偶看新闻打破虚空 精校:[英语四级文章写作基本理论与技巧-英语四级考试-考试大8
来源：百度文库 编辑：偶看新闻 时间：2024/05/01 17:52:41
3) 建议与结论
文章的结尾常结合两种写法。有的先提出建议或解决办法，再做结论。有的则先做出结论，再提出建议，例如：
主题：Shortage of natural resources（自然资源短缺）
The prolonged development of human society proves that population and economic and social progress eventually cannot be achieved without natural resources. To save the limited resources, we must take some measures to handle appropriately the relationship between the population and resources.
该段首先进行总结：人类社会持续的发展证明，如果没有自然资源，人口的繁衍、经济和社会的发展最终都是不可能的。
作者接着建议，为了节约有限的资源，我们必须采取一些措施，正确处理人口与资源的关系。
4) 提醒读者事物的两面性
文章的结尾还可以以转折的形式，提醒读者任何事物都有两面性，从而认识到其不足或负面的影响。例如：
主题：Solar Energy（太阳能）
However, solar energy has its disadvantages. One is that it is still very expensive for widespread practical use. Besides, solar systems would not work in cloudy or rainy days as well as at night. But in sunny areas, solar energy could help solve the energy crisis.
该段指出了太阳能的两个缺点：一、太贵；二、太阳能系统在阴雨天和晚上无法工作，从而让人们更全面地了解太阳能。
值得注意的是，在指出某一事物的另一面时，不能用太多笔墨，否则会喧宾夺主，淡化主题思想。
1.2.6 文章中的过渡方法
一致性和连贯性是作文的两个基本原则。而过渡是保持文章的一致性和连贯性的重要手段。过渡是指上下文之间的衔接与转换，在写作中起承上启下的作用。过渡帮助读者了解文章的条理和层次，沿着文章的思路由一个层次转到另一个层次，由前一段过渡到下一段，以致感到全文连贯畅达，融会贯通。
文章中常用的过渡方法有三种：
（1） 用词语过渡来源：考试大的美女编辑们
从一个句子过渡到另一个句子可以恰当地使用表示过渡的词语。同样，段落之间的过渡也可通过使用表示过渡的词语。
例如：
To sum up, although undergoing risks can make you more experienced and enable you weather any crisis in life, it’s advisable to take only the rewarding risks whose opportunities far outweigh their risks.
作者用To sum up这一短语，从前面对冒险的讨论过渡到总结全文，表明自己对冒险的看法。
（2） 用句子过渡
文章由一段内容转入另一段内容，从一个层次转换到另一个层次需用过渡句。用句子过渡主要有三种情况：
a. 通过设问或提示导入正文
这种过渡句通常在第一段的末尾，或在第二段的开头。如Solutions to Test Anxiety 一文的第一段。
When taking an examination, many students tend to be worried and uneasy. Their minds cannot work as well as they usually do. As a result，they get low grades which do not show their real abilities. Then how to cope with such test anxiety?
最后一句是过渡句。作者用设问方式引导读者转入下一段的正题——“Solutions to test anxiety”。
b. 通过总结，引出结论本文来源:考试大网
这种过渡句通常位于最后一段的开头。如Why Shanghai Enjoy Long Life Expectancy 一文的最后一段。
Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life. Given a better environment, Shanghai people’s life expectancy would extend beyond 80.
作者在前面的段落中分析了上海人长寿的原因之后，用“Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life.”作为过渡句，总结全文，并展望未来的前景。
c. 通过提示，转入对比来源：考试大
说明文和议论文等从一个段落过渡到另一个段落，表示转入与前段内容所阐述的问题相反，或者形成对比时，常在段首使用过渡句。这种过渡句需在句前用一个表示对比的过渡词或者短语。如Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad for Further studies一文中的一段：
Nevertheless, there will be some disadvantages of going abroad. For example, we have to suffer a lot from loneliness because of leaving family and friends, we must make great efforts to learn a new language, and we will spend a great deal of money.
作者用 “Nevertheless” 连接 “there will be some dis- advantages of going abroad.”这样一个表示明显转折的过渡句，把文章自然地由上述“advantages of going abroad”转到“dis- advantages”上，使文章上下文有机地联系起来。
（3） 用段落过渡本文来源:考试大网
文章内容由一层意思转入另一层意思的交接处，可以安排一个起承上启下作用的过渡段落。如下面“Nuclear Energy”一文的过渡段。
This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy; yet, to my mind, it is not the most important. What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future.
在这一段落中，“This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy”起着承上段的作用；而“What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future”起着启下段的作用。显然，下一段将阐述如何合理分配能量问题。
好，下面我对这一讲内容做一下小结。在这一讲里，我主要谈到了
1）段落的结构；2）段落的要求；3）段落的写作步骤和发展方法；4）文章的基本要求；5）文章的基本结构；6）文章正文的扩展方法；7）文章的开始段和结尾段的写法。
关于英语写作的基本理论和技巧就介绍到这里，下面我们进行写作练习。我将给大家一个作文题，请大家根据这一讲的内容，在30分钟内完成。大家在写作的过程中要注意审题，考虑文章的结构、采用的扩展方法、开头和结尾的方法及文章中的过渡方法等。下面，我们先来看一下题目要求。
练习一：大学英语四级考试写作指导四方谈
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic What Would Happen If There Were No Power in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
1. Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. ______________________________________________.
2. If there were no electric power，_________________________________, ____________________________________________________________.
3. Therefore, ___________________________________________________.
现在开始进行写作练习
文章的结尾常结合两种写法。有的先提出建议或解决办法，再做结论。有的则先做出结论，再提出建议，例如：
主题：Shortage of natural resources（自然资源短缺）
The prolonged development of human society proves that population and economic and social progress eventually cannot be achieved without natural resources. To save the limited resources, we must take some measures to handle appropriately the relationship between the population and resources.
该段首先进行总结：人类社会持续的发展证明，如果没有自然资源，人口的繁衍、经济和社会的发展最终都是不可能的。
作者接着建议，为了节约有限的资源，我们必须采取一些措施，正确处理人口与资源的关系。
4) 提醒读者事物的两面性
文章的结尾还可以以转折的形式，提醒读者任何事物都有两面性，从而认识到其不足或负面的影响。例如：
主题：Solar Energy（太阳能）
However, solar energy has its disadvantages. One is that it is still very expensive for widespread practical use. Besides, solar systems would not work in cloudy or rainy days as well as at night. But in sunny areas, solar energy could help solve the energy crisis.
该段指出了太阳能的两个缺点：一、太贵；二、太阳能系统在阴雨天和晚上无法工作，从而让人们更全面地了解太阳能。
值得注意的是，在指出某一事物的另一面时，不能用太多笔墨，否则会喧宾夺主，淡化主题思想。
1.2.6 文章中的过渡方法
一致性和连贯性是作文的两个基本原则。而过渡是保持文章的一致性和连贯性的重要手段。过渡是指上下文之间的衔接与转换，在写作中起承上启下的作用。过渡帮助读者了解文章的条理和层次，沿着文章的思路由一个层次转到另一个层次，由前一段过渡到下一段，以致感到全文连贯畅达，融会贯通。
文章中常用的过渡方法有三种：
（1） 用词语过渡来源：考试大的美女编辑们
从一个句子过渡到另一个句子可以恰当地使用表示过渡的词语。同样，段落之间的过渡也可通过使用表示过渡的词语。
例如：
To sum up, although undergoing risks can make you more experienced and enable you weather any crisis in life, it’s advisable to take only the rewarding risks whose opportunities far outweigh their risks.
作者用To sum up这一短语，从前面对冒险的讨论过渡到总结全文，表明自己对冒险的看法。
（2） 用句子过渡
文章由一段内容转入另一段内容，从一个层次转换到另一个层次需用过渡句。用句子过渡主要有三种情况：
a. 通过设问或提示导入正文
这种过渡句通常在第一段的末尾，或在第二段的开头。如Solutions to Test Anxiety 一文的第一段。
When taking an examination, many students tend to be worried and uneasy. Their minds cannot work as well as they usually do. As a result，they get low grades which do not show their real abilities. Then how to cope with such test anxiety?
最后一句是过渡句。作者用设问方式引导读者转入下一段的正题——“Solutions to test anxiety”。
b. 通过总结，引出结论本文来源:考试大网
这种过渡句通常位于最后一段的开头。如Why Shanghai Enjoy Long Life Expectancy 一文的最后一段。
Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life. Given a better environment, Shanghai people’s life expectancy would extend beyond 80.
作者在前面的段落中分析了上海人长寿的原因之后，用“Clearly, these factors have played an important role in Shanghai people’s life.”作为过渡句，总结全文，并展望未来的前景。
c. 通过提示，转入对比来源：考试大
说明文和议论文等从一个段落过渡到另一个段落，表示转入与前段内容所阐述的问题相反，或者形成对比时，常在段首使用过渡句。这种过渡句需在句前用一个表示对比的过渡词或者短语。如Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad for Further studies一文中的一段：
Nevertheless, there will be some disadvantages of going abroad. For example, we have to suffer a lot from loneliness because of leaving family and friends, we must make great efforts to learn a new language, and we will spend a great deal of money.
作者用 “Nevertheless” 连接 “there will be some dis- advantages of going abroad.”这样一个表示明显转折的过渡句，把文章自然地由上述“advantages of going abroad”转到“dis- advantages”上，使文章上下文有机地联系起来。
（3） 用段落过渡本文来源:考试大网
文章内容由一层意思转入另一层意思的交接处，可以安排一个起承上启下作用的过渡段落。如下面“Nuclear Energy”一文的过渡段。
This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy; yet, to my mind, it is not the most important. What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future.
在这一段落中，“This is an important effect of the coming of nuclear energy”起着承上段的作用；而“What is most important is that energy will be more evenly distributed in the future”起着启下段的作用。显然，下一段将阐述如何合理分配能量问题。
好，下面我对这一讲内容做一下小结。在这一讲里，我主要谈到了
1）段落的结构；2）段落的要求；3）段落的写作步骤和发展方法；4）文章的基本要求；5）文章的基本结构；6）文章正文的扩展方法；7）文章的开始段和结尾段的写法。
关于英语写作的基本理论和技巧就介绍到这里，下面我们进行写作练习。我将给大家一个作文题，请大家根据这一讲的内容，在30分钟内完成。大家在写作的过程中要注意审题，考虑文章的结构、采用的扩展方法、开头和结尾的方法及文章中的过渡方法等。下面，我们先来看一下题目要求。
练习一：大学英语四级考试写作指导四方谈
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic What Would Happen If There Were No Power in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence or part of the first sentence of each paragraph. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
What Would Happen If There Were No Power
1. Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. ______________________________________________.
2. If there were no electric power，_________________________________, ____________________________________________________________.
3. Therefore, ___________________________________________________.
现在开始进行写作练习