大学生发明创造专项款:初中英语疑难例析300例 (131---145)
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例 I didn't manage to do it ____ you had explained how.
A.unless B.until C.when D.since
此题应选B。这道题从句意来看似乎选A,B 都行。不少考生看不出选项A 错在什么地方,这里我们可以从句意和时态两方面来分析:
选A,句意为:你若没给我解释,我就不会做好它。——按此选择,主句谓语应用 would have managed 之类的,也就是说这是一个虚拟语气的句子。
选B,句意为:直到你给我作了解释,我才会做。——按此选择,你先给我解释,我后才会做,所以“解释”用过去完成时,“会做”用一般过去,顺理成章。
请做以下试题:
1.I didn't know anything about it ____ he told me.
A.unless B.until C.when D.since
2. ____ he spoke I hadn't realized he was a foreigner.
A.Unless B.Until C.When D.Since
3.I didn't realize he was our teacher ____ he came in front of me.
A.unless B.until C.when D.since
4. ____ he told me,I had no idea of it.
A.unless B.until C.when D.since
答案:1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B
132.带有until 状语从句的主句谓语有何特点
例 We ____ until he came.
A.stopped B.arrived C.left D.waited
此题应选D。选项A,B,C 都有可能被误选。要弄清此题需弄清以下几点:
1.until 意为“一直到”,其相应主句的谓语只能是持续性的,而不能是终止性的。它表示的是:主句动作一直持续到从句动作发生时为止。以上一题的A,B,C 选项是错的,主要是因为其含义荒唐:
若选A,句意为:我们一直在停止,直到他来就不停止了。
若选B,句意为:我们一直在到达,直到他来就不到达了。
若选C,句意为:我们一直在离开,直到他来就不离开了。
以上各句的意思显然不通。选D 是对的,因为其意为:我们一直在等,直到他来就不等了(即我们一直等到他来)。
2.上面说到,与until 从句连用的主句谓语不能是终止性动词,但是若这个谓语是否定的,则可以是终止性动词,因为终止性动词一旦被否定,即成为状态,而状态都是可以持续的(注:not ?until 意为:直到?才):
误:We stopped until he came.
正:We didn't stop until he came.直到他来我们才停止。
误:We started until the rain stopped.
正:We didn't start until the rain stopped.
直到雨停我们才开始。
误:He finished it until it was dark.
正:He didn't finish it until it was dark.
直到天黑他才完成。
133.如何区分as,when,while
例 I kept silent ____ he was speaking.
A.as B.when C.while D.that
此题应选C。关于as,when,while 表示“当?的时候”的区别,
可作如下归纳:
1.若主句表示的是一个短暂性动作,而从句表示的是一个持续性动作,
则三者均可用:
He fell asleep when[while,as]he was reading.他看书时睡着了。
2.若主从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作,且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间,一般只用while:
While he played the piano,I cooked the dinner.
他弹钢琴时,我做了饭。
3.若主从句动作同时发生,且强调“一边一边”这样的意思,一般要用as:She sang as she went along.她边走边唱。
4.若从句是一个短暂性动作,而主句是一个持续性动作,可用as/when,但不能用while:
When[As]he came,I was listening to the radio.
他来时,我在听收音机。
5.若主从句表示的是两个同时发生的短暂性动作,
一般用as(也可用when):
I thought of it just as[when]you opened your mouth.
就在你要说话的时候,我也想到了。
6.表示“每当?的时候”(强调规律性),或主从句动作不是同时发生,而是有先后顺序,一般都用when:
It's cold when it snows.下雪时天冷。
134.关于hardly...when 及no sooner...than
例 He had hardly arrived at the station ____ the train be- gan to leave.
A.when B.that C.than D.where
此题要选A。容易误选C。以下两类句型意思和用法大致相同,但搭配不同:
a.hardly...when
b.no sooner...than
以上句型需注意以下几点:
1)两个句型均指“一?就”,句型a 中的hardly 也可换成scarcely,barely;其中的when 也可换成before。但是,千万不要将句型a 中的when 与句型b 中的than 弄混。
2)以上两类句型的主句通常是过去完成时,而从句通常应是一般过去时。
3)若将 hardly,no sooner 置于句首,其后要倒装句式。
1.I had hardly closed my eyes __the telephone rang.
A.when B.that C.than D.where
2.Hardly had we arrived ____ it started to rain.
A.when B.that C.than D.where
3.He had no sooner heard the knock ____ he opened the door.
A.when B.that C.than D.where
4.No sooner had he done it ____ he knew he had made a mistake.
A.when B.that C.than D.where
答案:1.A 2.A 3.C 4.C
135.the minute 等可用作连词吗
例 We'll begin our meeting the ____ Mr Smith arrives.
A.hour B.minute C.second D.time
此题应选B。容易误选D。此句中的the minute 相当于连词as soon as(一……就…..)。
类似的有:the moment,the instant 等:
I'll tell you all about it the moment he returns.
他一回来,我就把一切统统告诉你。
The instant he opened the door, a dog ran in.
他一开门,一条狗就跑了进来。
The minute I saw her,I recognized her.
我一看到她就认出了她。
以下词语也可用作连词,引导状语从句:any time(任何时候),every time(每次),each time(每逢?的时候),next time(下次),last time(上次), the first time(第一次),the day(?的那一天), the year(?的那一年)等:
Any time he likes to come,I will see him.
无论他何时想来,我都愿意见他。
She smiles every time she sees me.
她每次见到我都笑。
He fell in love with her the first time he saw her.
他第一次见到她就爱上了她。
The day her husband died, she gave birth to a son.
就在她丈夫死的那天,她生下了一个儿子。
He lett Europe the year World War ll broke oUt.
第二次世界大战爆发的那一年,他离开了欧洲。
136.这个where 引导的是什么从句
例When you read the book,you'd better make a mark ____ you have any questions.
A.which B.at which C.where D.that
此题应选C。容易误选A,B,D,误认为这是定语从句。假若这是定语从句,A(which)和D(that)应是关系代词,但它们却不能充当定语从句中的主语或宾语,故不成立。至于B(at which),也不合语法,因为其中的介词at 无法与从句中的任何一个词发生联系。
此题选C,这里的where 是引导地点状语从句的连词,意为“在?的地方”,全题意为:你读这本书时,最好在有问题的地方作一个记号。
类似例子:
There were lots of parks where I lived.我住的地方有许多公园。
You should let your children play where you can see them.
你应该让你的孩子在你能看到的地方玩。
After the war,a new school building was put up where there had been a theatre.
战后人们在曾经是剧院的地方建了一幢新教学楼。
You can find your umbrella where you left it.
你可以在你放伞的地方找到你的伞。
在以下结构中,where 暗示一种条件(=if):
Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。
Where you find high wages,you'll generally find high prices.
工资高的地方通常物价就高。
137.unless 与if not
例 You'll miss the train ____ you hurry up.
A.unless B.as C.if not D.until
此题应选A。容易误选C。其实C 只是词序不对,若改为ifyou don't hurry up 也是对的。在许多情况下,连词until 与if not 同义,且可换用(表示一种否定的条件)。
要是不下雨,我们就去。
正:We shall go unless it rains.
正:We shall go if it doesn't rain.
我不打电话给你,你就不要来。
正:Don't come unless I phone you.
正:Don't come if I don't phone you.
从以上两例可以看出,unless 有时可以与if not 换用,但if not中的not 必须位于从句谓语中,而不能直接与if 连用在一起。但是注意,即使如此,两者也并不是永远可以换用的:
一般说来,两者互换的场合只限于:当我们要去结束一个已经存在的想法或状态时(而不是去开始一种新的想法或状态)。
试体会:
I'll stay at home unless I am invited (=if I am not invited)to the party.
要是不邀请我去参加晚会,我就呆在家里。(即“邀请我参加晚会”会结束“我将呆在家里”这一现在的打算)若要表示所述条件会导致一种新的想法或情况,通常要用if not,而不用unless。
试体会:
I'll be angry if I'm not invited to the party.
如果不邀请我参加晚会,我会生气的。 138.because,since,as,for 区别详解 例 a.The groung is wet, ____ it rained last night. b.It rained last night, ____ the ground is wet. A.for,for B.because,because C.for,because D.because,for 此题可以选D,也可以选A。关于表示原因的because 与for 的区别(以及与since,as 的区别),常使考生感到头痛。现简述如下: 1.because 表示的是必然的因果关系,语气最强,通常放在主句之后,若需强调则放在主句之前;since/as 所表示的原因是人们已知的,是对已知事实提供理由,而不表示直接原因。它们引导的从句通常放在主句前,有时也放在主句后: As he wasn't ready in time,we went without him. 因他未及时准备好,我们没等他就先走了。 Since we've no money,it's no good thinking about a holi- day. 既然我们没有钱,考虑度假有什么用。 2.至于for,它是并列连词(其余三者为从属连词),它的用法有两点要注意: 1)有时可表示因果关系,此时可与because 换用,两者不同的是for只能放主句后,而because 可放在主句前或后: He couldn't have seen me,for [because]I was not there. 他不可能看到了我,因为我当时不在那儿。 2)有时不表示因果关系,而只是对前面分句内容的解释或推断(也要放在主句之后,但不能与because 换用): It is moming,for the birds are singing.已是早晨了,你听鸟儿在唱歌了。 139.你会使用引导让步状语的however 吗
例 If we work with a strong will,we can overcome any difficulty,____ great it is.
A.what B.how C.however D.whatever
此题应选C。由于此题空格后是一个形容词(great),所以排除A(what)和D(whatever)。至于为什么选however 而不选how,这要从however 的用法说起。
however 引导让步状语从句,表示“无论如何”、“不管怎样”(=no matter how),与形容词或副词连用时,词序为:however +形容词或副词 +主语 +谓语
I will come however busy I am.我不管多忙都会来的。
However late he is,we will wait for him to have dinner together.
无论他回来得多迟,我们都会等他一起吃饭。
We always go swimming in the river however cold it is.
无论天气多冷,我们都去河里游泳。
However rich people are,they always want more.
人们不管多么有钱,他们总是想有更多的钱。
However fast you drive,I always feel safe with you.
无论你把车开得多快,和你在一起我永远感到安全。
有时其后可以不出现形容词或副词:
However you travel,it'll take you at least two days.
无论你怎么走法,至少都得两天时间。
However you come,be sure to come early.
不管你怎么来,一定要早来。 140.名词性从句可用疑问句词序吗 例 No one knows ____ in a million years. A.what man will look like B.what will man look like C.man will look like what D.what look will man like 此题应选A。容易误选B。这里考察的主要是:名词性从句(宾语从句)的词序问题。名词性从句包括宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等四类。不管是哪一类名词性从句,其词序一律用陈述句词序,而不能用疑问句词序。 1.They want to know ____ do to help us. A.what can they B.what they can C.how they can D.how they can 2.They have no idea at all ____ . A.where he has gone B.where has he gone C.which place he has gone D.where did he go 3.The photographs will show you ____ . A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like 答案:1.B 2.A 3.B
141.引导名词从句的whether 与that
例 ____ we'll go camping tomorrow depenps on the weather.
A.If B.Whether C.That D.When
此题应选B。容易误选A,C。
1.关于if 与whether:两者都可引导宾语从句,常可换用;但若引导主语从句,则用whether(不用if),排除A。又如:
他是否会来还是个问题。
误:If he will come is a question.
正:Whether he will come is a question.
2.关于whether 和that:两者都可引导主语从句,其区别主要应从句意来考虑:whether 表示“是否”,由它引导的主语从句的意思通常是不确定的;that 引导主语从句时,本身没有词义(that 在其它名词性从句中也没有词义),但是由that 引导的整个主语从句的意思通常是确定的。试比较:
1.a.That we'll hold a meeting is decided.
我们要召开一次会议,这已决定了。
b.Whether we'll hold a meeting is not decided.
我们是否要开一个会,这还没有决定。
2.a.That he has left here is clear.他已离开了这儿,这点很清楚。
b.Whether he has left here is not clear.
他是否已离开这儿,这还不清楚。
3.a.That he can finish it in two hours is clear.
b.whether he can finish it in two hours is a question.
142.引导名词性从句的what
例 ____ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present.
A.What B.That C.If D.Whether
此题应选A。选项C(if)显然不能选,因为if 通常不能引导主语从句;选项B(that)和D(whether)虽然都可以引导主语从句,但两者除了意思不合题意外,还有它们在主语从句中都不充当句子成分,而此句中的he said 缺宾语。在名词性从句中,what 根据情况不同,可能有两方面的用法和意思:
1.用作连接代词,表示“什么”(由疑问词变来):
I don't know what he gave her.我不知道他给了她什么。
What he will say at the meeting is not known to us.
他在会上将说些什么,我们还不知道。
2.表示“所?的(东西)”,在结构上相当于一个名词加一个定语从句
(所以有人称这样用的what 为关系代词型的what):
把你买的东西拿给我看。
Show me what you bought.
→Show me the thing that you bought.
这是他想要的东西。
This is what he wants.
→This is the thing that he wants.
我们需要的是钱。
What we need is money.
→The thing that we need is money.
143.如何区分引导名词性从句的what/that
例 —I think ____ he needs is more practice.
—Yes. ____ he needs more practice is clear.
A.what,What B.that,That
C.what,That D.that, What
此题应选C。其余三项均可能被误选。What 和that 都可以引导名词性从句,但有区别:
1.what 引导名词从句时,它在从句中要充当句子成分(主语、宾语等),而that 引导名词从句时,它在从句中不能充当句子成分。
2.what 引导名词从句时,它有词义(表示:什么;所?的[东西]);而that 引导名词从句时,它没有词义。
请做以下试题,注意区别what 和that:
1. ____ you said is different from the thing ____ he told us.
A.What,what B.That,that
C.What,that D.That,what
2.—I think he said is true.
—But don't forget the fact ____ he is a cheat.
A.what,what B.that,that
C.what,that D.that,what
3. ____ surprised us most is ____ he spoke English so well.
A.What,what B.That,that
C.What,that D.That,what
答案:1.C 2.C 3.C
144.whatever 与no matter what
例 It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____
he or she wants.
A.whatever B.no matter what
C.whenever D.no matter when
此题应选A。容易误选B。选项C,D 显然是错的,因为句中的wants缺宾语,而C,D 两项不能作宾语。至于C,D 的区别,可这样描述:no matter what 只能引导状语从句,而不引导名词性从句。而whatever 既可引导名词性从句(=anything that),也可引导状语从句(=no matter what):
1.引导名词性从句(只用whatever):
无论他做什么都是对的。
正:Whatever he did was right.
误:No matter what he did was right.
山羊找到什么就吃什么。
正:Goats eat whatever they find.
误:Goats eat no matter what they find.
2.引导状语从句(两者可换用):
无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。
正:Whatever you say,I won't believe you.
正:No matter what you say,I won't believe you.
无论发生什么,都要保持镇定。
正:Keep calm,whatever happens.
正:Keep calm,no matter what happens. 145.whoever 与no matter who 例 I will give the ticket to ____ wants it. A.whoever B.no matter who C.whatever D.no matter what 此题应选A。容易误选B。选项C,D 都是错的,因为从句意上看,“想要票的”应该是“人”(whoever)而不能是“东西”(whatever)。至于为什么选whoever 而不选no matter who,这要从它们在句中引导的成分说起: no matter who 通常只能引导状语从句,而不能引导名词性从句。而whoever 既可引导名词性从句(=anyone that)也可引导状语从句(=no matter who): 1.引导名词性从句(只用whoever): 谁想去我就带谁去。 正:I'll take whoever wants to go. 误:I'll take no matter who wants to go. 不管这话是谁对你说的,他都是在撒谎。 正:Whoever told you that was lying. 误:No matter who told you that was lying. 2.引导状语从句(两者可换用): 不管是谁打电话来,都说我出去了。 正:Whoever phones,tell them I'm out. 正:No matter who phones,tell them I'm out. 不管是谁这样说,那都是错的。 正:Whoever says so,is is wrong. 正:No matter who says so,it is wrong.