西凤酒啥就好喝:英文写作基础——英语写作方法

英语写作方法六大原则：
1. advanced words (高级词汇原则)
2. adverbial advanceed (状语提前原则)
3. phrases preferred (短语优先原则)
4.compound sentence, composite sentence and sentence of special kind (并列句、复合句和特殊句式原则)
5. long and short sentences alternately  (长短句交替原则)
6. passages in paragraphs(短文分段分层原则)

高分作文的五大特性
1. sense of order (条理性: 段落完整，层次分明）
2. accuracy  (准确性: 语法准确，用词精当）
3. fluency   (流畅性: 层次清晰，行文连贯）
4. conciseness & variety (简洁、多样性: 语言简洁，不重复）
5. ideological content (思想性: 文章立意高，表达个人观点内容积极向上）

过渡词的使用
过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词犹如“桥梁”，在文章中发挥着连接上下文的作用，学会恰当地运用过渡词会使文章结构紧凑，启、承、转、合，过渡自然，融会贯通，连成一体。
1、根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十六类：
 （1）表并列关系的过渡词：
 and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor等。
 （2）表递进关系的过渡词：
 besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover(此外，而且), what’s more， what’s worse等。
 （3）表转折对比的过渡词：
 but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others等。
 （4）表原因的过渡词：
 because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）, for this reason, owing to,  as far as, considering that, seeing that等。
 （5）表结果的过渡词：
 so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that?, accordingly等。??
 （6）表条件的过渡词：
 if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as等。
 （7）表时间的过渡词：
 when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on,? eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment等。
 （8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词：
 first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）等。
 （9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词：
 in other words, that is to say, to put it another way等。
 （10）表进行举例说明的过渡词：
 for instance, for example, take … as an example, namely, such as, like, in other words, that is to say, that is等。
 （11）表陈述事实的过渡词：
 in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth等。
 （12）表强调的过渡词：
 certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, of course, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely等。
 （13）表比较、对比的过渡词：
 like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, be similar to, rather than, on the contrary, by contrast, one one hand…, on the other hand, otherwise 等。
 （14）表目的的过渡词：
 for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to等。
 （15）表总结的过渡词：
 in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, to conclude, at last, in summary, on the whole等。
 （16）表增补的过渡词：in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what’s more, similarly, next, finally 等。
2、文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。
 （1） “启”。
 用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：
 过渡词： first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently,
 过渡句：It is often said that…,
 As the proverb says…,
 It goes without saying that…,
 It is clear/obvious that…,
 Many people often ask …
 （2） “承”。
 表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：
 过渡词： second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what
  is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，
 过渡句：It is true that…,
 Everybody knows that…,
 It can be easily proved that…,
 No one can deny that…
 The reason why …is that …,
 There is no doubt that…,
 To take…for an example (instance) …,
 We know that…,
 What is more serious is that…
 （3）“转”。
 用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：
 过渡词：but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, inspite of ..., yet, instead,
 过渡句：I do not believe that…,
 Perhaps you’ll ask why…
 This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…,
 Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found,
 That’s why i feel that…
 （4） “合”。
 用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：
 过渡词： in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up
 过渡句：From this point of view …
 On account of this we can find that …
 The result is dependent on …
 Thus, this is the reason why we must…
 
长短句结合
（1）句子既要生动，又要简明扼要。
（2）在写作中应避免使用相同长度的相同句型，而应注意句式的变化，如长短句结合，简单句、复杂句和复合句并用，还可以使用简化句等，一些较复杂的结构如独立结构，分词结构等也可以使用。
（3）可以使用一些特殊句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力，以增加文章“亮点”。强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。