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Financial Accounting – General Topics 财务会计-通览
Purpose 目的
The Financial Accounting (FI) application component fulfills all the international requirements that must be met by the financial accounting department of an organization. It provides the following features: 财务会计（FI）应用组件满足了所有那些必须被组织财会部门满足的国际化需求，它提供了一下功能
Management and representation of all accounting data 全部会计数据的管理与表示
All business transactions are recorded according to the document principle, which provides an unbroken audit trail from the financial statements to the individual documents. 所有商务交易都以文档原则记录，这提供了一种从财务说明到单独文档而不被破坏可供审计的轨迹。
Open and integrated data flow 开放和集成的数据流
Data flow between Financial Accounting and the other components of the SAP System is ensured by automatic updates.  财务会计（FI）与其他SAP系统组件之间的数据流自动更新以确保正确。
Data is available in real time within Financial Accounting. Postings made in the subledgers always generate a corresponding posting in the general ledger.  财务会计（FI）组件之内的数据实时有效。明细账上的通常汇成总账中相应
Preparation of operational information to assist strategic decision-making within the organization 准备组织中能辅助战略决策制定的运营信息
Integration 集成
Integration of Financial Accounting with other components  财务会计与其他组件的集成
All accounting-relevant transactions made in Logistics (LO) or Human Resources (HR) components are posted real-time to Financial Accounting by means of automatic account determination. This data can also be passed on to Controlling (CO). 所有物流（LO）或人力资源（HR）组件中操作的会计相关交易都通过自动的会计决定实时传入财务会计（FI）组件。这些数据同样能传输到成本控制（CO）组件。
This ensures that logistical goods movements (such as goods receipts and goods issues) are exactly reflected in the value-based updates in accounting. 这保证了物流货品的流通（比如货品接收和货品发放）是准确地反映在会计上的价值更新。
Integration within Financial Accounting 财务会计（FI）内部集成
Every posting that is made in the subledgers generates a corresponding posting to the assigned G/L accounts. This ensures that the subledgers are always reconciled with the general ledger. 明细账上每笔核算都相应产生于总账中，这保证了明细账与总账的一致。
Features 特征
The Financial Accounting application component comprises the following sub-components: 财务会计（FI）应用组件包含以下子组件：
General Ledger (FI-GL) 总账
Accounts Payable (FI-AP) 应付账款
Accounts Receivable (FI-AR) 应收账款
Bank Accounting (FI-BL) 银行会计
Asset Accounting (FI-AA) 资产会计
Funds Management (FI-FM) 资金管理
Travel Management (FI-TV) 差旅管理
Special Purpose Ledger (FI-SL) 特殊用途分类账
Organizational Units and Basic Settings 组织间单元与基础设置
Definition 定义
Elements of the SAP System logical structure, important for Financial Accounting. SAP系统逻辑架构的元素，财务会计（FI）中重要
Organizational units are used to structure business functions and for reporting. The organizational units of Financial Accounting are used for external reporting purposes, that is, they fulfil requirements that your business is subject to from external parties, for example, legal regulations. The financial statements for example, are created based on the organizational units of Financial Accounting. 组织单元被用于业务功能架构和报告。财务会计（FI）的组织单元被用于格外的报告目的，也就是说，他们满足受外部方限制的需求，如法规。举例说，财务声明是基于财务会计（FI）的组织单元建立的。
Basic settings in Financial Accounting are Customizing settings that you have to make in order to be able to carry out processes in Financial Accounting. 财务会计（FI）中的基础设置是财务会计（FI）中为执行流程所必须进行的自定义设置。
Use 使用
You create your company-specific organizational structure in the SAP System by defining the organizational units and making the basic settings. Defining organizational units for Financial Accounting is obligatory, that is, you have to define these units in order to be able to implement the Financial Accounting component.
通过定义组织单元和制定基础设置能在SAP系统中创建公司特有的组织架构。于财务会计（FI）中定义组织单元是必须的，因为，必须定义这些单元以使得能够实施财务会计（FI）组件。
Organizational unit 组织单元
Definition 定义
Client 客户
Obligatory 必须
Company 公司
Optional 可选
Company code 公司代码
Obligatory 必须
Business area 业务区域
Optional 可选
Basic setting 基础设置
Chart of accounts 会计体系
Obligatory 必须
Fiscal year 财政年度
Obligatory 必须
Currencies 货币
Obligatory 必须
Integration 集成
In the SAP System, you define the relevant organizational units for each component that you are implementing. For example, for Sales and Distribution, you define sales organizations, distribution channels, and divisions (product groups). Similarly, for Purchasing, you define purchasing organizations, evaluation levels, plants, and storage locations. The organizational units are independent of one another at this stage.
在SAP系统中，为每个实施的组件定义相关的组织单元。例如，对于销售分发（SD），定义销售组织、分发渠道和段（产品组）。类似的，对于采购，定义采购组织、定价水平、车间和存储位置。组织单元是在该阶段是相互独立的。
Components and Organizational Units 组件和组织单元
Component 组件
Organizational unit 组织单元
Sales and Distribution 销售与分销
Sales organization, ... 销售组织，……
Logistics 物流
Purchasing organization, ... 采购组织，……
Financial Accounting 财务会计
Company code, ... 公司代码，……
Controlling 成本控制
Controlling area, ... 控制区域;…
Human Resources 人力资源
Employee groups, ... 雇员组，……
To transfer data between the individual components, you have to assign the organizational units to each other. You only need to make these assignments once in the system. Whenever you enter data subsequently, it is automatically transferred.
为在各自组件间传递数据，必须给各个组件指派组织单元。指派只需在系统中操作一次。无论随后何时输入数据，都会自动传递。

For example, invoices that are posted in SD are transferred to FI. 例如，在SD中输入的发票传递到FI
Client 客户
Definition 定义
A commercially, organizationally, and technically self-contained unit within an SAP System. Clients have their own master records and set of tables.
在SAP系统中，一种商业上、组织上、技术上独立的单元。客户拥有独有的主数据和表集。
The definition of the client organizational unit is obligatory. “客户”组织单元的定义是必须的。
Use 使用
The client is the highest level in the SAP System hierarchy. Specifications that you make, or data that you enter at this level are valid for all company codes and for all other organizational structures. You therefore only need to make these specifications, or enter this data once. This ensures that the data is consistent.
客户是SAP系统中最高层次。在这一层次所做描述与所录数据对所有公司代码和所有其他组织结构都是有效的。因此，上述操作只需执行一次，这保证了数据的统一。

Users must enter a client key when they log on to the SAP System. This defines the client in which they wish to work. All the entries you make are saved per client. Data processing and analysis is also carried out per client. 用户登录SAP系统时必须输入客户码，以说明工作所在的客户。所有输入在各客户中被保存。数据处理和分析也同样在各客户中完成。
This means that you cannot include customer accounts from different clients in one dunning run.
这说明不能运行时不能包含不同客户的顾客账簿。
Access authorization is assigned per client. You must create a user master record for each user in the client where he or she wishes to work.
访问授权在各客户中被指派。无论在哪工作，都必须在客户中为每一个用户建立用户主记录
The SAP System is delivered with the clients 000 and 001 - these clients already contain default settings. For more information, see Setting Up Clients in Customizing. These sections are automatically selected when you create your implementation projects (company IMG, project IMG).
SAP系统预置了客户000和001，详情见“客户化建立客户”。这些部分会在建立执行项目（公司IMG、项目IMG）时自动选择。
Company 公司
Definition 定义
The smallest organizational unit for which individual financial statements are created according to the relevant legal requirements. A company can include one or more company codes.
根据相关法规要求创建独立财务报表的最小组织单元。一家公司能包括一个或多个公司代码。
The definition of the company organizational unit is optional. “公司”组织单元的定义是可选的。
Use 使用
A company’s financial statements also form the basis of consolidated financial statements. 一家公司的财务报表也组成了统一财务报表的基础。
All of the company codes within a company must use the same chart of accounts and fiscal year. However, each company code can have a different local currency.
一家公司内的所有公司代码必须使用同样的账簿册和财务年度。但是，每一家公司代码可以有不同的本币。
To define a company, choose the following in Customizing for the Enterprise Structure: Definition ® Financial Accounting ® Define Company 要定义公司，在“企业架构客户化”选择以下路径：定义®　财务会计 ® 定义公司
You must assign your companies to your company codes. To do so, choose Assignment ® Financial Accounting ® Assign Company Code to Company in Customizing for the Enterprise Structure.
必须为公司代码指派公司，选择：指派®　财务会计®　指派公司代码到企业架构客户化中的公司。