实用新型专利代理费用:初中英语疑难例析300例 (85---101)
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例 He may not have known this,but you may not tell him about it.
A:他也许还不知道此事,但你不可以告诉他。
B:他不可能知道此事,但你可以不告诉他。
C:他可以不知道此事,但你不可以告诉他。
D:他也许还不知道此事,但你可以不告诉他。
此题应选A。这里主要涉及 may not 的正确理解问题:
may 有两个主要用法:一是表示允许,二是表示推测。
1.表示允许,其意为“可以”,其否定式may not 意为“不可以”,相当于 must not(不可以,不准,不允许):
You may not smoke here.此处不准抽烟。
Dogs may not be taken into these carriages.狗不可带进这些车厢。
—May I use your toothbrush?我可以用你的牙刷吗?
—No,you may not.不行。
2.表示推测,其意为“可能”,其否定式may not,意为“可能不”:
He may not be right.他可能不对。
She may not be there.她可能不在那儿。
He may not have seen the film.他可能还没有看过这部电影。
They may not have known it beforehand.他们事先可能不知道。
表示推测时,要表示“不可能”,要用can't:
It can't be true.这不可能是真的。
He can't have read the book,他不可能读过此书。
86.如何回答以must,may,need.等开头的疑问句
例 —Must I do it at once?
—No,you ____ .
A.mustn't B.needn't C.can't D.don't
此题应选B。一般说来,以must 引出的一般疑问句,其否定回答通常是用 needn't(=don't have to),这与其说是一个语法问题,不如说是一个语境或上下文是否通顺的问题。
注意以下各组问答句,并注意体会其汉语译文:
1.—Must I come before dawn?我必须天亮前来吗?
—Yes,you must.是的,必须天亮前来。
—No,you needn't.不必天亮前就来。
—No,you don't have to.不必天亮前就来。
2.—May I smoke in the room?我可以在这个房间抽烟吗?
—Yes,you may.当然可以。
—Of course you may[can].当然可以。
—No,you may not[mustn't,can't].不行。(语气较生硬)
—You'd better not[Better not].最好不要抽。
—I'd rather you didn't.还是不抽的好。
—Please don't.请不要抽。
3.—Need I finish it today?我必须今天完成它吗?
—Yes,you must[have to,should].是的,今天必须完成它。
(肯定回答不能用Yes,you need,因为情态动词need 只用于否定句或疑问句,不用于肯定句)
—No,you needn't.不必今天就完成它。
—No,you don't have to.不必今天就完成它。
87.must 表示推测结构种种
例 Where is my pen?I ____ it.
A.might lose B.need have lost
C.must lose D.must have lost
此题应选D。既然现在找不到钢笔,说明丢失钢笔应该发生在过去,所以这里应该用“情态动词 +动词的完成式”来表示推测,从而排除A,C。而选项B 也不妥当,因为作为情态动词的need 通常只用于否定句或疑问句,而不用于肯定句。
must 表示推测注意以下用法:
1.对现在情况的推测,后接动词原形(多为状态动词):
He must be wrong.他一定是错了。
He must have a lot of money.他一定有很多钱。
She must know the man.她一定认识这个人。
He must be from the south.他一定是从南方来的。
表示动作正在进行,则后接动词的进行式:
Mr Smith must be waiting for us.史密斯先生一定在等我们。
She must be worrying about our safety.
他一定在为我们的安全担心。
2.表示对已经发生的事情作推测,其后接动词的完成式:
He must have arrived by now.到现在他一定到了。
What?Two o'clock?Your watch must have stopped.
什么?还是两点?你的表一定是停了。
He must have read the letter.他一定读过这封信。
有时后接动词完成进行式,表示“一定(一直)在”:
Someone must have been using it.The cover is off.
准是一直有人在用它,盖子都取下来了。
88.must 与have to 用法区别
例 I haven't got enough money to buy a ticket,so I ____ go home on foot.
A.must B.have to C.ought to D.may
此题应选B。从句意上看,只能选A,B。关于must 和have to 表示“必须”时的区别,
注意以下几点:
1.强调重点不同:must 强调主观;而 have to 强调客观:
You must go now(I want you to go now).你必须现在就走
(有“我要你现在走”之意)。
If I buy that car,I'll have to borrow some money.
如果我要买那辆汽车,我得借些钱。
2.时态形式不同:一般说来,must 只有现在时一种形式(在宾语从句中可表示过去),
而have to 则有多种时态形式:
He said(that)she must go with me.他说她一定要同我一起去。
She had to go there on foot yesterday.
昨天她不得不步行去那儿。
He has had to buy a car.他不得不买了辆小汽车。
3.have to 可以有分词、动名词、不定式等非谓语形式,而 must则没有这些形式:
He only saw her in the evening,having to be away all day.
他因整天得外出,所以只能晚上见她。
I regret to have to trouble you again.
我很抱歉不得不再麻烦你一次。
4.否定式的意义不同:must 的否定式mustn't 意为“不准”、“不允许”;
而 have to 的否定式 don't have to 意为“不必”=needn't)。
89.你知道need 的这些用法吗
例 I got up early,but I ____ so,because I had no work to do that morning.
A.needn't do B.needn't have done
C.didn't need do D.didn't need to do
此题应选B。为了弄清此题,首先我们要知道need 有情态动词和实义动词两种用法。一般说来,这两种用法在意思上没有什么差别,只是用法差别较大:
他必须去那儿吗?
正:Need he go there?(need 为情态动词)
正:Does he need to go there?(need 为实义动词)
但有时候两种用法在意思上也有较大差别:
1.a.He needn't be told.没有必要告诉他。
b.He doesn't need to be told.不需要告诉他了。(即:他已知道了)
2.didn't need to do/needn't have done:
前者表示因为没有做某事的必要,所以没有去做;
后者表示某事已经做了,但后来觉得没有必要去做,含有责备或遗憾之味:
I didn't need to get up early this morning,so I stayed in bed until 9 am.
今天早上我不必早起,所以我一直睡到上午9 点才起床。
That computer was expensive,and what's more,I didn't need
to buy such a good one.
那台电脑很贵,况且我也没有必要买那样好一台电脑。
I was the first to get there.I needn't have gone there so early.
我是第一个到那儿的人,我本来不必去那么早的。
90.情态动词后何时接一般式,何时接完成式
例 The plant is dead.I ____ _it more water.
A.should give B.should have given
C.must give D.must have given
此题应选B。从句意上看,植物既然已死了,那么后句的意思应该是:本来应该多浇水,但却没有多浇水(这是一种遗憾),所以只能选B。谈论现在的情况,情态动词后接动词原形;谈论已经发生的情况或本来应该发生但却没有发生的情况等,情态动词后要接动词的完成式。
请做以下各题:
1.Jenny ____ have kept her word.I wonder why she changed her mind.
A.must B.should C.need D.would
2.We ____ last night,but we went to the concert instead.
A.must have studied B.might study
C.should have studied D.would study
3.He should not ____ me your secret,but he meant no harm.
A.have told B.tell
C.be telling D.having told
4.I told Sally how to get here,but perhaps I ____ it out for her.
A.had to write B.must have written
C.should have written D.ought to write
答案:1.B 2.C 3.A 4.C
91.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
例 If he was here,he ____ us how to do it.
A.told B.would tell C . had told D.had told
此题应选B。该题考察与现在事实相反的虚拟语气;此时条件从句的谓语动词用过去式,主句的谓语则要用would(should, could,might)+动词原形:
If there were no subjunctive mood,English would be much easier.
要是没有虚拟语气,英语就会容易得多了。
If I knew his telephone number,I would ring him up.
我要是知道他的电话号码,我就给他打电话了。
在虚拟条件句中,动词be 的过去式通常用were(不管是单数还是复数),
但在现代英语中,单数情况也可以用was:
We could ask him if he were[was]here.
他要是在这里,我们就可以问问他了。
但是在某些表达(If I were you,as it were 等)中,
be 只用were这一形式:
If I were you,I should go and see the doctor at once.
假若我是你,我会马上去看医生。
The sky is covered,as it were,with a black curtain.
天空好像是被黑幕遮住了似的。
有时虚拟条件句也可能用could,might 等,那多半是因为语义的需要:
If he could help you,he would help you.
要是他能够帮助你的话,他会帮助你的。
92.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
例 —If he ____ ,he ____ that food.
—Lucykily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A.was warned,would not take
B.had been warned,would not have taken
C.would be warned,had not taken
D.would have been warned,had not taken
此题应选B。该题考察与过去事实相反的虚拟语气;此时条件从句的谓语用had + 过去分词,主句的谓语用would(should, could,might)+have +过去分词:
1.If she had worked harder,she ____ .
A.would succeed B.had succeeded
C.should succeed D.would have succeeded
2.If my lawyer ____ here last Saturday,he ____ me from going.
A.had been,would have prevented
B.had been,would prevent
C.were,would
D.were,would have prevented
3.I didn't see your sister at the meeting.If she ____ , she would have met my brother.
A.has come B.did come
C.came D.had come
4.You didn't let me drive.If we ____ in turn,you ____ sotired.
A.drove,didn't get
B.drove,wouldn't get
C.were driving,wouldn't get
D.had driven,wouldn't have got
答案:1.D 2.A 3.D 4.D
93.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气
例 If we ____ 200 years old,we ____ everything.
A.were to be,could change
B.had been,changed
C.were,would have changed
D.should be,changed
此题应选A。该题考察与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,此时的主句谓语通常用would(should,could,might) +动词原形,而从句谓语可能有以下几种情况:
1.从句谓语用过去式:
If your father knew this,he would be angry.
要是你父亲知道了,他会生气的。
If it rained tomorrow,the sports meet would be put off.
要是明天下雨,运动会就推迟。
2.从句谓语用 should +动词原形(通常指可能性极小的事情,一般译为“万一”):
If it should rain,the crops would be saved.
要是有雨,这庄稼还有救。
此类句型的主句谓语有时可以用祈使句甚至将来时态:
If it should rain tomorrow,don't expect me.
万一明天下雨,就不要等我了。
If I should be free tomorrow,I will come.
万一我明天有空,我就来。
3.从句谓语用 were to +动词原形(通常指可能性极小或近乎不可能,有时指出乎意料):
If the sun were to rise in the west,my love for you would not change.
即使太阳从西边出,我对你的爱也不会变。
94.你会正确使用虚拟语气的倒装形式吗
例 ____ your address,I woulu have written to you.
A.Did I know B.Were I to know
C.Had I known D.If I should know
此题应选C。这是虚拟语气的倒装形式。当虚拟条件句中含有 were,had,should,could 等动词时,可以将if 省略,然后将were,had,should,could 等词移至句首:
1.If he should fail,he would kill himself.
→Should he fail,he would kill himself.万一失败,他就会自杀。
2.If I were you,I would do it at once.
→Were I you,I would do it at once.假若我是你,我就会马上做。
3.If I could do it,I would.
→Could I do it,I would.要是我能做此事,我一定会做。
4.If he had you yesterday,he would have asked you about it.
→Had he seen you yesterday,he would have asked you about it.
他昨天要是看到了你,他就会问你这事了。
顺便说一句,以上移至句首的had 不一定是助动词,如果是实义动词也可倒装:
If he had money,he would buy a car.
→Had he money,he would buy a car.他要是有钱,他就会买一辆小车。
95.哪些动词接的宾语从句通常要用虚拟语气 例 The guard at the gate insisted that everyone ____ the rules. A.obeys B.obey C.will obey D.would obey 此题应选B。一般说来,在一些表示坚持(insist),命令(order,command),建议(suggest,advise),要求(require,demand) 等动词之后的宾语从句中,谓语一般要用“should +动词原形(其中的should 在美国英语中常省略,但是引导从句的that 通常不省略): He ordered that the medicine(should) be sent by a special plane. 他命令用专机来运送药品。 I demanded that I(should)be allowed to call my lawyer. 我要求允许我找我的律师。 注意insist 和suggest 的用法要分两种情况: 1.insist 表示“坚持要”、“一定要”,从句多指尚未实现的想法,谓语通常用虚拟语气(should +v);表示“坚持说”、“坚持认为”,从句所指的多为已经发生的事或已存在的状态,谓语用陈述语气: I insisted that he(should)go.我坚持要他去。 I insisted that he was wrong.我坚持认为他错了。 2.suggest 表示“建议”,其后接that 从句,一般要用虚拟语气; 若表示“暗示”、“表明”,则其后所接that 从句要用陈述语气: She suggested that we(should)leave early.她建议我们早点动身。 Her expression suggested that she was angry.她的表情表明她生气了。 96.I wish 后从句用虚拟语气的三种形式 例 I wish you ____ him my telephone number,but you did. A.didn't give B.hadn't given C.wouldn't give D.shouldn't give 此题应选B。I wish 后接宾语从句时,谓语有三种可能: 1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望,用过去时: I wish I were a teacher.我要是一位老师就好了。 I wish I remembered her address.我要是记得她的地址就好了。 2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望,用过去完成时: How I wish I had seen her off at the station,but I was too busy. 我要是去车站送过她就好了,但我太忙了。 3.表示与将来事实相反的愿望,用could/would +/might + 动词原形: I wish he would come at once.我真希望他马上来。 类似地,以下结构也与wish 情况类似(从句分三种情况): 1.If only(但愿):用法与含义均与I wish 相似, 以上各例中的I wish 均可用If only 代之,含义大致相同。 2.as if/though(好像): She loves the child as if he were her own. 她疼爱这孩子,就像是她自己的孩子一样。(与现在事实相反) He talks as if he had been there many times. 他说起话来好像是去过那儿多次似的。(与过去事实相反) He speaks as if he would die soon. 听他说话那语气好像不久就要死似的。(与将来事实相反) 97.你知道 I would rather 后接从句时谓语用何形式吗 例 —Shall I open the window? —I'd rather you ____ . A.can't B.won't C.didn't D.hadn't 此题应选 C。关于would rather 后从句谓语的形式, 注意以下几点: 1.指现在或将来用一般过去时: Don't come today.I'd rather you came tomorrow. 你不要今天来,我宁愿你明天来。 —Can I smoke here?我可以在这里抽烟吗? —Oh,I'd rather you didn't.哦,你最好别抽。 2.指过去用过去完成时: I'd rather I hadn't met her at the party. 我真希望在晚会上没有见到她。 I'd rather he hadn't told me about it. 我宁愿他没有告诉我这事还好些。 在谈到过去的情况时,I'd rather 与 I wish,If only 的意思和用法很接近,有时可换用; 当时我要是没有给他打电话就好了。 正:I'd rather I hadn't telephoned him. 正:I wish I hadn't telephoned him. 正:If only I hadn't telephoned him. 有时would rather 后的从句谓语也可用其它时态形式(比如在谈到现在情况时有时可用现在时态:I'd rather you go home now),但是这些用法在现代英语中很少见,建议考生在应试时要避免。 98.It's time 后的从句谓语用何形式 例 It's time the child ____ to bed. A.goes B.going C.went D.to go 此题应选 C。关于 It's time + that 从句,注意以下几点: 1.从句谓语通常用过去时态或 should + 动词原形: It's time we started.我们该动身了。 It is time that you left here.你该离开这儿了。 It's time you studied hard.你该努力学习了。 有时也用 should + 动词原形或甩过去进行时,有时甚至将should省略 (即只用动词原形,为非正式的美国口语): 我们该走了。 正:It is time we left.(常见) 正:It is time we should leave.(可用) 正:It is time we were leaving.(可用) 正:It is time we leave.(少见,非正式美国口语) 2.其它几点注意处: 1)其中的 It is 有时根据情况也可改为 It was,其后的时态不受影响: 你该上床睡觉了。 正:It is time you went to bed.(指现在而言) 正:It was time you went to bed.(指过去而言) 2)time 前可以用high,about 等修饰。 It is high time you told her the truth.你该把真相告诉她了。 It is about time that I wrote her a letter.我该给她写封信了。 99.什么是含蓄虚拟语气 例 He studied hard,otherwise he ____ so hard a test. A.didn't pass B.couldn't pass C.hadn't passed D.couldn't have passed 此题应选D。其中的otherwise 含蓄地暗示一种虚拟条件,相当于if he hadn't studied hard。 英语中用某种词汇或语法手段含蓄地暗示虚拟条件的方式比较多, 下面略举几例,供考生参考: With more money [If I had more money],I could do it better. 要是我有更多的钱,我会做得更好。 But for his help [if it were not for his help],we couldn't get over the difficulties. 要是没有他的帮助,我们就无法克服这些困难。 I'm really busy,or[if I weren't so busy,] I would certainly go with you. 我确实太忙了,要不然我一定跟你们一块儿去。 Meeting [If we had met] anywhere else , we couldn't have recognized each other. 要是在别处见面,我们俩彼此是不会认出来的。 To hear him speak English [If one were to hear him speak English],one would think him an Englishman. 你要是听他说英语,一定会认为他是一个英国人。 An honest man would not say this[If he were an honest man,he would not say this]. 一个诚实的人就不会说这样的话。 100.什么是错综时间虚拟语气 例 If you ____ the doctor's advice,you ____ quite well now. A.took,would be B.had taken,had been C.should take,were D.had taken,would be 此题应选D。从句意上看,条件从句的谓语显然发生在过去,而主句的谓语显然是现在,也就是说从句表示的是与过去事实相反的假设(用过去完成时),而主句表示的是与现在事实相反的假设(用 would + 动词原形)。英语中像这种主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句称为错综时间条件句。又如: If we hadn't got everything ready by now,we should be Having a terrible time tomorrow. 如果现在还没有把一切准备好,明天情况就糟了。 If we hadn't been working hard in the past few years, things wouldn't be going so smoothly. 要是过去几年没有作艰苦努力,现在的一切就不会进行得这样顺利了。 If you had studied hard last year,you would be a college student now. 你要是去年学习努力的话,你现在就是大学生了。 If the weather had been more favorable,the crops would be growing.still better. 如果过去天气好一些,现在的庄稼还会长得更好。 If he were alive now,he might have grown into a handsome young person. 要是他现在还活着的话,他会已长成一个英俊的小伙子了。 101.连系动词有被动语态吗
例 Her forehead ____ hot.I'm afraid she is ill.
A.is feeling B.feels
C.is felt D.has been felt
此题应选B。容易误选C,因为从意义上看,“前额”应该是“被摸”,
所以不少考生误入C 的陷阱。
英语中look(看起来),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来)等表示感官的连系动词,它们在意义上是被动的,但在形式上却不能是被动的(因为连系动词是不及物动词,不可能有被动形式)。同时,以上连系动词在表示以上意义时,通常也不用于进行时态(除look 外)。
1.The picture ____ beautiful.
A.is looked B.has looked
C.will be looked D.looks
2.The soup ____ very nice.
A.smells B.is smelt
C.is smelling D.smells to be
3.As is known to us all,glass ____ smooth.
A.feels B.is felt C.is feeling D.will feel
若以上动词不是用作连系动词,而是用作实义动词;或者即使是用作连系动词,而不表示以上意思,则可用进行时态:
Are you feeling any better?你感到好些了吗?
He was tasting the pudding.他在尝布丁。
答案:1.D 2.A 3.A