偶看新闻诱妻入怀,前夫请温柔:中学英语诩、句法、错误辨析5
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而 I'm afraid not 则表达一种不同意的态度。 be afraid 的几种用法有：
I'm afraid that you are right
其后直接加宾语从句。
- Will you come to my birthday party?
- I'm afraid not I have to go to see my father He is in hospital
其后＋not，表示否定。
- Sorry， I don't want to go there alone， I'm afraid of the dog
其后＋名词，表示对某人，某物的害怕。
Mary is afraid of making mistakes in the exam
其后＋ of ＋ 动名词，表示害怕做某事。
Mary is afraid to see the teacher because she didn't do well in the exam
其后＋ 不定式，表示不敢去做某事。
［误］ - How soon will you be ready?
- Two days
［正］ - How soon will you be ready?
- In two days
［析］ 此题关键是要根据情景，身临其境，要注意的是对方问了什么，就应答什么。或答了什么就应问什么。 How soon 问的是"还有多久才能作完"，这时要用 in two days， 即在两小时之内即可以作完。如用 How long 提问，则答语可以用 two days。
［误］ - Would you mind if I have some time off?
- I don't mind
- Monday and Tuesday of next week
［正］ - Would you mind if I have some time off?
- When exactly
- Monday and Tuesday of next week
［析］ 有的对话是复杂的，稍有不慎就有可能选错，而且英语中如选错了答案是不容易找出错来的。 I don't mind 是可以用来回答 Would you mind…这一提问的，但如仔细看一看则会发现我们要选用的不是陈述句而是疑问句。根据下面一句的答语来判定要用 when exactly? 什么时间，这样才能与下句中具体的时间相符合。
［误］ Suppose your name is Tom The phone rings and you pick it up The first word you say will probably be "Who are you?"
［正］ Suppose your name is Tom The phone rings and you pick it up The first word you say will probably be "Hello? This is Tom speaking?"
［析］ 在英语学习中，习惯用法实际上在某种情况，或某种意义上讲比语法更为重要。如果只从句子的角度上去分析，它们可能都是对的。比如，当你拿起电话时，如果你想知道对方是谁，可以问"Who's that(speaking)?"但不要讲"Who are you?"如果你想先介绍一下自己可以讲"This is ×××× speaking"而不要讲"I'm ××××"也不要讲"My name is ×××××．" 就语法而论，"Who are you?" "I'm ××××""My name is ×××××"并不错，也是英语中可用的句子，但就打电话这一场合，就不宜用了。
［误］ - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
- I don't hope so
［正］ - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?
- I hope not
［析］ 由于初学者对实际英语口语中表达感情意愿的答语不熟悉，如在肯定答语中 I think so I hope so I believe so 是相同的，但在否定句中却常用 I don't think so 但I don't believe so 和 I don't hope so 则意为：我不信此事和我不希望此事发生。而 I believe not 和 I hope not 则为：我想可能不会发生吧!
［误］ - Is anybody there?
- No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave
［正］ - Is everybody there?
- No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave
［析］ 许多学生在写作和选择答语或问句时总要语法在前，而不是习惯用语在先。所以总是要拘泥疑问句中的不定代词，用 anybody。 但是Is anybody there? 在英语中为：这里有人吗?而Is everybody there?为：全都到齐了吗?所以首先要考虑的是其答语。 No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave
［误］ - Your handwriting is very good!
- No， my handwriting is very poor
［正］ - Your handwriting is very good!
- Thank you
［析］ 中国人遇到别人称赞，总是以谦逊为美德。但英美人则往往认为自信是美德。所以当别人夸奖你或赞美你时，就应说： Thank you 又比如中国人见面时常讲 Where are you going? 或 Have you had your breakfast yet?而英美人则认为你过多的干预别人的私生活了。而他们见面时往往问一些无关紧要的话，如： Hello! How are you going? (你过得怎样) Morning! 等。而 good morning 和 How do you do 则被认为是较正规的问候语，在日常生活中则十分少见。
［误］ When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say： "Excuse me I'll go first"
［正］ When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say： "Excuse me I have to go"
［析］ 这两句答语都是正确的，其关键不是语法，而是习惯问题。如果在这样的场合你讲 I'll go first 朋友们会迷惑不解，而 I have to go 则表示由于外界的特殊原因而造成的你要离去，而你本人则十分不愿做此事。
［误］ - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
- I'd like to， and I'm too busy
［正］ - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
- I'd like to， but I'm too busy
［析］ I'm too busy 与 I'd like to 在意义上正好相反。所以要用转折连词。这里考查了对词义合乎逻辑的表达能力。所以要强调语言环境，更要强调在语言的基础上的词语辨析。
［误］ - Where's Deter?
- Deter will come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet
［正］ - Where's Deter?
- Deter may come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet
［析］ 由于 but 所引出的句子可以看出 Deter 的来与不来是十分不确定的，所以应用 may 来表达一个不肯定的事件。
［误］ - Hi， haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!
- Great You look well too
［正］ - Hi， haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!
- Thanks You look well too
［析］ 要注意的是 Great 在口语中多表示惊叹，而 Thanks 则表示感谢对方的称赞。所以对情景谈话要有准确的判定，要根据情景，身临其境，上下对照，周密思考，弄清场合，注意英美人的风俗习惯，注重语义上的词语辨析，并要进行大量的语言实践练习，扩大实际交际能力。
（三） 例题解析
1 - Would you like to have some rice?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A Yes， I like B Yes， please C of course D Yes， I have
［答案］ B.
［析］ 当对方对你发出邀请的问语时，如果你想接受则讲 Yes， please 如不想接受则用No， thanks
2 - Nice to see you
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A Good morning B Happy to meet you， too
C Nice to see you， too D Pleased to meet you， too
［答案］ C.
［析］ 虽然A、B、D三个选项都可以作为某种问候语的答语，但英语中问候语的答语多用重复对方的话，以表达同样的心情。
3 - Would you please give me some water?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A Yes， I would B Certainly C No， thanks D Yes， please
［答案］ B.
［析］ 当对方发出十分礼貌的请求帮助的问语时，一般的回答是肯定的。而Yes， please 为"是的，您请做某事吧"。这一含意显然不对。
4 - Thank you very much for helping me
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A You're welcome B It doesn't matter
C No need D Don't say that
［答案］ A.
［析］ You're welcome 译为中文为：不用谢。而 It doesn't matter 则为：没关系。
5 - Hello， Lucy How are you?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ And you?
A Fine， thanks B Yes， I am
C Glad to meet you D Good afternoon
［答案］ A.
［析］ 在正常交往中一定要避免所问非所答。所以对 How are you? 的答语应为"很好，谢谢!"
6 - Help yourself to some meat
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A It sounds nice． B Yes， please．
C Yes， Let's help each other． D Thank you．
［答案］ D.
［析］ Help yourself to some meat． 你自己拿些肉吃吧。其意为主人劝客人不要客气，像在家里一样。
7 - Oh， I am not feeling well I've got a cold
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A Fine， How are you? B Never mind Take care
C Well， I 'm sure to get weel soon． D I'm sorry to hear that
［答案］ D.
［析］ 这是美国、英国的习惯用语，而B、 C则是中国人常讲的答语。
8 - Meimei you speak English very well
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A No， I don't think so B Thank you very much
C Not good enough D That's all right
［答案］ B.
9 - "Kate， could you answer the telephone， please?"
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ , Mum I'll get it．
A Yes， I could B No， thanks
C OK D Yes， but I have no time
［答案］ C.
［析］ 要注意 could 用于口语中是为了讲话的口气委婉，但它不是过去时态，也不是助动词，而应看作情态动词。所以在答语中则不应这样用。
10 - Could you look after Polly for me while we're away?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A No， thanks． B With pleasure．
C I'm not afraid． D I'm sure you will．
［答案］ B.
［析］ With pleasure 是英语中的一句十分客气的答语，用在当对方因你的帮助或你的许诺向你道谢时，表达自己十分乐意为对方效力的口气。
11 - Hello! Could I speak to the headmaster， please?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A Hold on， please． B That's the headmaster， please．
C Who are you ? please． D Sorry I'm not the headmaster．
［答案］ A.
［析］ hold on， please 是指请对方等一等不要将电话放下的用语。如果要讲我就是的话不能用 that， 而要用 this， 在电话用语中 that 指对方， this 指自己。
12 - Happy birthday!
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A Thank you． B The same to you．
C Good luck． D Congratulations．
［答案］ A.
［析］ the same to you 是同样祝贺对方的意思，不能用于生日这一祝贺语，除非两人的生日在同一天。
13 - I'm sorry I don't know the way， either You'd better ask that policeman for help
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A Good night． B That's nothing．
C Very well． D Thank you all the same．
［答案］ D.
［析］ 当向对方求助时，对方无能为力，这时的感谢语则为 Thank you all the same 意为不管如何还是要谢谢你。
14 - I fell and hurt my leg last week， So I can't do anything
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A I'm sorry B Don't worry
C Good luck D Bad luck
［答案］ D.
［析］ 如果用A则要用 I'm sorry to hear that而不能单用 I'm sorry 因I'm sorry 是向对方道歉。而 bad luck 为真是不幸啊。
15 - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
- I have got a cough
A What's your trouble? B What have you got?
C Why did you come here? D Have you got a cough?
［答案］ A.
［析］ What's your trouble? 多用于问对方有什么问题、麻烦或得了什么病。这种用语还有 What's wrong with you?
16 - Would you like to go shopping with me?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A Yes， I'd love to． B That's right．
C Yes， please． D Quite well．
［答案］ A.
［析］ 表示愿意作某事应讲：I'd love to I'd like to
17 - What's the weather like today!
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A It's nice for a walk． B I like autumn best of all．
C It will be fine tomorrow． D It's rather cold today．
［答案］ D.
［析］ 本题要注意问的是什么，不要所问非所答。因问题是今天的天气怎样，所以只能选D
18 - Is Jane in ，please? I want to speak to her
- Sorry， she is out You'd better ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A visit her in the office B call her later
C see her this afternoon D speak to her yourself
［答案］ B.
［析］ call her later 晚些时候再来电话。
19 - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
- Very well， thank you， and you?
A How do you do? B Good morning
C How are you these days? D How do you like English?
［答案］ C.
［析］ 本题是由答语来推断问话，所以应熟悉英语的问答习惯： How do you do? 的答语应为 How do you do?
20 - How is your mother?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A She is old． B She is no better than she was．
C She is kindhearted． D She is in her forties．
［答案］ B.
［析］ How is your mother? 问的是你妈身体如何，而B选项则是"她不比以前强"。而其他三个选项则是所问非所答。
21 - Thank you very much for your help
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A You're welcome B Please don't
C There's no trouble D No， no
［答案］ A.
22 Your uncle has taken you to the cinema Afterwards you thank him
He says " ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．"
A It was nothing B I'm glad you enjoyed it
C Don't say it D No， needn't
［答案］ B.
［析］ 这是英语的答语，千万不要选A，因它是中文习惯的答语。
23 - Thank you for your good present
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A It's not good B No， no
C My pleasure D Never mind
［答案］ C.
24 When someone did a good deed for you， you should say ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A.you are too good B.It's very kind of you C.you are very kind D.I'll thank you
［答案］ B.
25 - I am very sorry I am late for dinner
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A.No， you aren't B.That's all right C.Yes， you are D.No， you don't
［答案］ B.
［析］ That's all right 没关系。
26 - I'm sorry if I hurt you
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A I'm sorry B It's not true
C It doesn't matter D Don't say sorry
［答案］ C.
27 - I should have gone to see the exhibition with you
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A I'm sorry B What a pity
C It doesn't matter to me D That's terrible
［答案］ B.
［析］ What a pity. 真遗憾。第一句应为我真该和你一起去展览会。
28 - Help yourself to some fish
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A You are very kind B Yes， I'm helping myself
C Thank you D Yes， don't worry about me
［答案］ C.
29 - Are you ready?-______ ．
A I'm very sorry B Try to be patient
C Not yet， wait a minute D Do you have the time， please?
［答案］ C.
［析］ not yet 意为还没有完成。
30 - Mum， I have passed the exam
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A That's all right B Congratulations
C You are luck D Good luck to you
［答案］ B.
31 - I think I have to leave I hope we can get together again
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A All right B That's all right
C OK D I hope so， too
［答案］ D.
32 Must I wait till he comes back? ．
A No， you needn't B No， you mustn't
C No， you may not D No， you can't
［答案］ A.
［析］ must 提问表示必须这样做吗?而肯定句要用 must， 表示必须做，而否定句则要用 needn't 表示没有必要做。
33 - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ I pay you the house rent right away?
- Yes， you have to do it
A Shall B Way C Must D Have
［答案］ C.
34 - Don't you think this colour is too bright?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A Yes， I agree． B Yes， but I don't think so．
C Yes， of course not． D Yes， what's wrong?
［答案］ A.
35 - It was cold yesterday
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A So was it B So it was
C I believe not so D I believe not
［答案］ B.
［析］ 当答语只是重复对方讲的话时，则不用倒装。因 so it was即为：是的，天气昨天很冷。而当讲前面讲的动作也适合于另一个人时，则要倒装。如： I went to the cinema yesterday So did I 表示对方去了电影院，我也去了。
36 - What do you think of the song?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A I like music very much B I like it too
C With pleasure D It sounds sweet
［答案］ D.
［析］ sound 在这里是系动词，为听起来很甜美。系动词后要用形容词，而不要用被动语态。
37 Do you like tea or coffee? ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A Yes， I do B Thank you
C That's fine D Either will do
［答案］ D.
［析］ either will do 为两者哪个都可以。
38 I like your sweater very much ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A No， it's ugly B Sorry
C Thank you D You're welcome
［答案］ C.
［析］ 这是英美语言的习惯。
39 He likes travelling by train ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A So do I B I dos
C I like so D I like it， neither
［答案］ A.
40 - How do you like your school?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A I like it very much B It's very beautiful
C I doesn't like it D Very well
［答案］ B.
［析］ How do you like … 是问你们学校是怎样值得你热爱的。也就是为什么你热爱你的学校。
41 What a nice day! ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
A You're right． B No， isn't it?
C Yes， isn't it? D Really?
［答案］ C.
［析］ Yes， isn't it 是的，难道不是个好天气吗?
42 - Hello， ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ?
- This is Della speaking
A Who are you B Are you Tom
C Who is that D Please tell me who are you
［答案］ C.
［析］ 电话用语中 that 指对方，而 this 指自己。
43 -What's he like?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A He likes English B He is old
C He is like a farmer D He is tall and this
［答案］ D.
［析］ 要区分 What's he like? 如 What does he like? 前者为：他长得什么样?而后者是：他喜欢什么。
44 How did you do your job?
Not very well， ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A I'm sure B I am afraid
C Thank you D I'm sorry
［答案］ B.
［析］ I am afraid 我恐怕是，我想是。
45 - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ your aunt?
-She is a principal of a middle school
A What does B Where does
C What is D Whom is
［答案］ C.
46 - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿
- He is my boss
A What's the man? B Who is the man?
C How is the man? D What does the man do?
［答案］ B.
47 - May I have your name?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A No， no B You're polite
C Call me John D It's kind of you
［答案］ C.
48 - Shall I make coffee for you?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A Yes， thank you B No， don't trouble
C Don't trouble this， thank you D No， don't make it
［答案］ A.
49 - Could you show me the way to Mr Buown's office?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A Not at all B I'm sure
C All right D I can do it
［答案］ C.
50 - Shall we go swimming tomorrow afternoon?
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
A It's very kind of you B You are so thoughtful
C That's a good idea D Yes， we'll go
［答案］ C.
四、 完形填空与阅读
（一） 知识概要
完形填空是一种在语意封闭的情况下考察学生阅读能力及掌握语言基础知识能力的综合性题目。学生应根据语义完整、语法正确的原则进行通篇阅读。借助文章的现成文字，通过逻辑思维，联系上下文，推断出可能的答案。然后再从所给选择答案中逐空选出在通读全文时脑海中已出现的答案填入空内。试推想在小学五六年级时去读"西游记"，"水浒传"，你也并非每个字都认得，每句话都能真正理解。但你还是可以明了全文的意思，读得有滋有味。这就是语言能力。所以完形填空考查的就是你能否在缺字，不认得字、词语的情况下，能否全面理解文章的正确意思，然后选入适当的词语。在选择后还要前后彼此呼应反复验证所选答案。有时答案一时不易验证，不要急于顺序填写，可能在填出后面答案时，而得到前面的答案。有时则需运用所学的词法、句法、时态和固定搭配等知识对4个选项进行分析，比较、排除干扰项，确定正确的答案。待答案全部选定后，一定要复读全文以验证：① 所选答案是否能使全文流畅，逻辑推理是否正确。② 具体实事是否成立，前后关系是否理顺。③ 语法是否正确，其中包括时态的选择、词汇选择、固定搭配等。在通读全文时最好在可能的条件下将所选答案填入文章中，反复阅读。而不要在文章空中只写选项的代号，这样影响全文的理解，不易找出错误之处。在做完形填空时，应注意以下几点：
（１） 重视首句，首段的开篇启示作用，读懂了第一句，或第一段有可能预测到全篇大意。
（２） 一定要顾及上下文间的语意联系。在完形填空的设计中，一般是以语义为第一要素同时兼顾语法。有的4个选项单独填入这个单句中全是正确的，但拿到文中从下文联系起来看，则文理不通。为此要通篇考虑，顾及上下文的联系是十分重要的。
（３） 要坚持语意第一的原则，而语法应放于第二位。完形填空形式上是一种单项选择式的考察。但实质上也是一种阅读能力和学生重建文意能力的考察。它一般是利用语法的正确性与内容排斥性的矛盾而命题的。所给答案大都是离开上下文均可说得通的。但语意上辩析、排斥才能找到答案。例如：
It took Charlie Mui several months to save up seven dollars He wanted to ______ a model plane and went to the shop with the money
A sell B buy C hold D bring
这里肯定需要一个动词，所给答案也都是动词，但只能从意义上考虑而选B项。
（４） 要认真注意细节，做到语法正确。一些答案在意义上讲都是正确的，但从线索上看要找出语法正确的答案。如：
Ｍr Evans is an old man of about sixty His wife died a few years ago His chi
ldren ______ him by then．
A left B would leave C have left D had left
答案应为D。这句话正确的语意都是"离开"，但仔细发现有 by then 之说，由此可得出这是个动作的截止时间，应选为 had left 过去完成时态。下面再看一些例子。
（１） 语意第一原则
A young father was visiting an old neighbour They were standing in the old man's garden and talking about ______ ．
A trees B flowers C children D old people
那么他们谈论的中心是什么呢?可能是树、花，由于他们是在花园里谈论。但如果前后的段落配合看，则其谈论的也可能是孩子和老年人。这就是要求我们切勿望文生义。
（２） 语法正确，注意细节的原则
在语意正确的前题下，还要根据学过的语法知识，及词语的固定搭配，选择正确答案。如：
One night the dog began to bark suddenly It made Mr Erens ______ ①______ to sleep He had to get up and tried his ______ ② ______ to stop it， but the beast wouldn't stop， and kept on ______ ③ ______
① A go not B not go C not to go D to not go
② A well B good C better D best
③ A bark B to bark C barking D barked
以上3个小题中所给答案从语意上都是正确的，这就要求选择语法正确的那一个。第一空中根据句子结构，要填一个宾语补足语。而动词 make 后面的定语补足语应省去不定式符号 to， 且其否定式 ＋ not，即不定式的否定式为 not to do， 而省去 to 后则应为 not do． 在动词前直接＋ not故应选B。而第二个空显然是一个固定搭配。语意上为： Mr Erens 尽力地阻止狗叫，所以应选D。 try one's best 是尽力而为之意。第三个空显然是 keep on doing something 连续不断之意，应选 ing 的动词形式。其答案为C。
（３） 根据所给答案的不同词类，从不同角度分别考虑选择
完形填空所给的词往往是不同类的，这就要求对不同词类作不同考虑。如果所缺的是动词，那么首先在选择语意正确的前提下，考虑动词的时态、语态和是否是要填入非谓语动词。若是介词或副词则要考虑是否固定搭配，以及介词、副词在结构和意义上的选择。若是连词，则应更多地从句子结构和上下文的连接上选择。若是代词，则应考虑性、数、格等方面，以及形容词和副词的比较级和最高级等。
例如： A man and his wife had a small bar near a station They often worked late into the night， ______ ① ______ people came to drink there while they were ______ ② ______ trainsAt two o'clock one morning， one man was still at a table in the small bar He was asleep The bar man's wife wanted to leave She looked ______ ③ ______ the bar several times， and each time the man was ______ ④ ______ there Then at last she went to her husband and said to him， "You ______ ⑤ ______ that man six times， George ，
______ ⑥ ______ he isn't drinking anything"
① A as soon as B because C so D though
② A catching up with B getting on C looking after D waiting for
③ A at B for C into D out of
④ A always B often C still D already
⑤ A have woken B wake C had woken D will wake
⑥ A and B but C yet D too
从文中看，第一选项，由于给了不同的连词，从意义选择应为B。第二选项均为分词形式，也应从语意上选择，其答案是D。 第三选项给了四个介词，而 into 则是从外向里观看，所以应选C。第四项是副词 still 意为仍然，从意义上应选择C。 而第五项所给的是同个动词，只是时态不同。从故事情景看，只能选完成时态A。 而最后一个选项是连词，由于句意则只能用 but 转折连词。
从目前完形填空初中阶段的考察看，除语意第一外，更多地选择了单词的用法及意义，动词的时态，短语和惯用法等。为此，要做好完形填空题目，除有较好的阅读能力外，更要有扎实的语言基础知识及日常生活的逻辑推理能力。阅读理解能力在教学大纲中有明确的要求。它是目前条件下考查学生英语运用能力的常规题型之一，也是分值最高的题型之一。学生的阅读理解能力如何，标志着学生继续深入学习的潜力有多大，它是集语法，词汇，逻辑推理背景知识于一体的综合语言能力的测试。它除对学生的阅读理解的正确性进行测试外，同时从阅读速度、技巧、文化背景常识等方面对学生进行测试。从近年各地中考题分析看，阅读类测试除为一般常规测试题型外，在试题中所占分值较大，为此应引起学生特别注意。如何做好阅读理解题呢?首先要求考生有足够的基础知识和较好的阅读速度以及技巧方面的训练。同时还要注意以下几个方面的问题。
1 要了解阅读测试的重点
如上所述，阅读过程是一个综合作用的过程，为此阅读的测试就不能仅将着眼点放在语言结构的测试上，而是通过看，通过阅读获取信息的能力。在阅读一篇文章时，我们首先会想到：① 文章说的是什么事情(即中心思想是什么)。② 事情发生的时间、地点、人物是什么。③ 作者所持态度如何。④ 结论是什么。有些说明性信息在文章中容易获取，如：时间、数字、地点、人物等。有些信息如作者的态度，事件的结论，中心思想，文章的标题，则需通过文中线索，说明信息等等去分析推断才能获取。而这些说明性及内隐性的信息正是阅读理解的测试重点内容。而其难点在于理解、推断、得出结论时，应从英语国家的风俗习惯、语言习惯、宗教信仰、民族问题等方面来考虑，而不是仅从中国人的语言习惯来作推论。这也是这方面的难点之一。
例： John drove a taxi through the busy streets of Boston every dayJohn was ____________
A a manager B a driver C a policeman D a dustman
由此我们应能由drive a taxi 来得出结论约翰是位出租车司机而不是别的什么人。
例：Mrs Barker's sister was ill She had someone to look after her from Monday to Friday， but not at the weekend， so every Friday evening Mrs Baker used to go off to spend the weekend at her home in a neighboring town…This meant that Mr Baker … First he had to drive home from the station Then he had to drive his wife to the station to catch her trainWho was ill? ____________
A MrBaker B Mrs Baker
C Mr Baker's sister D Mrs Baker's sister
从这些只言片语中可以看出有三个人物出场，而问题的设计是表浅的，只要细心即可。
［答案］ D.
从中考阅读命题中，由于考虑到考生的能力有限，和大部分学生毕业的要求，语言结构的测试占很大一部分比重。但对于要考入重点中学的学生来讲，仅仅几分较高要求的题目可能会决定他们的升学命运。因为这一部分分值是往往使学生棘手的那些隐性问题的测试。如：
Like many other families in 1870， Katie Olson and her family had come to the grassy plains of Kansas Katie liked the prairie and their new sold house But with no friends to play with， she was very lonely Besides her mother and father， she had only her little brother， Matt， for company She missed their old home in Wisconsir Then one day her father had exciting news Some settlers had bought the farm near the Olson's land Katie became so excited on hearing the news that she thought she might burst She begged her father to let her ride over with him to greet their new neighborsThe two rode across the prairie They found Mr and Mrs Laski were hard at working building their sod home Katie was disappointed She had hoped there would be some children to play with But soon Mr Laski called out" Anna， and Carl, come out of the wagon" A boy and a girl jumped down and came over to Katie Katie didn't believe it Her wish had come true
1 Who was the most important person in the story?
A Matt B Katie C Mr Laski D Anna and Carl
2 What was Katie's problem in the story?
A She had no friend. B She didn't like Kansas.
C She couldn't ride a horse. D She didn't like Anna and Carl.
从上文中看，信息的获得不是直接的，而是必须通过整个文章的阅读，理清人物关系，掌握中心思想，才能作出正确的判定。如第一问故事中人物众多，但一直到读完才知，故事讲述了一个女孩Katie的事情。则她是故事的中心，所以应选择B 第二问是测试通过阅读是否了解了人物的心理情绪。这些信息必须通过线索，综合判定，从而其结论是A。
2 阅读理解的解题思路和方法
阅读理解的测试点是在通过由于阅读所能够获取信息的能力上，所以解题思路的重点应放在：
(1) 通读全文，了解文章的主题和大意；了解作者的写作目的、对事件的态度上。
People sometimes change their way of doing business In a village in Africa， people are using money for the first time They're doing business with the world Before this tribe (部落) used money， people came to the market in the village to trade (交易) things they had for things they needed Now people must use money to buy what they wantBefore using money， people helped one another Their father who was head of the family， gave food， and clothing to his sons and their families In return， the sons worked for their father Now people no longer work for one another free Instead， they are paid for the work they doWhen a new road was needed. Everyone in the village helped build it, Now people must pay money to the village chief (首领) for roads and schools The chief hires workers to build these new projects More and better roads and schools are being builtIt is not easy for people to change a way of doing business To change from trading goods to using money takes time
① The story doesn't say so， but it makes you think that ____________.
A family members often quarrel (争吵) about money
B Africans do not change their way of doing business
C Africans refuse to use money
D families do not help one another in the same way now
［答案］ D.
② On the whole this story is about ____________
A the life of some Africans
B changing from goods to using money
C people helps one another
D building roads across Africa
［答案］ B.
从以上的问题看，所设提问均不是对某个具体事实。而是真对整篇文章，由此可见通读全文，掌握中心和作者的态度的重要性。
(2) 要注重文句间的相互关系。既注重主要情节又不可忽视细节。中考中阅读命题很多情况下是对事件的某个细节而进行测试的。
例：… on Saturday afternoon they began with the back of the house The next Saturday Tom went to a football match while his wife painted the front of the house The next day they found they couldn't open any of the front windows They get them open at last， but they broke three of the seven and they were very expensive to repair
① They lasted for about ______ days
A two B three
C more than seven D Less than seven
［答案］ A.
② They had to get someone to make repair for ______ windows
A seven B four C ten D three
［答案］ D.
第一问中，如不分析第一句和第二句中的两个 Saturday， 很可能会选择答案C。事实上，他们只干了两个 Saturday， 而不是从这个星期六到下个星期六的7天时间。而第二问是他们弄坏了所有7个窗户中的3个，所以应选D。
(3) 特别注意首尾句在整个文章中的作用，以及它起到的启示和结论性作用。
例： Man has a big brain He can think， learn and speak……but no animal learns when we speak? Scientists do not really know They only know that man can speak because he has a big brain
这篇文章只要我们注意了首尾句，即可得出结论，它是讲述人类大脑与语言的关系的。人脑的其中一个作用是使他拥有语言，也就是和动物 apes， dogs 有了根本的区别。这样这篇文章的许多细节可以迎刃而解了。
① In what way are men different from animals?
A Men can understand things quickly.
B Men can learn.
C Men have learned language.
D Men have brains.
［答案］ C.
② Scientists now know ______
A how children learn to speak
B why apes can learn a few words
C men's brain helps him to learn to speak
D what happens when men speak
［答案］ C.
③ What is the topic the writer wants to talk about?
A ape's language
B men's brain and language
C human brain
D animals' learning
［答案］ B.
以上只是做阅读练习中的一般分析，要取得优异成绩，还有赖于扎实的阅读基础和语言能力，以及平时的技巧训练和刻苦练习。要坚持每天至少读三四篇文章，以逐步提高自己的英语水平。
(二) 例题解析
通读下面短文，掌握其大意。然后从短文后各题所给的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。
Once there was a clever farmer Though he was poor， he decided one day to take the king a roast goose (烤鹅) as a present He had not had ____ 1 ____to cat that day， and soon the ____ 2 ____ of the roast goose became too much for him as (当……时) he ____ 3 ____ it to the king， so he ate one of its legsWhen he came before the king and gave him the goose， the king ____ 4 ____ saw that it had only one legNow， the king ____ 5 ____ was born with one bad leg， so he had never been able to ____ 6 ____ properly (正常地) When he saw the goose with only one leg， he thought the farmer had ____ 7 ____ this to laugh at him Of course he was very ____ 8 ____ The farmer was told that if anybody laughed at the king， he would be ____ 9____ at once"Where is ____ 10 ____ leg of the goose?" the king asked" All the geese (goose 的复数) in this ____ 11 ____ of the country have one leg only， " the farmer answered"Do you think I'm a fool(傻子)?" the king shouted"____ 12 ____ ，" said the farmer， "if you look out of the window， you will see geese with one leg by the ____ 13____ "The king looked， and there the geese were ____ 14 ____ on one leg beside the water The king at once told one of his men to ____ 15 ____ them with a big stick， and of course， they ____ 16 ____ their other legs and ran away"There， " said the king " You were lying(说谎) That ____ 17 ____ that the geese here have two legs， like all other ____ 18 ____ in the country""But it doesn't show anything，" answered the farmer， "if your men threw a big stick like that at me， I would grow two ____19 ____ legs myself to help me to run away ____ 20 ____ "
1 A less B all C little D much
2 A head B neck C smell D temperature
3 A returned B carried C sent D handed
4 A at once B at last C by then D on time
5 A once B really C himself D yet
6 A come B walk C see D eat
7 A kept B done C made D found
8 A sorry B worried C sad D angry
9 A helped B killed C saved D covered
10 A other B another C that D the other
11 A city B village C farm D part
12 A Certainly not B Of course C That's nothing D Never mind
13 A hole B forest C lake D house
14 A swimming B resting C flying D lying
15 A fill B lock C hit D keep
16 A sent up B put down C did with D moved away
17 A shows B talks C sees D knows
18 A geese B animals C legs D farmers
19 A slower B faster C less D more
20 A more slowly B more carefully C faster D earlier
［答案］ 1 D 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 C
6 B 7 B 8 D 9 B 10 D
11 D 12 A 13 C 14 B 15 C
16 B 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 C
其中1选 much是应能从文章字里行间中猜到的，它应为much food to eat 而将food 省略。2要知道 smell 可以作系动词，但也可以作名词，而4则为多个短语的词语辨析：at once 立刻， at last 最终， by then 到那时为止，on time 准时。所以应为at once 7则要熟悉英语的习惯用法，即干这件事要用do，而不用make 10之所以要用D则是因为鹅有两只腿，由于只剩一只而问另一只哪里去了，要用特指的定冠词。而 other 则为泛指的形容词，一般指复数， another虽然也指单数，但也应用于泛指的情况。而11题因其后有 of the country， 是在乡村的这个部分，所以只能用part country 是不可数名词作"乡村"讲，作为可数名词则作"国家"讲。而作"乡村"讲时，前面的定冠词不可少。19则是要通读全文才知道鹅一只腿站立体息，而一被哄赶则放下另一只腿跑走了，人是两条腿站着，当被哄赶时那应是再长出两条腿奔跑着逃走。由此可见中考的难题越来越不在语法项，而在阅读和完形上用以选拔高质量的学生。
We were going to play a team from a country school They didn't come until the game time arrived They looked ____ 1 ____ than we had thought They were wearing dirty blue jeans (仔裤) and looked like farm boys We even thought that they had never seen a basketball beforeWe all sat down We felt that we didn't ____ 2 ____ any practice (训练) against a team like thatIt was already so late that no ____ 3 ____ could be given to them for a warmupThe game beganOne of our boys ____ 4 ____ the ball and he shot (掷) a long pass to our forward (前锋) From out of nowhere a boy in a dirty Tshirt ____ 5____ the pass and with a beautiful form (姿势) he shot and got two points (分)They ____ 6 ____ usThen they got another ____ 7____ of points in a minuteSoon it was all over The country team ____ 8____ usWe certainly learned that even though a team is good， there is usually another ____ 9 ____ a little better But the important lesson learned was: One can't tell a man， or a team， by the ____10 ____
1 A stronger B younger C worse D less
2 A get B try C use D need
3 A basket B space C ball D time
4 A got B played C missed D carried
5 A caught B changed C started D stopped
6 A surprised B kept C broke D hit
7 A half B pair C group D double
8 A won B saved C beat D joined
9 A just B already C about D almost
10 A Tshirts B clothes C places D points
［答案］ 1 C 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 D
6 A 7 B 8 C 9 A 10 B
［析］ 在1题中可以看出stronger， younger worse， less 四个选项全可以选，语法是正确的。从文章开始到这里并看不出其原因为什么要选择C，这时只能将其选择空出往后面看，所以提醒考生要注意的是千万不要一一对完形填空作出选择，有很多情况 是后面的情景决定了前面的选择。当看到 We even thought that they had never seen a basketball before 和 We felt that we didn't need (2) any practice against a team like that 则就肯定会得到第一个空的选项决不是比我们强壮，也不可能是少，更不可能是年轻、而是球技不佳，比我们差得很远。而5题是要仔细考虑才能得到正确的结论。这四个动词都可以用在篮球运动中，但要注意的是，其后面的名词是pass，在这里应译为"长传"。而这个长传这里决不是开始，而是被截住了。所以这里应用stopped。 即"拦截了一个长传。"而 caught 的宾语应换为ball球就对了。B 选项为"改变"，用于这里就不合题意了。而7项虽然很多人都知道篮球规则，投一球按两分计算，但这里应选哪个词则拿不准了，主要在B选项与D选项之间发生了问题。不知double的真实意义是"加倍，翻一翻"之意，还是"一对，一双，两倍"之意。其困难点还有9项，它的选择应为 just，这是由全文所决定的。它的意思是不论一个队多么好，总会有一个队会比你强出一点儿，哪怕是仅仅一点点。这也就是完形填空不易拿满分之处。这里要提醒大家的是：语言是十分灵活的，要经常不断地学习思考才会有所进步。
Peter was a small boy He lived with his parents in a small house near some hills The people there were all poorOne night it was very dry and windyWhen everybody was asleep， Peter suddenly heard some noise It came out from the kitchen (厨房) He got up and walked to the kitchen He found that the wood beside the stove (火炉) was burning There was no water tap (水龙头) in the house， so he could not put out (扑灭) the fire He shouted loudly to wake up everyone in the house Then he ran out of his house and knocked on the doors of many houses to wake the people up They all left their houses quicklyAt last the fire was put out by the firemen Many houses were burnt But nobody was hurt in the fire
1 Peter lived with his ______
A sisters B brothers C uncles D parents
2 One night he found that ______ beside the stove was burning
A the table B the wood C the door D the window
3______ ， so he could not put out the fire
A Everybody was asleep B He couldn't shout loudly
C The kitchen was very big D There was no water tap in the house
4 Peter knocked on the doors of many houses ______z
A to wake the people up B to get some water
C to find his classmates D to visit them
5______ hurt in the fire
A People in other houses were B Peter's parents were
C Nobody was D Peter was
［答案］ 1 D 2 B 3 D 4 A 5 C
［析］ 本题属于表层理解阅读考查题目，因为完成其答案所需要的信息基本上可以直接从文章中获取，并不太多的需要推理和对环境，习俗的分析与了解。例如1题可直接从文章中 He lived with his parents in a small…中获取。2 题则可以从 He found that the wood beside the stove was buring 获取答案。3 题几乎是文章中的原句， There was no water tap in the house 所以得分率会很高。4 题也可从文章中：Then he ran out of his house and knocked on the doors of many houses to wake the people up 直接找出答案。5题的答案则可以从文章中最后一句获得，如： But nobody was hurt in the fire。 这样的阅读题目，是属于表层理解题目，也就是为了那些获取毕业成绩的分数所设计的。其目的在于对普通同学给予适当的分以求达到毕业之目的。这样的题目虽然容易，但还是要小心为好，不要粗心大意，以免不必要的丢分。
"You're just in time， Joe We're going to play cowboys (牛仔) and Indians， and you can be the Indians， " one of my cousins (堂兄弟) said"How many Indians?" I asked"Oh， about a thousand，" he answered， and before I could say no， I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians Two minutes later I was running in the fields with a group of cowboys behind The shouts of "After them Let's catch the killers!" and other such TVplay language came into my ears as I ran round a corner and hurried into my Grandpa's car"We've got him, boys Let's go and catch him!"But no one wanted to come to get me All of my cousins except one were always very friendly with me It was quiet outside And I went out of the car to have a lookJust then I heard a shout， "Bring the rope (绳子)， and we can burn him""Only Indians burn people Cowboys …，" I stopped just in time I had almost said， "Cowboys hang (绞死) people"I was tied to a tree， and the cowboys were looking for some wood when my dear mother called， "We're leaving now""Untie me，" I shouted "We're going""Why did Bobby want matches (火柴)?" Mum asked when we were in the car "He was asking Dad whether he had any""Oh， he was just going to matches? MATCHES? Are you sure he wanted matches?"Mother was quite sure， and I didn't say any more
1 How many children played the Indians?
A One thousand. B One hundred. C One group. D One.
2 Why did Joe's cousin say that Joe was just in time? Because ______
A there were not enough children for the game
B the game was just going to start
C none of his cousins wanted to be the Indians
D they were waiting for Joe
3 Joe didn't say "Cowboys hang people" out because ______
A he was tied to a tree
B that would make things worse
C he was caught by the cowboys
D that would make the cowboys angry
4 Which of the following is TRUE?
A One of Joe's cousins was looking for matches.
B Dad didn't want to give the children any matches.
C Bobby wanted to get some matches from his father.
D Mum didn't think children should play with matches.
5 The name of the story should be "______ "
A Joe and his cousins
B Who knows what danger is waiting there
C CowboysandIndians is a favourite children's game
D How cowboys and Indians fought in the past
［答案］ 1 D 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 B
［析］ 本文在阅读过程中会感到难度，而其问题与选项的设计更为困难。其难点不仅在于要阅读好文章，而且要对问题和问题中的选择项作深入仔细地阅读。如1题的问句之意是有多少个孩子在游戏中扮演印第安人。而文章中又有"How many Indians?" I asked 当作者问到有多少印第安人时，其答语为" about a thousand" 这对于看不懂全文，而只认识个别单词的人就是一种很强的误导作用。因题目中问的是 How many，而文章中的数字是 a thousand 但如果认真往下看则会发现： I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians 我被推入了黑暗之中变成了一千个印第安人。所以文章暗示了一个小孩来扮演一千个印第安人。这种题目的得分率自然不会很高。紧接而来的2题则更困难，问题问的是 Joe 的堂兄说他来的正是时候，是因为 ______。这是要认真去推理来判定的。由文中的句子 and before I could say no …这显然暗示了作者并不想扮演这样的角色，所以可以推论是没有人愿意扮演这个角色，但正在这个时候 Joe 来了，而且不由分说把 Joe 推入了角色之中。而3题则更加困难，其题目之意是"Joe 没有说出牛仔是绞死人"的这一句话是为了什么 ______。从文章中 Joe 被一群孩子追逐后被抓住，十分不高兴，想从中解脱出来。因其他孩子讲我们可以烧死他。所以 Joe 为了摆脱困境而要讲出的话是："只有印第安人才烧人，而牛仔是用绳子绞死人。"后半句没有讲出来，是因为他看到如果要烧死人还需要找柴，找火柴，还是要一段时间的，但绳子就在他身上，如果绞死人那几乎是立刻马上之事。所以其答案选择了B。 这样的话可能会使事情更糟。4 题的题目是简单的，即下面陈述中那个是真实的。由于中考英语答案是唯一的，所以只有一个是符合标准的。这时可以采用选取正确答案的方法，但实际上更好的办法是排除法。把不正确的排除后再对其他项进行对比，作出选择。这叫作所谓的排除法。首先排除的应是C选项，因文章中讲在他们上车回家的路上妈妈问他："为什么 Bobby 要火柴，他问爸爸是否有火柴。" 这里的爸爸显然指的是 Joe 的爸爸而不是 Bobby的爸爸。而其他三个选项则都处于可选之例：如A项应为 Joe 的一个堂兄在找火柴。B项是爸爸不想给孩子任何火柴。D项是妈妈认为孩子们不应玩火柴。而B项，在文章中根本没有进述Joe 爸爸的态度，所以应首先放弃，而D项是可以从推理中得到的，要不然他的母亲不会在车上问这个问题，但是文章中并未直接提出来，所以只有A是对的。因其妈妈讲 Bobby 是向 Joe的爸爸寻找火柴。而5项则更是要全文反复阅读才可能领会到其中的原由的。文章的题目要概括全部文章内容，但更重要的是从中抽取最重要的，也就是作者的主要意图。从文章的最后两句，当作者反问他妈妈时说："他真的在找火柴?火柴、你敢肯定他是在找火柴吗?"妈妈表示十分肯定，而作者再也不讲什么了。显然他感到如果玩下去危险的存在。所以其答案是B。这也就是中考中要求较高的题目，虽然分数不多但对要进入重点高中的学生来说，这是个关键问题，也就是成功与失败的焦点所在。
例：We spent a day in the country and picked a lot of flowers Our car was full of flowers inside! On the way home we had to stop at traffic lights， and there my wife saw the bookshelfIt stood outside a furniture (家具)shop "Buy it，" she said at once "We'll carry it home on the roofrack(车顶架) I've always wanted one like that"What could I do? Ten minutes later I was twenty dollars poorer， and the bookshelf was tied on to the roofrack It was tall andnarrow， quite heavy tooAs it was getting darker， I drove slowly Other drivers seemed more polite than usual that evening The police even stopped traffic to let us through Carrying furniture was a good ideaAfter a time my wife said， "There's a long line of cars behind Why don't they overtake(超车)?"Just at that time a police car did overtake The two officers (警官) inside looked at us seriously when they went past But then， with a kind smile they asked us to follow their car through the busy traffic The police car stopped at our village church(教堂)One of the officers came to me"Right， sir，"he said"Do you need any more help now?"I didn't quite understand"Thanks， officer，" I said "You've been very kind I live just down the road"He was looking at our things: first at the flowers， then at the bookshelf "Well， well，" he said and laughed "It's a bookshelf you've got there! We thought it was－er something else"My wife began to laugh Suddenly I understood why the police drove here I smilcd at the officer "Yes， it's a bookshelf， but thanks again" I drove home as fast as I could
1 From the story we know that ______
A the writer was poor and didn't buy the bookshelf for his wife
B the writer's wife didn't like the bookshelf at all
C the writer was always glad to buy something for his wife
D the writer was not very glad to buy the bookshelf for his wife
2 What made the writer think that carrying furniture was "a good idea"?
A He could drive slowly and it was safe
B Other drivers would let him go first
C His wife could use a new bookshelf
D He could save a lot of money and time
3 Why were the police and other drivers so kind to the writer?
A Because they thought the writer liked studying very much and needed a bookshelf
B Because they didn't think it was polite to overtake a car with a bookshelf on it
C Because they thought somebody in the writer's family had died and he needed help
D Because they thought it was dangerous to carry a bookshelf on a car
4 Why did the writer's wife begin to laugh?
A Because now she knew what mistake the police had made
B Because at last her husband understood why the police had driven to the church
C Because the officer was always looking at the flowcrs and the bookshelf
D Because the police had helped them a lot
5 When did the officers begin to realize(意识到)they had made a mistake?
A Before they arrived at the church
B Before they overtook (overtake的过去式) the writer's car
C After one of them looked at the flowers and the bookshelf carefully at the church
D After the writer's family left the church
［答案］ 1D 2B 3C 4A 5C
［析］ 这篇文章有英国幽默的味道。英国的幽默是十分特别的，它一般都是讲述一个故事，但当结尾时仅几句话则道出天机来。对于这样的文章要从头认真看到尾，不要在考场中为了赶时间自认为是全懂了，其实则不然。造成不必要的丢分。从1题可以看出作者十分不情愿地为其妻子买了个书架呢。第二段则出现"Buy it"这样的祈使句。初学者不易看出里面的原委。要知道祈使句在对话中常常带有命令，或不客气之意，所以从这里开始已看出作者的情绪了。其后的What can I do?又是一句抱怨的话，"我还能作什么吗?"其后又是一句风趣的抱怨：Ten minutes later I was twenty dollars poorer即暗示十分不情愿地又花了20美元。所以其答案是D。其后2题则是推理题，从作者买了书架之后一连串的奇怪事情发生了。首先是其他的驾驶员开车对他十分的礼貌，甚至警察阻挡其他车辆让他先行。所以其答案是B。第3题则一句道破天机。因为前两件事已使作者感到奇怪了。后来警察竟然亲自驾驶汽车为他开道。而且警察并不知道他要去什么地方就把他带到教堂来了。这是因为英美人一生三件大事都要在教堂做：其一是出生时在教堂洗礼，其二是结婚，其三则是死亡。所以警察不问其由而将他带到教堂是为了帮助他。所以答案是C。当警察讲到We thought it was …er something else?时，显然有个词是不好意思讲出口的，所以道出了文章的真实情况。这时不难对5题作出答复其答案是C。
附 录
中学生英语学习常见错误一览表
A
a
［误］ I think it is an useful English dictionary.
［正］ I think it is a useful English dictionary.
［析］ 在不定冠词a与an的用法中要注意的一点是：an用在以元音开头的词之前；而a则用在以辅音开头的词之前。要特别注意的是以u字母打头的单词，如useful,university等，其第一个音标是［j］，所以要特别予以注意。
［误］ I need a hour to finish this letter.
［正］ I need an hour to finish this letter.
［析］ 要注意hour和honest的第一个字母不发音。
［误］ My teacher is a unknown man, but he is a very good man.
［正］ My teacher is an unknown man, but he is a very good man.
［析］ 要注意以u打头的单词，它的发音为［］时，单数名词前要用an，如uncle等。
［误］ There is a "f" in the word "football".
［正］ There is an "f" in the word "football".
［析］ 英文字母单独使用时，如其第一个发音是元音时，其前面的不定冠词应该用an而不是a.
［误］ I have a little brother. He is a 8yearold boy.
［正］ I have a little brother. He is an 8yearold boy.
［析］ 要注意这些字母的第一个发音为元音，如eight, eleven等。
able
［误］ This bike is able to be repaired.
［正］ This bike can be repaired.
［析］ be able to 主要表达某事或某人具有某种能力去作某事，应译为"有本领"、"有能力"、"可以"作某事，如：I'm able to swim across this river. 而can可以用来表示具有接受能力或吸收能力。如：This radio can be repaired here.
about
［误］ This class is about to begin just now.
［正］ This class is about to begin.
［析］ 要注意be about to 是"将要"的意思，含有将来时之意，不要与表示过去时的时间状语连用。另外，be about to 一般用作书面语，对应的口语是be going to.
about on
about与on都可以作"关于"讲，但却有所不同，例如：This book is about physics. 应译为"这是一本关于物理学的科普读物。"而：This book is on physics.则应译为"这是一本物理学方面的专著。"
above
［误］ The temperature is five degrees over zero.
［正］ The temperature is five degrees above zero.
［析］ 表达"在……上方"时，above与over是可以互换的，如：The sky is above(or over)our heads. 但是要表达在垂直方向上的上方时则应用above不可用over，如：The sun has risen above the horizon.
［误］ There is often thick cloud above the South of China in summer.
［正］ There is often thick cloud over the South of China in summer.
［析］ 当表达覆盖之意时，只可用over而不能用above.
［误］ There is a bridge above the river.
［正］ There is a bridge over the river.
［析］ 用来表达"从……上方越过"时不能用above只能用over，如：The plane flew over the city. 但要注意There is waterfall above the bridge. 则应译为"在桥的上游有一个瀑布。"
across
［误］ He ran across the wood.
［正］ He ran through the wood.
［析］ across是指某一动作在一平面内进行，而through则是指该动作在一三维立体空间的运动过程。如：The man came in through the window. He walked across the square.
across
across的主要用法有两个。其一，意为"对面"，如：There is a school just across the street. 其二，意为"横过"，如：He walked across the street.
afraid
［误］ I dont't afraid of him.
［正］ I am not afraid of him.
［析］ 要注意"害怕"afraid一词在英语中不是动词，而是形容词，要与be动词连用。
after
［误］ Two weeks after he left.
［正］ Two weeks later he left.
［正］ He left after two weeks.
［析］ 要表达"在多少时间之后"，英语中有两种表达法，即：用later时，要时间在前，如three hours later; 而用after时要时间在后，如after three hours.
［误］ My father will be back after a few hours.
［正］ My father will be back in a few hours.
［析］ 受中文的影响，这个介词常常被误用。当你要表达在一段时间内某个动作可以完成时，一定要用in，而不能用after，因为after是指在某一时间之后。例如：This work will be done in two days. 即表明在两天内这一工作一定会做完。而如用了after，即表示在两天之后，完成的时间是不确定的。
after behind
after多用于表示顺序的前后，如：She walked in the line after Tom. 或用来表示"追赶"，表示一种动态，如：He ran after Mary. 而behind多用于强调先进与落后，如：She is much behind the other girls in sewing. 或者用于表达"迟于"，如：The train was ten minutes behind the time table. 或者与表示静态的动词连用，如：She hid herself behind the flowers.
afternoon
［误］ He worked very hard in a hot afternoon.
［正］ He worked very hard on a hot afternoon.
［析］ 习惯用的词组in the afternoon, 如果加入任何修饰词后其前面的介词in都要改为on，不论其修饰词在前还是在后，如：He swam in this river on the afternoon of June lst. 又如：Are you free on Sunday afternoon?
against
［误］ He against me.
［正］ He is against me.
［析］ 要注意against意为"反对"，但它在英文中却不是动词，而是介词，如要讲反对某事或某人时则要加动词be, 如：He is against somebody/something.
against for
against意为"反对"、"不赞成"；而for则意为"同意"，为其反意词。如：Are you for or against the plan?
age
［误］ He is twenty years old of age.
［正］ He is twenty.
［正］ He is twenty years old.
［正］ He is at the age of twenty.
ago
［误］ Tom's father has been dead five years ago.
［正］ Tom's father died five years ago.
［析］ ago意为由说话时算起，若干时间以前。它只能和一般动词过去时连用，而不要与完成时连用。
［误］ Yesterday I met a friend. We didn't see each other for a long time since we left the college twenty years ago.
［正］ Yesterday I met a friend. We hadn't seen each other for a long time since we left the college twenty years ago.
［析］ 要注意的是在本句是ago是用在由since引起的从句之中，只是从句应用过去时，但不影响主句的时态。
agree
［误］ Does the teacher agree to us?
［正］ Does the teacher agree with us?
［误］ Does he agree with our plan?
［正］ Does he agree with us?
［析］ agree with 指"同意某人的提议、建议、计划"等。如果要讲同意某项计划则要用agree to, 如：Do you agree to the plan?
all
［误］ The old man has two sons. All of them are workers.
［正］ The old man has two sons. Both of them are workers.
［析］ all是指三者或以上的全部，而both则是指"两者都"。
［误］ The all children are playing football now.
［正］ All the children are playing football now.
［析］ all作修饰词时其位置要在所有的修饰词之前，不论这些修饰词是定冠词、指示代词、形容词或名词，或代词的所有格。
［误］ You all are right.
［正］ You are all right.
［析］ all作同位语时其位置要置于be动词之后，实意动词之前，如：The teachers all work hard. 或用于第一助动词之后，如：The boys have all been waiting for their mothers.
almost
［误］ Nearly nobody thinks he is right.
［正］ Almost nobody thinks he is right.
［析］ nearly与almost是近意词，其含意差别不大，但是与否定词连用时要用almost, 例如：She brought almost no money with her. 此句中的almost不能用nearly替换。
alone
［误］ The old man lived lone but he didn't feel lonely.
［正］ The old man lived alone, but he didn't feel lonely.
［析］ alone, lone, lonely 三个词全具有"孤单、孤独"之意。但其用法不同：lone可以作定语，而alone则只能作表语，lonely则多指感情上与感觉上的孤独。
already
［误］ We are already for the work.
［正］ We are all ready for the work.
［析］ already 是副词，其意为"已经"，如：He already knew about it. 而all ready为形容词意为"准备好"。
already yet
already多用于肯定句中，例如：The students have already finished the work. 而yet则多用于疑问句与否定句中，如：Have you finished it yet? I haven't finished it yet.
also
［误］ I didn't find the dictionary also.
［正］ I didn't find the dictionary either.
［析］ 作为"也"讲，在否定句中要用either而不能用also.
also too
also与too都可用在肯定句中表示"也"，但also通常用于be动词或情态动词之后，如：I can also do it myself. 而too一般放于句尾。I'll attend his class, too.
always
［误］ Always he asked himself why he had come here.
［正］ He always asked himself why he had come here.
［析］ always一般不能用于句首，它在一般句中的位置是于动词之前第一助动词之后，如：I've always thought he is honest. 又如：He is always late.
among
［误］ If the three apples are divided among the two boys how much will each receive?
［正］ If the three apples are divided among the three boys how much will each receive?
［析］ among常用于三个事物或人物之间，而between则多用于两者之间。
an
［误］ This is an useful dictionary.
［正］ This is a useful dictionary.
［析］ 详见a条。
and
［误］ He did not speak loudly and clearly.
［正］ He did not speak loudly nor clearly.
［误］ Our school is not in New York and Chicago, but in Boston.
［正］ Our school is not in New York or Chicago, but in Boston.
［析］ "和"这一概念在肯定句中应用and，但在否定句中则要用or
angry
［误］ My mother was angry to me.
［正］ My mother was angry with me.
［误］ He was angry with what I said.
［正］ He was angry at what I said.
［析］ 要注意be angry后面如果接人，表示"对某人生气不满"时应用be angry with somebody. 但要接事物时要用be angry at something.
another
［误］ I have two sisters, one in America and another in English.
［正］ I have two sisters, one in America and the other in English.
［析］ 要注意英语中another, other, the other, the others, others的不同用法，现分别说明如下：another作形容词其意为：泛指的另一个或再一个，别的，类似的。一般在句中作定语，如: This is not good enough, please show me another one. another还可以作为代词用，如：One student said："I want to play baskball."another said："I want to play football."other作形容词其意为"泛指其余的，别的"。如：I have other books besides these. 又如：Ask some other people please. the other则为特指，作形容词时其后面可接单数或复数名词，如：She has two flowers. One is white, the other one is yellow. (特指，单数)又如：There are fifty students in our class, twenty five are boys, the other students are girls. (特指，复数)但当the other作为代词时，它代表的可以是单数，也可以是复数，如：He has a book in one hand, and a pen in the other. (单数)又如：There are some people in the room. Four are girls, the other(复数)are boys. 要注意的是当the other作主语时，其后面的谓语动词要视具体情况而定，它可能是单数，也可能是复数。others则只能作代词，其意为other ones即为：泛指某些，某一部分人或物，如：Each of us must think of others. 而the others只能作为代词，它是特指某一些人或物，如：I know only one or two of the students; the others are unknown to me.
answer
［误］ Someone is knocking at the door. Please reply the door bell.
［正］ Someone is knocking at the door, Please answer the door bell.
［析］ answer与reply是近意词，作为及物动词用时有时二者是可以互换的，如：The student answered/replied that he wanted to watch TV. 但在某些特定场合则不易互换。作为应答之意时则多用answer，如：You should answer to your name. Please answer my letter as soon as possible. Answer my question in English.
any
［误］ Do you have some questions?
［正］ Do you have any questions?
［析］ some一般要用于肯定句，而any则用于否定句或疑问句。
［误］ China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
［正］ China is larger than any other country in Asia.
［析］ 要注意any other 其后要跟单数名词，但any of the other 其后要接复数名词。China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia.
［误］ Here are some books; you can choose anyone of these.
［正］ Here are some books; you can choose any one of these.
［析］ anyone只能指人，而any one即可指人 也可以指物。
around
［误］ The nine planets go around of the sun.
［正］ The nine planets go around the sun.
［析］ around后面不要再加介词，如：The sun shines all around us.
around round
作介词用的around与round通常可以互换，只不过美语常用around，而英语常用round，例如：You can see the post office round/around that corner. (绕过那个弯你就可以看到邮局。但是一定要区别它们的不同之处：round可以用作形容词、副词、介词、动词、名词；而around只能用作副词或介词。例如：The post office is just round (around) the house (用作介词). He has round face (用作形容词). The river rounded the stones. (用作动词)
arrive
［误］ I arrived Beijing the day before yesterday.
［正］ I arrived in Beijing the day before yesterday.
［正］ I reached Beijing the day before yesterday.
［误］ He arrived in the school at 11∶00.
［正］ He arrived at the school at 11∶00.
［析］ arrive为不及物动词，当到达的是较大的地理区域时用介词in，而到达较小的地方时则用at, 如：arrive in New York, arrive at the village.
arrive reach get
arrive如上所述是不及物动词，而reach则是及物动词。如：How did you reach the school this morning? 而get可用作不及物动词，作"到达"讲时其后面多与to连用。如：When did you get to New York?
as
［误］ This man works in the bank for a manager.
［正］ This man works in the bank as a manager.
［析］ as与for有时是可以通用的。如：This room is used as (for) a classroom. 但是用来指官衔、职位时只能用as.
［误］ My brother is so taller as Tom.
［正］ My brother is as tall as Tom.
［析］ as… as之间只能用形容词与副词的原级，而不能用比较级。在否定句中可以用so…as，也可以用as…as，但在肯定句中只能用as…as，如：He is not so tall as Tom.
［误］ I'll give him the note as soon as he will come.
［正］ I'll give him the note as soon as he comes.
［析］ as soon as所引导的状语从句中应使用一般时态表示将来。
ask
［误］ The student asked a question to the teacher.
［正］ The student asked the teacher a question.
［析］ ask应接双宾语，即ask somebody something.
［误］ They asked some books.
［正］ They asked for some books.
［析］ 向某人要求某物时应用ask somebody for something或ask for something from somebody, 如：He asked his mother for some money. 或He asked for some money from his mother.
asleep
［误］ He is deeply asleep.
［正］ He is fast asleep.
［析］ 要讲"熟睡"，就要用fast来修饰asleep。另外， 在英语中一般不讲somebody is sleeping而要用asleep。关于睡觉这一词的惯用法还有：go to sleep(如：The old man usually goes to sleep at ten.)， fall asleep(如：I fell asleep at English class yes terday.)
at
［误］ It will really do you no harm quite.
［正］ It will really do you no harm at all.
［析］ at all和quite的汉语意思均为"全然"、"确定的"，但at all适用于否定句，例如： -I'm sorry. I'm late.
-No trouble at all.
又如：I don't think it is right at all. 而quite则适用于肯定句，例如：He is quite a good teacher.
［误］ The children play football for lunch.
［正］ The children play football at lunch.
［析］ 英语中的at lunch为"在吃午饭时"。这种惯用法还有at work(在工作)，at table(在吃饭)，at desk(在学习)。而for lunch则是为午饭而准备的食物，又如：We had some milk for breakfast.
［误］ There is a post office in the corner of the street.
［正］ There is a post office at the corner of the street.
［析］ at the corner是指墙外面的角，而in the corner是指建筑物内部的角落。例如：There is a computer in the corner of the room. There is a street lamp at the corner of the street.
at in on
在表示时间时用来表示具体钟点用at，如：He will be back at six. 表示一天的上、 下午时要用in,如：I usually get up at six in the morning. 但要注意的是，in the morning和in the afternoon这两个词组中如果加入了任何修饰词，其介词要换为on， 如：on the cold morning, on the hot afternoon.又如：See you on Monday morning. 如讲到具体的某一天，要用on, 如：on Sunday, 如：I usually want to visit my mother on Sundays. 在谈到周、月、季、年时要用in，如：All the children will be happy in Easter week. He was born in July. 但要注意在泛指圣诞节、复活节、感恩节时都用at, 如：Where are you going at Easter.
B
back
［误］ I'm sorry. I have to back home.
［正］ I'm sorry. I have to go back home.
［正］ I'm sorry. I have to go home.
［析］ back用作"回到(某处)"之意，不是动词。
be
［误］ Where do you from?
［正］ Where are you from?
［析］ "你从何处来"应为Where are you from?或Where do you come from? 但要注意这两句话均是问对方从哪个国家来的。要是口语中问"你是从什么地方来?"应讲Where did you come from? 回答用I came from the library.
beat
［误］ We have won your class.
［正］ We have beaten your class.
［正］ We have won the game.
［析］ win是胜过之意，它是及物动词，但其后的宾语只能接比赛、战争、奖品、奖金的名称，如：Which team won the football match? 而beat指打败对手、敌人……如：My brother beat me at poker.(要注意的是，beat的过去式与原形相同，而过去分词为beaten)。
［误］ The ball beat me badly.
［正］ The ball hit me badly.
［误］ He used to hit the little boy black and blue.
［正］ He used to beat the little boy black and blue.
［析］ beat指打击多次，而hit则为击中对方的一次性打击。
beautiful
［误］ He is a beautiful boy.
［正］ He is a handsome boy.
［析］ 我们可以讲She is a beautiful girl. This is a beautiful park. 但要讲男人的"英俊"时要用handsome.
because
［误］ The reason why I was late is because I was ill.
［正］ The reason why I was late is that I was ill.