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?

　　A Sympathetic.

　　B Unfriendly.

　　C Optimistic.

　　D Critical.

　　答案与题解 :

　　1. C 第一段最后一句说： In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事实上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升，导数了人口爆炸。因此，选项 C是正确答案。

　　2. B 第二段第四句说： In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. 在灾年，可能会容忍婴儿死亡，因为，如果他们的父母饿死了，他们也无法生存，而如果父母生存下来可重新生儿育女。因此，选项 B是正确的答案。

　　3. A 第二段倒数第二句是这么说的：In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. （在美国，许多退休人员依靠社会保障金生活，其数额之小差不多使人穷困潦倒。）可以看出，在美国许多退休人员的生活是很艰难的。这正是选项A表达的意思，因而选项A是正确的答案。

　　4. D 第三段第三句：Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. （当今，由于家庭中大多数人都出去工作或上学，家里常常没有人来照顾有病或虚弱的人。）"this need" 出现在下面这个短语中："To meet this need"（为了满足这种需要），它指句子前面的care for a sick or weak person。这正是选项D表达的意思。

　　5. D文章昀后一句说 : … most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.大多数机构只不过是倾倒垂死的人的"垃饭场"，所谓的"照顾"都是由收入低、超量工作、技术水平低下的人员提供的。作者如此措辞显然是对大多数机构的强烈批评。因此，选项 D是正确答案。

Dreams

　　Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who 1 that they never dream at all actually dream 2 as frequently as the rest of us, 3 they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly 4 of dreaming night 5 night very seldom remember those dreams in 6 detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our 7 , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．

　　One of the world's oldest 8 written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can 9 that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you 10 never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return 11 time if the sleeper were suddenly 12 .

　　From ancient times to the present 13 ,people have been 14 attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream 15 there are books．

　　词汇：

　　Frequently / 'fri:kw?ntli/ adv. 时常，屡次；频繁地，经常地

　　Significance/ significance / n. 重要性，意义

　　civilization / ,sivilai'zei??n, / n. 文明，文化

　　interpret / in't?:prit / vt. 解释，说明 口译

　　interpretation / in,t?:pri'tei??n / n. 解释，口译

　　seldom/ 'seld?m / adv. 很少，不常

　　retain/ ri'tein / vt. 保持；雇；记住

　　注释:

　　1. . . . very seldom remember those dreams in detail but merely retain an untidy mixture...

　　. . but.. 不……而是……

　　2. From ancient times to the present...从古至今……

　　练习：

　　1.A demand B promise C agree D claim

　　2.A also B just C only D quite

　　3.A though B besides C however D despite

　　4.A familiar B accustomed C aware D used

　　5.A after B on C through D over

　　6.A great B high C strong D deep

　　7.A feelings B emotions C impressions D senses

　　8.A considered B known C regarded D estimated

　　9.A see B feel C ensure D think

　　10.A would B ought C should D need

　　11.A by B in C with D for

　　12.A awoke B awoken C awake D awaken

　　13.A minute B hour C moment D day

　　14.A doing B putting C making D taking

　　15.A as B like C so D such

　　答案与题解:

　　1. D 这里是一个复合从句，缺的部分是带后边宾语从句的一个谓语成分。根据后边宾语从句的内容"never dream at all " ，可以判断此处应该是 claim ，声称。demand ，promise ，agree 都有后边的语义不符。-

　　2. B as frequently as 已经表达了"同样"的意思，所以 also 不符合这一空。quite 不能用来修饰 as. . . as 这样的词组，而根据上下午的语境，这里应该是"刚好，恰恰”所以最佳答案是Just 。

　　3. A 根据上下文的语-境，可以判断出这一空所衔接的前后两个句子有转折的关系，而且后一 句为条件，despite 与 though 都可以表示."虽然，尽管"的意思，但是 despite 是做介词是才有"虽然，尽管"的意思，此处缺的是一个连接词，所以只能用 though. .

　　4. C 这四个选项中，只有 aware 可以与 of 搭配，策示"意识到'，accustomed 通常与 to 搭配，表示习惯于，同样 used to 也表示习惯于。而 familiar 通常与 with 搭配，表示"对…熟悉"。 从语义与搭配两个层面来看，最合适的都是 aware.

　　5. A night after night" 一夜又一夜"，固定搭配。同样的结构还有 year after year ，day after day，week after week。相似的结构有 day by day ，"逐日，一天天";year by year ，"逐年，一年年.

　　6. A 此处是在 in detail 这一表达当中增加了一个形容词，来表示细致的程度。high 表示高度的变化，strong 是强度，deep 是深度，用来表示细致都不合适。所以应该用 great ，in great detail ，表示细致入微，描述得淋漓尽致。

　　7. D 从前边的 visual ，以及后边的 sound ，touch ，smell ，taste 这些可以看出，这里指的是人所有的各种感官的感觉。感官叫做 sense organ ，所以这种种的感觉通常都用 sense 来表示。

　　8. B 根据上下文，可以发现此处是在描述一个事实。因此首先排除 estimated"估计"，而这 本最古老的书是已经被认定过7的，所以 regard ，consider 都不合适，因此，最佳答案应该是 known ，目前所知的。

　　9. A 此处是通过从前文所描述的这样一个事实，可以让我们认识到这个空后边所表达的内容。因此不是 feel ，think. 也不是让我们确认，而只是发现，所以也不是 ensured ，而应该是see。

　　10. C 根据上下文的语境，可以判断出此处表达的是不能，不应叫醒睡梦中的人。首先排除 need ，另外 ought 通常跟 to 一块使用，所以也不可能。而 would 更 should 两者相比，后者的 程度更深，更符合这个语境。

　　11. B 此处应该是及时的意思，in time ，固定搭配。

　　12. B 此处考察的是被动语态，与动词 awake 的变形。这里是被叫醒，所以 A 和 C 都排除了， 表示被动态而且形式又正确的应该是 B awoken.

　　13. D 这里表达的是从古到今的意思，通常都用笼统一些的概念，minute ，moment 表示的比较具体。所以用 day 比较合适。

　　14. C 此处所表达的是人类一直在尝试，"尝试，试图"通常直接用 attempt to，或者用 make attempts to ，固定搭配。

　　15. A as. .. as 句式，这里所表达的前后一样是指书的数目，与书中对梦解释的数目的一致性。
第二篇

Going on a diet

A typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. These calories keep your heart 1_______and your lungs breathing. They keep your organs operating2_______and, your brain running. They also keep your body warm. A person 3______weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. The only way to lose fat is to 4______the number of calories that you consume per day. This is the basic 5______behind going on a diet.

6______，diets don't work for most people. They do lose weight but then 7______ the diet and put it back. Building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to 8______ a consistent weight. You need to figure out how many calories you need in a day and how many you 9______ take in. The next step is to add ，exercise so that you can 10______the number of calories you can consume per day.

Exercise charts can show you how many calories different 11______of exercise can burn. Burning 250 or 500 calories per day can 12______a big difference. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can 13______ the stairs instead of the elevator. Find an exercise 14______. Exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. It's a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet. 15______clothing acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish.

词汇：

typical / 'tipik?l /α. 典型的，有代表性的

calory / 'k?l?ri / n. 卡路里

consume / k?n'sju:m / v. 消耗，消费，耗尽 (燃料、能量、时间等)

sensible / 'sens?bl /α. 明智的，合情理的，切合实际的

consistent / k?n'sist?nt /α. 一贯的，始终如一的

reminder / ri'maind? / n. 令人回忆起……的东西，提醒……的东西

accomplish/ ?'k?mpli? / v. 完成，实现，做成功

注释:

1. ...diets don't work for most people . . . :……节食并不是对大多数人都奏效……

2. You can ride an exercise bike while you are watching TV or you can…:你可以在看电视的时候骑自行车或者你可以......

练习:

1. A ticking B beating C running D kicking

2. A properly B appropriately C approximately D effectively

3. A adds B increases C gains D puts

4. A cut off B take down C remove D reduce

5. A way B principle C method D kind

6. A Similarly B Though C Unfortunately D Although

7. A go off B go on C go after D go under

8. A getting B measuring C maintaining D reserving

9. A preferably B actually C consistently D eventually

10. A raise B go up C exceed D grow

11. A ways B factors C functions D forms

12. A have B do C make D give

13. A walk B climb C run D take

14. A partner B colleague C associate D friend

15. A Tight B Loose C Casual D Formal

答案与题解:

1. B 从句意来看，本句要说明"体内的热量可以使人的心脏跳动"，所以答案选择 beating。tick 是"发出滴答声"或"激怒"；run 是"奔跑" ；kick 是"踢"。只有 beat 符合句意。

2. A 从句意来看，本句要说明"体内的热量可以使身体的器官正常运转"。Properly 和appropriately 都有"合适的，适当的"之意，但 properly 可以表达"正常的、按照一定的规律" 的意思;approximately 是"近似地，大约，大概，近乎";effectively"有效地"。答案选择 A。

3. C 选项 A) 、B) 、C) 都有"增加"的意思，但只有 gain 和 weight 搭配使用，才构成"增加体重"的意思。文中原意要表达"一个人增加了体重"。选项 D)put 和 weight 搭配，没有增加体重的意思。

4. D 选项 A)cut off 意为"切割，剪断"等意思;选项 B) take down 为"记录、记下";选项 C) remove 为"移走、去除";选项 D)reduce 为"减少、降低"。本句意为"唯一的减肥办法就是减少每天的卡路里的消耗量"，所以答案选择 D。

5. B 本句要表达节食的基本原则是上文所述的"减少每天卡路里的消耗量"。答案 A)way和 C)method 是"方式、方法"的意思。选项 D) kind 作为名词是"类别"的意思，不符合题意。答案为 B) principle"原则"。

6. C 本句要表达的意思是" 遗憾的是，节食对于大多数人的减肥并不奏效"。选项 A)Similarly 为"相似地";选项 B) Though 为"虽然";选项 C) Unfortunately 为"遗憾地、不幸地";选项 D)Although 为连词"虽然"。只有 C 符合句意。

7. A 本句要表达的意思是"他们体重下降了，就放弃节食，结果体重又上升了"。选项 A)go off 为"离开、消失、中断";选项 B) go on 为"继续";选项 C) go after 为"追逐、追求";选项D)go under 为"沉落、失败"。只有 A 符合句意。

8. C 本句意为"建立一个切实可行的节食和锻炼计划是保持体重的关键"。选项 A) getting为"获得、得到";选项 B ) measuring 为"测量";选项 C) maintaining 为"保持、维持";选项D) reserving 为"保留、储藏"。只有C符合句意。

9. B 本句意为"你需要计算出你每天需要的和实际摄入的卡路里"。选项 A) preferably 为"更好地";选项 B) actually"实际上";C) consistently 为"一贯地";选项 D) eventually 为"终于、最后"。只有选项 B 符合句意。

10. A 本句意为"你可以增加运动以增加每天消耗的热量"。选项 A) raise 为"增加";选项 B)go up 为"上升"；选项 C)exceed 为"超过、超越"；选项 D) grow 为"生长"。只有A符合句意。

11. D 本句意为"运动图表可以向你展示不同形式的运动所要消耗的热量"。选项 A)ways 为"方式、方法";选项 B) factors 为"因素";选项 C) functions 为"功能、职责":选项 D)forms为"形式、种类"。只有 D 符合句意。

12. C 本句意为"每天消耗 200 或者 500 卡路里会是不同的"。选项 A 、B 和 D 都无法和下文的 difference 搭配构成"产生不同"。只有选项 C)make 符合句意，表示"导致不同"。

13. B 本句意为"你可以选择爬楼梯而不是乘电梯"。选项 A)walk 与 stairs 连用可以意为"走上/下楼梯";选项 B) climb 与 stairs 连用可以意为"爬楼梯";选项 C)run 与 stairs 连用可以意为"跑上/下楼梯";选项 D)take 一般不与 stairs 连用。答案为 B。

14. A 本句意为"找个一起锻炼的伙伴"。选项 A) partner 为"伙伴、同伴";选项 B ) colleague为"同事、同行";选项 C ) associate 为"合作者";选项 D) friend 为"朋友"。选项 A 符合句 意。

15. A 本句承接上文提到的 firm-fitting ，要表达"紧身衣可以像一个提醒者一样提醒你要尽力达到的目标"。选项 A)Tight 为"紧身的、紧贴的";选项 B) Loose"宽松的、不受约束的";选项 C) Casual"随便的，非正式的";选项 D)Formal 为"正式的"。选项 A 符合句意。

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