英语有多少种时态？分别是什么？ [原文地址]
汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。
1、一般现在时
主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.
She has a brother who lives in New York.
The earth goes around the sun.
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：
时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
考点四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
2、现在进行时
表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。
We are having English class.
The house is being built these days.
The little boy is always making trouble.
考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
Look out when you are crossing the street.
Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.
考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。
Marry is leaving on Friday.
3、现在完成时
表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：
考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
I have learned English for ten years.
考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days,
Has it stopped raining yet ?
考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等
考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。
This is my first time that I have visited China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
4．一般过去时
表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：
考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。
be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于
He used to smoke a lot.
He has got used to getting up early.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise
5. 过去进行时
表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
What were you doing at nine last night?
The radio was being repaired when you called me.
6. 过去完成时
表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )
There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.
By the end of last term we had finished the book.
They finished earlier than we had expected.
考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.
I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）
考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
It was 3 years since we had parted。
考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped that I could do the job.
I had intended to see you but I was too busy.
7. 一般将来时
表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。
Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.
考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：
We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）
考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
Use your head and you will find a way.
考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。
“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。
“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。
They are to be married in this May.
8、将来进行时
表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。
The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.
9、将来完成时
表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。
考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.
By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.
By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.
10. 动词的语态
一般用于强调受者， 做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。
考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组
come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed
It took place before liberation.
考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。
lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；
Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。
The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。
The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：
It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…,
这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”，“人们认为……”，
而 “以前人们认为……” 则应该说：It was believed…, It was thought…
大致９种：１．现在进行时，２．一般现在时，３．一般过去时，４．一般将来时，５．现在完成时，６．过去完成时，７．将来进行时，８．将来完成时，９．过去进行时
共有16种：
一般现在时、 一般过去时、一般将来时、 一般过去将来时、
现在进行时、 过去进行时、将来进行时、 过去将来进行时
现在完成时、 过去完成时、将来完成时、 过去将来完成时、
现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时、将来完成进行时、过去将来完成进行时
最常用的有5种，即一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，一般将来时和现在完成时，还有一些用的比较多的，如过去进行时、 过去完成时、一般过去将来时、现在完成进行时等，其他时态用的比较少，有的时态则很少用到
在英语中时态一般称为动词的时（time)和式(form两个方面。
时就是表示动作发生的或状态存在的时间，有现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种时间。
式就是表示工作或状态的表现方式，有一般、进行、完成和完成进行四种方式。 每一种时和式结合就构成一中时态。
所以说有16中时态。
英语中总共有16个时态.
1.现在式：
一般时（例：he works hard表示他工作努力）
进行时（例：he is reading表示他正在阅读）
完成时（例：he have finished it表示他已完成了）
完成进行时（例：he have been writting it for two hours表示他已经写了两个小时了）
2.过去式：
一般时（例：he worked hard表示他过去工作很努力）
进行时（例：he was reading last night表示他昨晚在阅读）
完成时（例：he had finished it since you arrived.表示在你到达之前他已完成）
完成进行时（例：he had been writting it表示他过去就已经在写了)
3.将来式：
一般时（例：he will work hard表示他将努力工作）
进行时（例：he will be reading表示他将会阅读的）
完成时（例：he will have finished it by the time of tomorrow表示明天之前他将完成）
完成进行时（例：he will have been staying there for ten years by the time of next month表示到下个月，他将呆在那儿十年了)
4.过去将来式
一般时（例：he would work hard表示他过去工作努力)
进行时(例：he would be working hard表示他过去一段时间在努力工作着)
完成时（例：he would have finished it by the last month表示他到上个月为止就将完成任务)
完成进行时（例：he would have been staying there for ten years by the time of last month表示到上个月为止，他在那里差不多呆了十年之久)
区别与联系:
现在一般时与现在完成时
1.I come from Shanghai(上海人)
I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）
2.You read very well. (强调能力)
You've read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）
3.I forget.(一时想不起来了)
I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了
现在一般时与现在进行时
1.He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）
2.What do you do? (干什么工作的)What are you doing?（在干什么）
3.Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰) The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）
现在完成时与过去一般时
1.I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里)
I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)
2.Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)
Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)
3.Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)
Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)
过去完成时与过去一般时
1.I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔)
I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)
2.I waited till I saw him.
I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)
3.We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来)
We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)
过去进行时与过去一般时
1.I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)
2.The guests arrived.(客人已到)
The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)
3.He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
将来一般时与现在进行时
1.Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)
2.She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)
She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)
3.I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)
现在一般时与过去一般式
1.Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)
2.That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些)
That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)
3. How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)
How did you like the film?(看完电影后)
现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1.Someone has phoned you.(打了电话)
Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)
2.I've read the novel.(已读完)
I've been reading the novel.(还没读完)
3.He has lived here for six weeks.
He has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)
现在一般时与过去完成时
1.I hope that he'll come.
I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)
(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)
英语之中之所以有那么多时态,是因为英语这种语言非常重视时间与时间的相对关系,比如:现在,过去,将来,相对于现在的过去与将来,相对于过去的过去与过去的将来,相对将来的过去与现在等等,所以在理解时态的时候,一定要注意主语的动作是相对于某个动作的哪一个时间或时间段来说的,相对于不同的时间段用不同的时态表示,这样才比较容易理解时态的一般情况与特殊情况.
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