杭州妇保地铁哪个出口:pacs代码

PACS 2010 Regular Edition
00. GENERAL
01. Communication, education, history, and philosophy
01.10.-m Announcements, news, and organizational activities
01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards
01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes
01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities
01.20.+x Communication forms and techniques (written, oral, electronic, etc.)
01.30.-y Physics literature and publications
01.30.Bb Publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.)
01.30.Cc Conference proceedings
01.30.Ee Monographs and collections
01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations
01.30.L- Physics laboratory manuals
01.30.la Secondary schools
01.30.lb Undergraduate schools
01.30.M- Textbooks
01.30.mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
01.30.mp Textbooks for undergraduates
01.30.mr Textbooks for students in grades 9-12
01.30.mt Textbooks for students in grades K-8
01.30.Os Books of general interest to physics teachers
01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters
01.30.Tt Bibliographies
01.30.Vv Book reviews
01.30.Ww Editorials
01.30.Xx Publications in electronic media (for the topic of electronic
publishing, see 01.20.+x)
01.40.-d Education
01.40.Di Course design and evaluation
01.40.E- Science in school
01.40.eg Elementary school
01.40.ek Secondary school
01.40.Fk Research in physics education
01.40.G- Curricula and evaluation
01.40.gb Teaching methods and strategies
01.40.gf Theory of testing and techniques
01.40.Ha Learning theory and science teaching
01.40.J- Teacher training
01.40.jc Preservice training
01.40.jh Inservice training
01.50.-i Educational aids
01.50.F- Audio and visual aids
01.50.fd Audio devices
01.50.ff Films; electronic video devices
01.50.fh Posters, cartoons, art, etc.
01.50.H- Computers in education
01.50.ht Instructional computer use
01.50.hv Computer software and software reviews
01.50.Kw Techniques of testing
01.50.Lc Laboratory computer use (see also 01.50.Pa)
01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus
01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus (see also 01.50.Lc)
01.50.Qb Laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation
01.50.Rt Physics tournaments and contests
01.50.Wg Physics of toys
01.50.Zv Errors in physics classroom materials
01.52.+r National and international laboratory facilities
01.55.+b General physics
01.60.+q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries
01.65.+g History of science
01.70.+w Philosophy of science
01.75.+m Science and society (for science and government, see 01.78.+p; for
social issues regarding wind energy, see 88.50.Xy; for social issues
regarding biomass energy, see 88.20.Y-)
01.78.+p Science and government (funding, politics, etc.) (see also 88.05.Jk
Policy issues; resource assessment)
01.80.+b Physics of games and sports
01.85.+f Careers in physics and science
01.90.+g Other topics of general interest (restricted to new topics in section
01)
02. Mathematical methods in physics
02.10.-v Logic, set theory, and algebra
02.10.Ab Logic and set theory
02.10.De Algebraic structures and number theory
02.10.Hh Rings and algebras
02.10.Kn Knot theory
02.10.Ox Combinatorics; graph theory
02.10.Ud Linear algebra
02.10.Xm Multilinear algebra
02.10.Yn Matrix theory
02.20.-a Group theory (for algebraic methods in quantum mechanics, see 03.65.Fd;
for symmetries in elementary particle physics, see 11.30.-j)
02.20.Bb General structures of groups
02.20.Hj Classical groups
02.20.Qs General properties, structure, and representation of Lie groups
02.20.Rt Discrete subgroups of Lie groups
02.20.Sv Lie algebras of Lie groups
02.20.Tw Infinite-dimensional Lie groups
02.20.Uw Quantum groups
02.30.-f Function theory, analysis
02.30.Cj Measure and integration
02.30.Em Potential theory
02.30.Fn Several complex variables and analytic spaces
02.30.Gp Special functions
02.30.Hq Ordinary differential equations
02.30.Ik Integrable systems
02.30.Jr Partial differential equations
02.30.Ks Delay and functional equations
02.30.Lt Sequences, series, and summability
02.30.Mv Approximations and expansions
02.30.Nw Fourier analysis
02.30.Oz Bifurcation theory (see also 47.20.Ky in fluid dynamics)
02.30.Px Abstract harmonic analysis
02.30.Rz Integral equations
02.30.Sa Functional analysis
02.30.Tb Operator theory
02.30.Uu Integral transforms
02.30.Vv Operational calculus
02.30.Xx Calculus of variations
02.30.Yy Control theory
02.30.Zz Inverse problems
02.40.-k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology (see also section 04
Relativity and gravitation)
02.40.Dr Euclidean and projective geometries
02.40.Ft Convex sets and geometric inequalities
02.40.Gh Noncommutative geometry
02.40.Hw Classical differential geometry
02.40.Ky Riemannian geometries
02.40.Ma Global differential geometry
02.40.Pc General topology
02.40.Re Algebraic topology
02.40.Sf Manifolds and cell complexes
02.40.Tt Complex manifolds
02.40.Vh Global analysis and analysis on manifolds
02.40.Xx Singularity theory (see also 05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos)
02.40.Yy Geometric mechanics (see also 45.20.Jj in formalisms in classical
mechanics)
02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics (see also
section 05 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear
dynamical systems)
02.50.Cw Probability theory
02.50.Ey Stochastic processes
02.50.Fz Stochastic analysis
02.50.Ga Markov processes
02.50.Le Decision theory and game theory
02.50.Ng Distribution theory and Monte Carlo studies
02.50.Sk Multivariate analysis
02.50.Tt Inference methods
02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis
02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations
02.60.Dc Numerical linear algebra
02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting
02.60.Gf Algorithms for functional approximation
02.60.Jh Numerical differentiation and integration
02.60.Lj Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems
02.60.Nm Integral and integrodifferential equations
02.60.Pn Numerical optimization
02.70.-c Computational techniques; simulations (for quantum computation, see
03.67.Lx; for computational techniques extensively used in
subdivisions of physics, see the appropriate section; for example, see
47.11.-j Computational methods in fluid dynamics)
02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods
02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods
02.70.Hm Spectral methods
02.70.Jn Collocation methods
02.70.Ns Molecular dynamics and particle methods
02.70.Pt Boundary-integral methods
02.70.Rr General statistical methods
02.70.Ss Quantum Monte Carlo methods
02.70.Tt Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods
02.70.Uu Applications of Monte Carlo methods (see also 02.50.Ng in probability
theory, stochastic processes, and statistics, and 05.10.Ln in
statistical physics)
02.70.Wz Symbolic computation (computer algebra)
02.90.+p Other topics in mathematical methods in physics (restricted to new
topics in section 02)
03. Quantum mechanics, field theories, and special relativity (see also section
11 General theory of fields and particles)
03.30.+p Special relativity
03.50.-z Classical field theories
03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations (for applied classical
electromagnetism, see 41.20.-q)
03.50.Kk Other special classical field theories
03.65.-w Quantum mechanics [see also 03.67.-a Quantum information; 05.30.-d
Quantum statistical mechanics; 31.30.J- Relativistic and quantum
electrodynamics (QED) effects in atoms, molecules, and ions in atomic
physics]
03.65.Aa Quantum systems with finite Hilbert space
03.65.Ca Formalism
03.65.Db Functional analytical methods
03.65.Fd Algebraic methods (see also 02.20.-a Group theory)
03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states
03.65.Nk Scattering theory
03.65.Pm Relativistic wave equations
03.65.Sq Semiclassical theories and applications
03.65.Ta Foundations of quantum mechanics; measurement theory (for optical tests
of quantum theory, see 42.50.Xa)
03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality (e.g. EPR paradox, Bell's
inequalities, GHZ states, etc.) (for entanglement production and
manipulation, see 03.67.Bg; for entanglement measures, witnesses etc.,
see 03.67.Mn; for entanglement in Bose-Einstein condensates, see
03.75.Gg)
03.65.Vf Phases: geometric; dynamic or topological
03.65.Wj State reconstruction, quantum tomography
03.65.Xp Tunneling, traversal time, quantum Zeno dynamics
03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods (see also
03.67.Pp in quantum information; for decoherence in Bose-Einstein
condensates, see 03.75.Gg)
03.67.-a Quantum information (see also 42.50.Dv Quantum state engineering and
measurements; 42.50.Ex Optical implementations of quantum information
processing and transfer in quantum optics)
03.67.Ac Quantum algorithms, protocols, and simulations
03.67.Bg Entanglement production and manipulation (for entanglement in
Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg)
03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography and communication security
03.67.Hk Quantum communication
03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations
03.67.Mn Entanglement measures, witnesses, and other characterizations (see
also 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality; 42.50.Dv Quantum
state engineering and measurements in quantum optics)
03.67.Pp Quantum error correction and other methods for protection against
decoherence (see also 03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum
statistical methods; for decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates, see
03.75.Gg)
03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields (see also 11.10.-z Field theory)
03.75.-b Matter waves (for atom interferometry, see 37.25.+k; see also 67.85.-d
ultracold gases, trapped gases in quantum fluids and solids)
03.75.Be Atom and neutron optics
03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry
03.75.Gg Entanglement and decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates
03.75.Hh Static properties of condensates; thermodynamical, statistical, and
structural properties
03.75.Kk Dynamic properties of condensates; collective and hydrodynamic
excitations, superfluid flow
03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic
potentials, solitons, vortices, and topological excitations (see also
74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects in superconductivity)
03.75.Mn Multicomponent condensates; spinor condensates
03.75.Nt Other Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena
03.75.Pp Atom lasers
03.75.Ss Degenerate Fermi gases
04. General relativity and gravitation (for astrophysical aspects, see 95.30.Sf
Relativity and gravitation; for relativistic aspects of cosmology, see 98.80.Jk;
for special relativity, see 03.30.+p)
04.20.-q Classical general relativity (see also 02.40.-k Geometry, differential
geometry, and topology)
04.20.Cv Fundamental problems and general formalism
04.20.Dw Singularities and cosmic censorship
04.20.Ex Initial value problem, existence and uniqueness of solutions
04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles
04.20.Gz Spacetime topology, causal structure, spinor structure
04.20.Ha Asymptotic structure
04.20.Jb Exact solutions
04.25.-g Approximation methods; equations of motion
04.25.D- Numerical relativity
04.25.dc Numerical studies of critical behavior, singularities, and cosmic
censorship
04.25.dg Numerical studies of black holes and black-hole binaries
04.25.dk Numerical studies of other relativistic binaries (see also 97.80.-d
Binary and multiple stars in astronomy)
04.25.Nx Post-Newtonian approximation; perturbation theory; related
approximations
04.30.-w Gravitational waves (see also 04.80.Nn Gravitational wave detectors and
experiments)
04.30.Db Wave generation and sources
04.30.Nk Wave propagation and interactions
04.30.Tv Gravitational-wave astrophysics (see also 95.85.Sz Gravitational
radiation, magnetic fields, and other observations in astronomy)
04.40.-b Self-gravitating systems; continuous media and classical fields in
curved spacetime
04.40.Dg Relativistic stars: structure, stability, and oscillations (see also
97.60.-s Late stages of stellar evolution)
04.40.Nr Einstein-Maxwell spacetimes, spacetimes with fluids, radiation or
classical fields
04.50.-h Higher-dimensional gravity and other theories of gravity (see also
11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models, 11.25.Uv D
branes)
04.50.Cd Kaluza-Klein theories
04.50.Gh Higher-dimensional black holes, black strings, and related objects
04.50.Kd Modified theories of gravity
04.60.-m Quantum gravity (see also 11.25.-w Strings and branes; 11.15.Wx
Topologically massive gauge theories, and 11.15.Yc Chern-Simons gauge
theory)
04.60.Bc Phenomenology of quantum gravity
04.60.Cf Gravitational aspects of string theory
04.60.Ds Canonical quantization
04.60.Gw Covariant and sum-over-histories quantization
04.60.Kz Lower dimensional models; minisuperspace models
04.60.Nc Lattice and discrete methods
04.60.Pp Loop quantum gravity, quantum geometry, spin foams
04.60.Rt Topologically massive gravity (see also 11.15.Wx Topologically massive
gauge theories, and 11.15.Yc Chern-Simons gauge theory)
04.62.+v Quantum fields in curved spacetime
04.65.+e Supergravity (see also 12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models; 11.15.Wx
Topologically massive gauge theories, and 11.15.Yc Chern-Simons gauge
theory)
04.70.-s Physics of black holes (see also 97.60.Lf—in astronomy)
04.70.Bw Classical black holes
04.70.Dy Quantum aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics
04.80.-y Experimental studies of gravity
04.80.Cc Experimental tests of gravitational theories
04.80.Nn Gravitational wave detectors and experiments (see also 95.55.Ym
Gravitational radiation detectors; mass spectrometers; and other
instrumentation and techniques)
04.90.+e Other topics in general relativity and gravitation (restricted to new
topics in section 04)
05. Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems (see
also 02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics)
05.10.-a Computational methods in statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics
(see also 02.70.-c in mathematical methods in physics)
05.10.Cc Renormalization group methods
05.10.Gg Stochastic analysis methods (Fokker-Planck, Langevin, etc.)
05.10.Ln Monte Carlo methods (see also 02.70.Tt, Uu in mathematical methods in
physics; for Monte Carlo methods extensively used in subdivisions of
physics, see the appropriate section; for example, see 52.65.Pp in
plasma simulation)
05.20.-y Classical statistical mechanics
05.20.Dd Kinetic theory (see also 51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases)
05.20.Gg Classical ensemble theory
05.20.Jj Statistical mechanics of classical fluids (see also 47.10.-g General
theory in fluid dynamics)
05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics (for quantum fluids aspects, see
67.10.Fj)
05.30.Ch Quantum ensemble theory
05.30.Fk Fermion systems and electron gas (see also 71.10.-w Theories and models
of many-electron systems; see also 67.10.Db Fermion degeneracy in
quantum fluids)
05.30.Jp Boson systems (for static and dynamic properties of Bose-Einstein
condensates, see 03.75.Hh and 03.75.Kk; see also 67.10.Ba Boson
degeneracy in quantum fluids)
05.30.Pr Fractional statistics systems (anyons, etc.)
05.30.Rt Quantum phase transitions (see also 64.70.Tg Quantum phase transitions
in specific phase transitions; and 73.43.Nq Quantum phase transitions
in Quantum Hall effects)
05.40.-a Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, noise, and Brownian motion
(for fluctuations in superconductivity, see 74.40.-n; for statistical
theory and fluctuations in nuclear reactions, see 24.60.-k; for
fluctuations in plasma, see 52.25.Gj; for nonlinear dynamics and chaos,
see 05.45.-a)
05.40.Ca Noise
05.40.Fb Random walks and Levy flights
05.40.Jc Brownian motion
05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos (see also section 45 Classical mechanics
of discrete systems; for chaos in fluid dynamics, see 47.52.+j; for
chaos in superconductivity, see 74.40.De)
05.45.Ac Low-dimensional chaos
05.45.Df Fractals (see also 47.53.+n Fractals in fluid dynamics; 61.43.Hv
Fractals; macroscopic aggregates in structure of solids)
05.45.Gg Control of chaos, applications of chaos
05.45.Jn High-dimensional chaos
05.45.Mt Quantum chaos; semiclassical methods
05.45.Pq Numerical simulations of chaotic systems
05.45.Ra Coupled map lattices
05.45.Tp Time series analysis
05.45.Vx Communication using chaos
05.45.Xt Synchronization; coupled oscillators
05.45.Yv Solitons (see 52.35.Sb for solitons in plasma; for solitons in acoustics,
see 43.25.Rq—in Acoustics Appendix; see 42.50.Md, 42.65.Tg, 42.81.Dp
for solitons in optics; see also 03.75.Lm in matter waves; for solitons
in space plasma physics, see 94.05.Fg; for solitary waves in fluid
dynamics, see 47.35.Fg)
05.50.+q Lattice theory and statistics (Ising, Potts, etc.) (see also 64.60.Cn
Order-disorder transformations, and 75.10.Hk Classical spin models)
05.60.-k Transport processes
05.60.Cd Classical transport
05.60.Gg Quantum transport
05.65.+b Self-organized systems (see also 45.70.-n in classical mechanics of
discrete systems)
05.70.-a Thermodynamics (see also section 64 Equations of state, phase
equilibria, and phase transitions, and section 65 Thermal properties
of condensed matter; for chemical thermodynamics, see 82.60.-s; for
thermodynamics of plasmas, see 52.25.Kn; for thermodynamic properties
of quantum fluids, see 67.25.bd, and 67.30.ef; for thermodynamics of
nanoparticles, see 82.60.Qr, and 65.80.-g; for thermodynamic processes
in astrophysics, see 95.30.Tg; for thermodynamics in volcanology, see
91.40.Pc)
05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state (see also 51.30.+i
Thermodynamic properties, equations of state in physics of gases; for
equations of state of specific substances, see 64.30.-t; for equations
of state of nuclear matter, and of neutron-star matter, see 21.65.Mn
and 26.60.Kp, respectively; see also 95.30.Tg in astronomy; for
thermodynamic properties of superconductors, see 74.25.Bt)
05.70.Fh Phase transitions: general studies (see also 05.30.Rt Quantum phase
transitions in quantum statistical mechanics; 64.70.Tg Quantum phase
transitions in specific phase transitions; 73.43.Nq Quantum phase
transitions in quantum Hall effects; for superconductivity phase
diagrams, see 74.25.Dw; for magnetic phase boundaries, see 75.30.Kz;
for ferroelectric phase transitions, see 77.80.B-)
05.70.Jk Critical point phenomena (for quantum critical phenomena in
superconductivity, see 74.40.Kb)
05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics (see also 82.40.Bj
Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations in physical chemistry and
chemical physics)
05.70.Np Interface and surface thermodynamics (see also 68.35.Md Surface
thermodynamics, surface energies in surfaces and interfaces)
05.90.+m Other topics in statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear
dynamical systems (restricted to new topics in section 05)
06. Metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures (for laser applications in
metrology, see 42.62.Eh)
06.20.-f Metrology
06.20.Dk Measurement and error theory
06.20.F- Units and standards
06.20.fa Units
06.20.fb Standards and calibration
06.20.Jr Determination of fundamental constants
06.30.-k Measurements common to several branches of physics and astronomy
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and
displacements)
06.30.Dr Mass and density
06.30.Ft Time and frequency
06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
06.30.Ka Basic electromagnetic quantities (see also 84.37.+q Measurements in
electric variables)
06.60.-c Laboratory procedures
06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders)
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
06.60.Mr Testing and inspecting procedures
06.60.Sx Positioning and alignment; manipulating, remote handling
06.60.Vz Workshop procedures (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.)
06.60.Wa Laboratory safety procedures (for national and international
laboratory facilities, see 01.52.+r)
06.90.+v Other topics in metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures
(restricted to new topics in section 06)
07. Instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics
and astronomy (see also each subdiscipline for specialized instrumentation and
techniques)
07.05.-t Computers in experimental physics (for computers in education, see
01.50.H-, and 01.50.Lc; for quantum computation architectures, see
03.67.Lx; for optical computers, see 42.79.Ta; for computational and
simulation techniques, see 02.70.-c in mathematical methods)
07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and
utilities
07.05.Dz Control systems
07.05.Fb Design of experiments
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management (for data
analysis in nuclear physics, see 29.85.-c)
07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence
07.05.Pj Image processing (see also 42.30.Va in optics; 87.57.-s Medical imaging
in biological and medical physics; 95.75.Tv Digitization techniques in
astronomy)
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation
07.05.Tp Computer modeling and simulation
07.05.Wr Computer interfaces (for nuclear physics applications, see 29.50.+v)
07.07.-a General equipment
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote
sensing
07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.
07.07.Mp Transducers
07.07.Tw Servo and control equipment; robots
07.07.Vx Hygrometers; hygrometry
07.10.-h Mechanical instruments and equipment
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems [for micro- and
nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), see 85.85.+j in electronic
and magnetic devices; see also 81.07.Oj Nanoelectromechanical systems
(NEMS) in nanoscale materials and structures; see also 87.80.Ek
Mechanical and micromechanical techniques; 87.85.Ox Biomedical
instrumentation and transducers including micro-electro-mechanical
systems in biological and medical physics]
07.10.Fq Vibration isolation
07.10.Lw Balance systems, tensile machines, etc.
07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque
07.20.-n Thermal instruments and apparatus
07.20.Dt Thermometers
07.20.Fw Calorimeters (for calorimeters as radiation detectors, see 29.40.Vj)
07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters
07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other
low-temperature equipment
07.20.Pe Heat engines; heat pumps; heat pipes
07.30.-t Vacuum apparatus
07.30.Bx Degasification, residual gas
07.30.Cy Vacuum pumps
07.30.Dz Vacuum gauges
07.30.Hd Vacuum testing methods; leak detectors
07.30.Kf Vacuum chambers, auxiliary apparatus, and materials
07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components (see also 84.30.-r Electronic circuits
and 84.32.-y Passive circuit components)
07.50.Hp Electrical noise and shielding equipment
07.50.Ls Electrometers
07.50.Qx Signal processing electronics (see also 84.40.Ua in radiowave and
microwave technology; 87.85.Ng Biological signal processing in
biomedical engineering)
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
07.55.Db Generation of magnetic fields; magnets (for superconducting magnets,
see 84.71.Ba; for beam focusing magnets, see 41.85.Lc in beam optics)
07.55.Ge Magnetometers for magnetic field measurements
07.55.Jg Magnetometers for susceptibility, magnetic moment, and magnetization
measurements
07.55.Nk Magnetic shielding in instruments
07.57.-c Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments and
equipment (for infrared and radio telescopes, see 95.55.Cs, 95.55.Fw,
and 95.55.Jz in astronomy; for biophysical spectroscopic applications,
see 87.64.-t)
07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave sources (see
also 42.72.Ai Infrared sources in optics)
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave
receivers and detectors (see also 85.60.Gz Photodetectors in electronic
and magnetic devices, and 95.55.Rg Photoconductors and bolometers in
astronomy)
07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic
resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.60.-j Optical instruments and equipment (see also 87.64.M- Optical microscopy
in biological and medical physics; for optical sources, see 42.72.-g;
see also 42.79.-e Optical elements, devices and systems; for
optoelectronic devices, see 85.60.-q; for optical telescopes, see
95.55.Cs; for photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic equipment
in astronomy, see 95.55.Qf)
07.60.Dq Photometers, radiometers, and colorimeters
07.60.Fs Polarimeters and ellipsometers
07.60.Hv Refractometers and reflectometers
07.60.Ly Interferometers
07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes (for near-field scanning optical
microscopes, see 07.79.Fc; for x-ray microscopes, see 07.85.Tt)
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
07.60.Vg Fiber-optic instruments (see also 42.81.-i Fiber optics)
07.64.+z Acoustic instruments and equipment (see also 43.58.+z—in acoustics)
07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
07.75.+h Mass spectrometers (see also 82.80.Ms, 82.80.Nj, and 82.80.Rt in
physical chemistry and chemical physics)
07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
07.77.Gx Atomic and molecular beam sources and detectors (see also 37.20.+j
Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques, in atomic and
molecular physics)
07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors (see also 29.40.-n
Radiation detectors in nuclear physics)
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
07.79.-v Scanning probe microscopes and components (see also 68.37.-d Microscopy
of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films)
07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
07.79.Pk Magnetic force microscopes
07.79.Sp Friction force microscopes
07.81.+a Electron and ion spectrometers (see also 29.30.Dn Electron
spectroscopy; 29.30.Ep Charged-particle spectroscopy in nuclear
physics)
07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments (for x- and γ-ray telescopes, see 95.55.Ka
in astronomy; for x-ray beams and x-ray optics, see 41.50.+h)
07.85.Fv X- and γ-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors
07.85.Jy Diffractometers
07.85.Nc X-ray and γ-ray spectrometers
07.85.Qe Synchrotron radiation instrumentation
07.85.Tt X-ray microscopes
07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components
(satellites, space vehicles, etc.) (for instrumentation for space
plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere, see 94.80.+g; see also
95.55.-n and 95.40.+s in astronomy; for materials testing in space, see
81.70.Ha)
07.88.+y Instruments for environmental pollution measurements
07.89.+b Environmental effects on instruments (e.g., radiation and pollution
effects) (for environmental effects on optical elements, devices, and
systems, see 42.88.+h)
07.90.+c Other topics in instruments, apparatus, and components common to
several branches of physics and astronomy (restricted to new topics in
section 07)
10. THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS (for experimental methods and
instrumentation for elementary-particle physics, see section 29)
11. General theory of fields and particles (see also 03.65.-w Quantum mechanics
and 03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields)
11.10.-z Field theory (for gauge field theories, see 11.15.-q)
11.10.Cd Axiomatic approach
11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach
11.10.Gh Renormalization
11.10.Hi Renormalization group evolution of parameters
11.10.Jj Asymptotic problems and properties
11.10.Kk Field theories in dimensions other than four (see also 04.50.-h
Higher-dimensional gravity and other theories of gravity; 04.60.Kz
Lower dimensional models; minisuperspace models in general relativity
and gravitation)
11.10.Lm Nonlinear or nonlocal theories and models (see also 11.27.+d Extended
classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture)
11.10.Nx Noncommutative field theory
... ... ... Relativistic wave equations, see 03.65.Pm
11.10.St Bound and unstable states; Bethe-Salpeter equations
11.10.Wx Finite-temperature field theory
11.15.-q Gauge field theories
11.15.Bt General properties of perturbation theory
11.15.Ex Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries
11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory (see also 12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations)
11.15.Kc Classical and semiclassical techniques
11.15.Me Strong-coupling expansions
11.15.Pg Expansions for large numbers of components (e.g., 1/Nc expansions)
11.15.Tk Other nonperturbative techniques
11.15.Wx Topologically massive gauge theories (see also 04.60.Rt Topologically
massive gravity)
11.15.Yc Chern-Simons gauge theory
11.25.-w Strings and branes (for cosmic strings, see 98.80.Cq in cosmology; see
also 11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain
walls, texture)
11.25.Db Properties of perturbation theory
11.25.Hf Conformal field theory, algebraic structures
11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models
11.25.Pm Noncritical string theory
11.25.Sq Nonperturbative techniques; string field theory
11.25.Tq Gauge/string duality
11.25.Uv D branes
11.25.Wx String and brane phenomenology
11.25.Yb M theory
11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture
(see also 98.80.Cq in cosmology; 11.25.-w Strings and branes)
11.30.-j Symmetry and conservation laws (see also 02.20.-a Group theory)
11.30.Cp Lorentz and Poincaré invariance
11.30.Er Charge conjugation, parity, time reversal, and other discrete
symmetries
11.30.Fs Global symmetries (e.g., baryon number, lepton number)
11.30.Hv Flavor symmetries
11.30.Ly Other internal and higher symmetries
11.30.Na Nonlinear and dynamical symmetries (spectrum-generating symmetries)
11.30.Pb Supersymmetry (see also 12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models)
11.30.Qc Spontaneous and radiative symmetry breaking
11.30.Rd Chiral symmetries
11.40.-q Currents and their properties
11.40.Dw General theory of currents
11.40.Ex Formal properties of current algebras (see also 12.39.Fe Chiral
Lagrangians)
11.40.Ha Partially conserved axial-vector currents
11.55.-m S-matrix theory; analytic structure of amplitudes
11.55.Bq Analytic properties of S matrix
11.55.Ds Exact S matrices
11.55.Fv Dispersion relations
11.55.Hx Sum rules
11.55.Jy Regge formalism (see also 12.40.Nn in strong interactions)
11.80.-m Relativistic scattering theory
11.80.Cr Kinematical properties (helicity and invariant amplitudes, kinematic
singularities, etc.)
11.80.Et Partial-wave analysis
11.80.Fv Approximations (eikonal approximation, variational principles, etc.)
11.80.Gw Multichannel scattering
11.80.Jy Many-body scattering and Faddeev equation
11.80.La Multiple scattering
11.90.+t Other topics in general theory of fields and particles (restricted to
new topics in section 11)
12. Specific theories and interaction models; particle systematics
12.10.-g Unified field theories and models (see also 04.50.-h Higher-dimensional
gravity and other theories of gravity—in general relativity and
gravitation, 11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models)
12.10.Dm Unified theories and models of strong and electroweak interactions
12.10.Kt Unification of couplings; mass relations
12.15.-y Electroweak interactions
... ... ... Extensions of gauge or Higgs sector, see 12.60.Cn or 12.60.Fr
12.15.Ff Quark and lepton masses and mixing (see also 14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and
mixing)
12.15.Hh Determination of Cabibbo-Kobayashi & Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements
12.15.Ji Applications of electroweak models to specific processes
12.15.Lk Electroweak radiative corrections (see also 13.40.Ks Electromagnetic
corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes)
12.15.Mm Neutral currents
12.20.-m Quantum electrodynamics
12.20.Ds Specific calculations
12.20.Fv Experimental tests (for optical tests in quantum electrodynamics, see
42.50.Xa)
12.38.-t Quantum chromodynamics (for quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclear
reactions, see 24.85.+p)
12.38.Aw General properties of QCD (dynamics, confinement, etc.)
12.38.Bx Perturbative calculations
12.38.Cy Summation of perturbation theory
12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations (see also 11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory)
12.38.Lg Other nonperturbative calculations
12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma (see also 25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon
plasma production and phase transitions in relativistic heavy ion
collisions; see also 21.65.Qr Quark matter)
12.38.Qk Experimental tests
12.39.-x Phenomenological quark models
12.39.Ba Bag model
12.39.Dc Skyrmions
12.39.Fe Chiral Lagrangians
12.39.Hg Heavy quark effective theory
12.39.Jh Nonrelativistic quark model
12.39.Ki Relativistic quark model
12.39.Mk Glueball and nonstandard multi-quark/gluon states
12.39.Pn Potential models
12.39.St Factorization
12.40.-y Other models for strong interactions
12.40.Ee Statistical models
12.40.Nn Regge theory, duality, absorptive/optical models (see also 11.55.Jy
Regge formalism)
12.40.Vv Vector-meson dominance
12.40.Yx Hadron mass models and calculations
12.60.-i Models beyond the standard model (for unified field theories, see
12.10.-g)
12.60.Cn Extensions of electroweak gauge sector
12.60.Fr Extensions of electroweak Higgs sector
12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models (see also 04.65.+e Supergravity)
12.60.Nz Technicolor models
12.60.Rc Composite models
12.90.+b Miscellaneous theoretical ideas and models (restricted to new topics
in section 12)
13. Specific reactions and phenomenology
13.15.+g Neutrino interactions
13.20.-v Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays of mesons
13.20.Cz Decays of π mesons
13.20.Eb Decays of K mesons
13.20.Fc Decays of charmed mesons
13.20.Gd Decays of J/ψ, Υ, and other quarkonia
13.20.He Decays of bottom mesons
13.20.Jf Decays of other mesons
13.25.-k Hadronic decays of mesons
13.25.Cq Decays of π mesons
13.25.Es Decays of K mesons
13.25.Ft Decays of charmed mesons
13.25.Gv Decays of J/ψ, Υ, and other quarkonia
13.25.Hw Decays of bottom mesons
13.25.Jx Decays of other mesons
13.30.-a Decays of baryons
13.30.Ce Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays
13.30.Eg Hadronic decays
13.35.-r Decays of leptons
13.35.Bv Decays of muons
13.35.Dx Decays of taus
13.35.Hb Decays of heavy neutrinos
13.38.-b Decays of intermediate bosons
13.38.Be Decays of W bosons
13.38.Dg Decays of Z bosons
13.40.-f Electromagnetic processes and properties
13.40.Dk Electromagnetic mass differences
13.40.Em Electric and magnetic moments
13.40.Gp Electromagnetic form factors
13.40.Hq Electromagnetic decays
13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes
13.60.-r Photon and charged-lepton interactions with hadrons (for neutrino
interactions, see 13.15.+g)
13.60.Fz Elastic and Compton scattering
13.60.Hb Total and inclusive cross sections (including deep-inelastic
processes)
13.60.Le Meson production
13.60.Rj Baryon production
13.66.-a Lepton-lepton interactions
13.66.Bc Hadron production in e?e+ interactions
13.66.De Lepton production in e?e+ interactions
13.66.Fg Gauge and Higgs boson production in e?e+ interactions
13.66.Hk Production of non-standard model particles in e?e+ interactions
13.66.Jn Precision measurements in e?e+ interactions
13.66.Lm Processes in other lepton-lepton interactions
13.75.-n Hadron-induced low- and intermediate-energy reactions and scattering
(energy ≤ 10 GeV) (for higher energies, see 13.85.-t)
13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions (including antinucleons, deuterons, etc.)
(for N-N interactions in nuclei, see 21.30.-x)
13.75.Ev Hyperon-nucleon interactions
13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions
13.75.Jz Kaon-baryon interactions
13.75.Lb Meson-meson interactions
13.85.-t Hadron-induced high- and super-high-energy interactions (energy > 10
GeV) (for low energies, see 13.75.-n)
13.85.Dz Elastic scattering
13.85.Fb Inelastic scattering: two-particle final states
13.85.Hd Inelastic scattering: many-particle final states
13.85.Lg Total cross sections
13.85.Ni Inclusive production with identified hadrons
13.85.Qk Inclusive production with identified leptons, photons, or other
nonhadronic particles
13.85.Rm Limits on production of particles
13.85.Tp Cosmic-ray interactions (see also 96.50.S- Cosmic rays in
interplanetary physics)
13.87.-a Jets in large-Q2 scattering
13.87.Ce Production
13.87.Fh Fragmentation into hadrons
13.88.+e Polarization in interactions and scattering
13.90.+i Other topics in specific reactions and phenomenology of elementary
particles (restricted to new topics in section 13)
14. Properties of specific particles
14.20.-c Baryons (including antiparticles) (for decays of baryons, see 13.30.-a)
14.20.Dh Protons and neutrons
14.20.Gk Baryon resonances (S=C=B=0)
14.20.Jn Hyperons
14.20.Lq Charmed baryons (|C|>0, B=0)
14.20.Mr Bottom baryons (|B|>0)
14.20.Pt Exotic baryons
14.40.-n Mesons (for leptonic decays of mesons, see 13.20.-v; for hadronic decays
of mesons, see 13.25.-k)
14.40.Be Light mesons (S=C=B=0)
14.40.Df Strange mesons (|S|>0, C=B=0)
14.40.Lb Charmed mesons (|C|>0, B=0)
14.40.Nd Bottom mesons (|B|>0)
14.40.Pq Heavy quarkonia
14.40.Rt Exotic mesons
14.60.-z Leptons (for decays of leptons, see 13.35.-r)
14.60.Cd Electrons (including positrons)
14.60.Ef Muons
14.60.Fg Taus
14.60.Hi Other charged heavy leptons
14.60.Lm Ordinary neutrinos
14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing (see also 12.15.Ff Quark and lepton masses and
mixing)
14.60.St Non-standard-model neutrinos, right-handed neutrinos, etc.
14.65.-q Quarks
14.65.Bt Light quarks
14.65.Dw Charmed quarks
14.65.Fy Bottom quarks
14.65.Ha Top quarks
14.65.Jk Other quarks (e.g., 4th generations)
14.70.-e Gauge bosons
14.70.Bh Photons
14.70.Dj Gluons
14.70.Fm W bosons
14.70.Hp Z bosons
14.70.Kv Gravitons (see also 04.60.-m Quantum gravity)
14.70.Pw Other gauge bosons
14.80.-j Other particles (including hypothetical)
14.80.Bn Standard-model Higgs bosons
14.80.Da Supersymmetric Higgs bosons
14.80.Ec Other neutral Higgs bosons
14.80.Fd Other charged Higgs bosons
14.80.Hv Magnetic monopoles
14.80.Ly Supersymmetric partners of known particles (see also 12.60.Jv
Supersymmetric models)
14.80.Nb Neutralinos and charginos
14.80.Pq R-hadrons
14.80.Rt Kaluza-Klein excitations (see also 04.50.Cd Kaluza-Klein theories)
14.80.Sv Leptoquarks
14.80.Tt Technicolor
14.80.Va Axions and other Nambu-Goldstone bosons (Majorons, familons, etc.)
20. NUCLEAR PHYSICS
21. Nuclear structure (for nucleon structure, see 14.20.Dh Properties of protons
and neutrons; 13.40.-f for electromagnetic processes and properties; 13.60.Hb
for deep-inelastic structure functions)
21.10.-k Properties of nuclei; nuclear energy levels (for properties of specific
nuclei listed by mass ranges, see section 27)
21.10.Dr Binding energies and masses
21.10.Ft Charge distribution
21.10.Gv Nucleon distributions and halo features
21.10.Hw Spin, parity, and isobaric spin
21.10.Jx Spectroscopic factors and asymptotic normalization coefficients
21.10.Ky Electromagnetic moments
21.10.Ma Level density
21.10.Pc Single-particle levels and strength functions
21.10.Re Collective levels
21.10.Sf Coulomb energies, analogue states
21.10.Tg Lifetimes, widths
21.30.-x Nuclear forces (see also 13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions)
21.30.Cb Nuclear forces in vacuum
21.30.Fe Forces in hadronic systems and effective interactions
21.45.-v Few-body systems
21.45.Bc Two-nucleon system
21.45.Ff Three-nucleon forces
21.60.-n Nuclear structure models and methods
21.60.Cs Shell model
21.60.De Ab initio methods
21.60.Ev Collective models
21.60.Fw Models based on group theory
21.60.Gx Cluster models
21.60.Jz Nuclear Density Functional Theory and extensions (includes
Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximations)
21.60.Ka Monte Carlo models
21.65.-f Nuclear matter (for exotic atoms and molecules, see 36.10.-k)
21.65.Cd Asymmetric matter, neutron matter
21.65.Ef Symmetry energy
21.65.Jk Mesons in nuclear matter
21.65.Mn Equations of state of nuclear matter (see also 26.60.Kp Equations of
state of neutron-star matter)
21.65.Qr Quark matter (see also 12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma in quantum
chromodynamics; 25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon plasma
production and phase transitions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions)
21.80.+a Hypernuclei
21.85.+d Mesic nuclei
21.90.+f Other topics in nuclear structure (restricted to new topics in section
21)
23. Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy
23.20.-g Electromagnetic transitions
23.20.En Angular distribution and correlation measurements
23.20.Gq Multipole mixing ratios
23.20.Js Multipole matrix elements
23.20.Lv γ transitions and level energies
23.20.Nx Internal conversion and extranuclear effects (including Auger
electrons and internal bremsstrahlung)
23.20.Ra Internal pair production
23.35.+g Isomer decay
23.40.-s β decay; double β decay; electron and muon capture
23.40.Bw Weak-interaction and lepton (including neutrino) aspects (see also
14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing)
23.40.Hc Relation with nuclear matrix elements and nuclear structure
23.50.+z Decay by proton emission
23.60.+e α decay
23.70.+j Heavy-particle decay
23.90.+w Other topics in radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy (restricted
to new topics in section 23)
24. Nuclear reactions: general
24.10.-i Nuclear reaction models and methods
24.10.Cn Many-body theory
24.10.Eq Coupled-channel and distorted-wave models
24.10.Ht Optical and diffraction models
24.10.Jv Relativistic models
24.10.Lx Monte Carlo simulations (including hadron and parton cascades and
string breaking models)
24.10.Nz Hydrodynamic models
24.10.Pa Thermal and statistical models
24.30.-v Resonance reactions
24.30.Cz Giant resonances
24.30.Gd Other resonances
24.50.+g Direct reactions
24.60.-k Statistical theory and fluctuations
24.60.Dr Statistical compound-nucleus reactions
24.60.Gv Statistical multistep direct reactions
24.60.Ky Fluctuation phenomena
24.60.Lz Chaos in nuclear systems
24.70.+s Polarization phenomena in reactions
24.75.+i General properties of fission
24.80.+y Nuclear tests of fundamental interactions and symmetries
24.85.+p Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclear reactions
24.87.+y Surrogate reactions
24.90.+d Other topics in nuclear reactions: general (restricted to new topics
in section 24)
25. Nuclear reactions: specific reactions
25.10.+s Nuclear reactions involving few-nucleon systems
25.20.-x Photonuclear reactions
25.20.Dc Photon absorption and scattering
25.20.Lj Photoproduction reactions
25.30.-c Lepton-induced reactions
25.30.Bf Elastic electron scattering
25.30.Dh Inelastic electron scattering to specific states
25.30.Fj Inelastic electron scattering to continuum
25.30.Hm Positron-induced reactions
25.30.Mr Muon-induced reactions (including the EMC effect)
25.30.Pt Neutrino-induced reactions
25.30.Rw Electroproduction reactions
25.40.-h Nucleon-induced reactions (see also 28.20.-v Neutron physics)
25.40.Cm Elastic proton scattering
25.40.Dn Elastic neutron scattering
25.40.Ep Inelastic proton scattering
25.40.Fq Inelastic neutron scattering
25.40.Hs Transfer reactions
25.40.Kv Charge-exchange reactions
25.40.Lw Radiative capture
25.40.Ny Resonance reactions
25.40.Qa (p, π) reactions
25.40.Sc Spallation reactions
25.40.Ve Other reactions above meson production thresholds (energies > 400 MeV)
25.43.+t Antiproton-induced reactions
25.45.-z 2H-induced reactions
25.45.De Elastic and inelastic scattering
25.45.Hi Transfer reactions
25.45.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
25.55.-e 3H-, 3He-, and 4He-induced reactions
25.55.Ci Elastic and inelastic scattering
25.55.Hp Transfer reactions
25.55.Kr Charge-exchange reactions
25.60.-t Reactions induced by unstable nuclei
25.60.Bx Elastic scattering
25.60.Dz Interaction and reaction cross sections
25.60.Gc Breakup and momentum distributions
25.60.Je Transfer reactions
25.60.Lg Charge-exchange reactions
25.60.Pj Fusion reactions
25.60.Tv Radiative capture
25.70.-z Low and intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions
25.70.Bc Elastic and quasielastic scattering
25.70.De Coulomb excitation
25.70.Ef Resonances
25.70.Gh Compound nucleus
25.70.Hi Transfer reactions
25.70.Jj Fusion and fusion-fission reactions
25.70.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
25.70.Lm Strongly damped collisions
25.70.Mn Projectile and target fragmentation
25.70.Pq Multifragment emission and correlations
25.75.-q Relativistic heavy-ion collisions (collisions induced by light ions
studied to calibrate relativistic heavy-ion collisions should be
classified under both 25.75.-q and sections 13 or 25 appropriate to the
light ions)
25.75.Ag Global features in relativistic heavy ion collisions
25.75.Bh Hard scattering in relativistic heavy ion collisions
25.75.Cj Photon, lepton, and heavy quark production in relativistic heavy ion
collisions
25.75.Dw Particle and resonance production
25.75.Gz Particle correlations and fluctuations
25.75.Ld Collective flow
25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon plasma production, and phase
transitions (see also 12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma in quantum
chromodynamics; 21.65.Qr Quark matter in nuclear matter)
25.80.-e Meson- and hyperon-induced reactions
25.80.Dj Pion elastic scattering
25.80.Ek Pion inelastic scattering
25.80.Gn Pion charge-exchange reactions
25.80.Hp Pion-induced reactions
25.80.Ls Pion inclusive scattering and absorption
25.80.Nv Kaon-induced reactions
25.80.Pw Hyperon-induced reactions
25.85.-w Fission reactions
25.85.Ca Spontaneous fission
25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission
25.85.Ge Charged-particle-induced fission
25.85.Jg Photofission
25.90.+k Other topics in nuclear reactions: specific reactions (restricted to
new topics in section 25)
26. Nuclear astrophysics (see also 95.30.-k Fundamental aspects of astrophysics
in astronomy)
26.20.-f Hydrostatic stellar nucleosynthesis (see also 97.10.Cv Stellar
structure, interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, ages in astronomy)
26.20.Cd Stellar hydrogen burning
26.20.Fj Stellar helium burning
26.20.Kn s-process
26.20.Np Nucleosynthesis in late stellar evolution
26.20.Qr Quasistatistical processes
26.30.-k Nucleosynthesis in novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
26.30.Ca Explosive burning in accreting binary systems (novae, x-ray bursts)
26.30.Ef Explosive burning in supernovae shock fronts
26.30.Hj r-process
26.30.Jk Weak interaction and neutrino induced processes, galactic
radioactivity
26.35.+c Big Bang nucleosynthesis (see also 98.80.Ft Origin, formation, and
abundances of the elements in astronomy)
26.40.+r Cosmic ray nucleosynthesis
26.50.+x Nuclear physics aspects of novae, supernovae, and other explosive
environments
26.60.-c Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars
26.60.Dd Neutron star core
26.60.Gj Neutron star crust
26.60.Kp Equations of state of neutron-star matter
26.65.+t Solar neutrinos (see also 96.60.Vg Particle emission, solar wind in
solar physics)
26.90.+n Other topics in nuclear astrophysics (restricted to new topics in
section 26)
27. Properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges (an additional heading must
be chosen with these entries, where the given mass number limits are, to some
degree, arbitrary)
27.10.+h A ≤ 5
27.20.+n 6 ≤ A ≤ 19
27.30.+t 20 ≤ A ≤ 38
27.40.+z 39 ≤ A ≤ 58
27.50.+e 59 ≤ A ≤ 89
27.60.+j 90 ≤ A ≤ 149
27.70.+q 150 ≤ A ≤ 189
27.80.+w 190 ≤ A ≤ 219
27.90.+b A ≥ 220
28. Nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies
28.20.-v Neutron physics (see also 25.40.-h Nucleon-induced reactions and
25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission)
28.20.Cz Neutron scattering
28.20.Fc Neutron absorption
28.20.Gd Neutron transport: diffusion and moderation
28.20.Ka Thermal neutron cross sections
28.20.Np Neutron capture γ-rays
28.20.Pr Neutron imaging; neutron tomography
28.41.-i Fission reactors (see also 89.30.Gg nuclear fission power in energy
resources)
28.41.Ak Theory, design, and computerized simulation
28.41.Bm Fuel elements, preparation, reloading, and reprocessing
28.41.Fr Reactor coolants, reactor cooling, and heat recovery
28.41.Kw Radioactive wastes, waste disposal
28.41.My Reactor control systems
28.41.Pa Moderators
28.41.Qb Structural and shielding materials
28.41.Rc Instrumentation
28.41.Te Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and
dismantling
28.41.Vx Fuel cycles
28.50.-k Fission reactor types
28.50.Dr Research reactors
28.50.Ft Fast and breeder reactors
28.50.Hw Power and production reactors
28.50.Ky Propulsion reactors
28.50.Ma Auxiliary generators
28.52.-s Fusion reactors (see also 52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and
equilibrium, 52.57.-z Laser inertial confinement, and 52.58.-c Other
confinement methods in physics of plasmas; 89.30.Jj Nuclear fusion
power in energy resources)
28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation
28.52.Cx Fueling, heating and ignition
28.52.Fa Materials
28.52.Lf Components and instrumentation
28.52.Nh Safety (see also 87.55.N- Radiation monitoring, control, and safety in
biological and medical physics)
28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment
28.65.+a Accelerator-driven transmutation of nuclear waste
28.70.+y Nuclear explosions (see also 47.40.-x Compressible flows; shock waves;
for radiation protection from fallout, see 87.53.Bn; for nuclear
explosion seismology, see 91.30.Rz)
28.90.+i Other topics in nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies
(restricted to new topics in section 28)
29. Experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle and nuclear
physics
29.20.-c Accelerators (for accelerators used in medical applications, see
87.56.bd)
29.20.Ba Electrostatic accelerators
29.20.D- Cyclic accelerators and storage rings
29.20.db Storage rings and colliders
29.20.df Betatrons
29.20.dg Cyclotrons
29.20.dk Synchrotrons
29.20.Ej Linear accelerators
29.25.-t Particle sources and targets (see also 52.59.-f Intense particle beams
and radiation sources in physics of plasmas; 87.56.bg Radioactive
sources in medical physics)
29.25.Bx Electron sources
29.25.Dz Neutron sources
29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
29.25.Pj Polarized and other targets
29.25.Rm Sources of radioactive nuclei
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators (for low energy charged-particle beams,
see 41.75.-i and 41.85.-p)
29.27.Ac Beam injection and extraction
29.27.Bd Beam dynamics; collective effects and instabilities
29.27.Eg Beam handling; beam transport
29.27.Fh Beam characteristics
29.27.Hj Polarized beams
29.30.-h Spectrometers and spectroscopic techniques (for energy loss and
stopping power, see 34.50.Bw in atomic physics, and 61.85.+p in
condensed matter physics)
29.30.Aj Charged-particle spectrometers: electric and magnetic
29.30.Dn Electron spectroscopy
29.30.Ep Charged-particle spectroscopy
29.30.Hs Neutron spectroscopy
29.30.Kv X- and γ-ray spectroscopy
29.30.Lw Nuclear orientation devices
29.38.-c Radioactive beams
29.38.Db Fast radioactive beam techniques
29.38.Gj Reaccelerated radioactive beams
29.40.-n Radiation detectors (for mass spectrometers, see 07.75.+h; see also
95.55.Vj Neutrino, muon, pion, and other particle detectors; cosmic ray
detectors in astronomy)
29.40.Cs Gas-filled counters: ionization chambers, proportional, and avalanche
counters
29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors
29.40.Ka Cherenkov detectors
29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors
29.40.Rg Nuclear emulsions
29.40.Vj Calorimeters
29.40.Wk Solid-state detectors
29.50.+v Computer interfaces
29.85.-c Computer data analysis
29.85.Ca Data acquisition and sorting
29.85.Fj Data analysis
29.87.+g Nuclear data compilation
29.90.+r Other topics in elementary-particle and nuclear physics experimental
methods and instrumentation (restricted to new topics in section 29)
30. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
31. Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: theory
31.10.+z Theory of electronic structure, electronic transitions, and chemical
binding (for theory and mathematical methods applied to electronic
structure of biomolecules, see 87.10.-e)
31.15.-p Calculations and mathematical techniques in atomic and molecular
physics (see also 02.70.-c Computational techniques, in mathematical
methods in physics)
31.15.A- Ab initio calculations
31.15.ac High-precision calculations for few-electron (or few-body) atomic
systems
31.15.ae Electronic structure and bonding characteristics
31.15.ag Excitation energies and lifetimes; oscillator strengths
31.15.aj Relativistic corrections, spin-orbit effects, fine structure;
hyperfine structure
31.15.am Relativistic configuration interaction (CI) and many-body perturbation
calculations
31.15.ap Polarizabilities and other atomic and molecular properties
31.15.aq Strongly correlated electron systems: generalized tight-binding method
31.15.at Molecule transport characteristics; molecular dynamics; electronic
structure of polymers
31.15.B- Approximate calculations
31.15.bt Statistical model calculations (including Thomas-Fermi and
Thomas-Fermi-Dirac models)
31.15.bu Semi-empirical and empirical calculations (differential overlap,
Hückel, PPP methods, etc.)
31.15.bw Coupled-cluster theory
31.15.E- Density-functional theory
31.15.ec Hohenberg-Kohn theorem and formal mathematical properties,
completeness theorems
31.15.ee Time-dependent density functional theory
31.15.eg Exchange-correlation functionals (in current density functional
theory)
31.15.ej Spin-density functionals
31.15.em Corrections for core-spin polarization, surface effects, etc.
31.15.ep Variational particle-number approach
31.15.es Applications of density-functional theory (e.g., to electronic
structure and stability; defect formation; dielectric properties,
susceptibilities; viscoelastic coefficients; Rydberg transition
frequencies)
31.15.V- Electron correlation calculations for atoms, ions and molecules
31.15.ve Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: ground state
31.15.vj Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: excited states
31.15.vn Electron correlation calculations for diatomic molecules
31.15.vq Electron correlation calculations for polyatomic molecules
31.15.X- Alternative approaches
31.15.xf Finite-difference schemes
31.15.xg Semiclassical methods
31.15.xh Group-theoretical methods (see also 02.20.-a Group theory in
mathematical methods in physics)
31.15.xjHyperspherical methods
31.15.xk Path-integral methods
31.15.xm Quasiparticle methods
31.15.xp Perturbation theory
31.15.xr Self-consistent-field methods
31.15.xt Variational techniques
31.15.xv Molecular dynamics and other numerical methods (for simulation
techniques for biomolecules, see 87.15.ak, ap)
31.15.xw Valence bond calculations
31.30.-i Corrections to electronic structure (see also 03.30.+p Special
relativity; for exotic atoms and molecules, see 36.10.-k; for
applications of density-functional theory, see 31.15.es)
31.30.Gs Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects (see also 32.10.Fn Fine and
hyperfine structure)
31.30.J- Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects in atoms,
molecules, and ions
31.30.jc Relativistic corrections to atomic structure and properties
31.30.jd Relativistic corrections due to negative-energy states or processes
31.30.jf QED calculations of level energies, transition frequencies, fine
structure intervals (radiative corrections, self-energy, vacuum
polarization, etc.)
31.30.jg QED corrections to parity nonconserving transition amplitudes and CP
violations
31.30.jh QED corrections to long-range and weak interactions
31.30.jn QED corrections to electric dipole moments and other atomic properties
31.30.jp Electron electric dipole moment
31.30.jr QED corrections (Lamb shift) in muonic hydrogen and deuterium (see also
36.10.Ee Muonium, muonic atoms and molecules)
31.30.js Corrections to bound-electron g factor
31.30.jx Nonrelativistic limits of Dirac-Fock calculations
31.30.jy Higher-order effective Hamiltonians
31.30.jz Decay rates of hydrogen-antihydrogen quasimolecules (for exotic atoms
and molecules, see 36.10.-k)
31.50.-x Potential energy surfaces (for potential energy surfaces for chemical
reactions, see 82.20.Kh; for collisions, see 34.20.-b)
31.50.Bc Potential energy surfaces for ground electronic states
31.50.Df Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states
31.50.Gh Surface crossings, non-adiabatic couplings
31.70.-f Effects of atomic and molecular interactions on electronic structure
(see also section 34 Atomic and molecular collision processes and
interactions)
31.70.Dk Environmental and solvent effects
31.70.Hq Time-dependent phenomena: excitation and relaxation processes, and
reaction rates (for chemical kinetics aspects, see 82.20.Rp)
31.70.Ks Molecular solids
31.90.+s Other topics in the theory of the electronic structure of atoms and
molecules (restricted to new topics in section 31)
32. Atomic properties and interactions with photons (for quantum chaos, see
05.45.Mt; for standards of calibration, see 06.20.fb; for relativistic and
quantum electrodynamic effects, see 31.30.J-)
32.10.-f Properties of atoms (for astrophysical applications, see 95.30.Ky)
32.10.Bi Atomic masses, mass spectra, abundances, and isotopes (for mass
spectroscopy, see 07.75.+h in instruments, and 82.80.Ms, Nj, Rt in
physical chemistry and chemical physics)
32.10.Dk Electric and magnetic moments, polarizabilities
32.10.Ee Magnetic bound states, magnetic trapping of Rydberg states
32.10.Fn Fine and hyperfine structure (see also 31.30.Gs Hyperfine interactions
and isotope effects)
32.10.Hq Ionization potentials, electron affinities
32.30.-r Atomic spectra (see also 78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec) in
condensed matter and 82.53.Kp Coherent spectroscopy of atoms and
molecules in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
32.30.Bv Radio-frequency, microwave, and infrared spectra
32.30.Dx Magnetic resonance spectra
32.30.Jc Visible and ultraviolet spectra
32.30.Rj X-ray spectra
32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)
32.60.+i Zeeman and Stark effects
32.70.-n Intensities and shapes of atomic spectral lines (see also 31.15.-p
Calculations and mathematical techniques)
32.70.Cs Oscillator strengths, lifetimes, transition moments
32.70.Fw Absolute and relative intensities
32.70.Jz Line shapes, widths, and shifts
32.80.-t Photoionization and excitation
32.80.Aa Inner-shell excitation and ionization
32.80.Ee Rydberg states
32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions (for fluorescence yield, see
32.50.+d)
32.80.Gc Photodetachment of atomic negative ions
32.80.Hd Auger effect (including Coster-Kr?nig transitions) (for Auger effect
in condensed matter physics, see 79.20.Fv)
... ... ... Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions, see 37.10.Vz
... ... ... Atom cooling methods, traps and guides, see 37.10.De and 37.10.Gh
... ... ... Atoms in optical lattices, see 37.10.Jk
32.80.Qk Coherent control of atomic interactions with photons
32.80.Rm Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states
32.80.Wr Other multiphoton processes
32.80.Xx Level crossing and optical pumping
32.80.Zb Autoionization
32.90.+a Other topics in atomic properties and interactions of atoms with photons
(restricted to new topics in section 32)
33. Molecular properties and interactions with photons
33.15.-e Properties of molecules (see also section 31, Electronic structure of
atoms and molecules: theory; for molecules of interest in astrophysics,
see 95.30.Ky; for structure and properties of biomolecules, see
87.15.-v)
33.15.Bh General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry
33.15.Dj Interatomic distances and angles
33.15.Fm Bond strengths, dissociation energies
33.15.Hp Barrier heights (internal rotation, inversion, rotational isomerism,
conformational dynamics)
33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and
magnetic susceptibility
33.15.Mt Rotation, vibration, and vibration-rotation constants
33.15.Pw Fine and hyperfine structure
33.15.Ry Ionization potentials, electron affinities, molecular core binding
energy
33.15.Ta Mass spectra
33.15.Vb Correlation times in molecular dynamics
33.20.-t Molecular spectra (see also 78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec)
in condensed matter and 82.53.Kp Coherent spectroscopy of atoms and
molecules; for chemical analytical methods using spectroscopy, see
82.80.Dx, Gk, Ha in physical chemistry; 87.64.-t Spectroscopic and
microscopic techniques in biological physics; for spectra of
macromolecules and polymer molecules, see 36.20.Kd)
33.20.Bx Radio-frequency and microwave spectra
33.20.Ea Infrared spectra
33.20.Fb Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering)
33.20.Kf Visible spectra
33.20.Lg Ultraviolet spectra
33.20.Ni Vacuum ultraviolet spectra
33.20.Rm X-ray spectra
33.20.Sn Rotational analysis
33.20.Tp Vibrational analysis
33.20.Vq Vibration-rotation analysis
33.20.Wr Vibronic, rovibronic, and rotation-electron-spin interactions
33.20.Xx Spectra induced by strong-field or attosecond laser irradiation
33.25.+k Nuclear resonance and relaxation (see also 76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic
resonance and relaxation in condensed matter; 82.56.-b Nuclear magnetic
resonance in physical chemistry and chemical physics; 87.80.Lg Magnetic
and paramagnetic resonance in biological physics)
33.35.+r Electron resonance and relaxation (see also 76.30.-v Electron
paramagnetic resonance and relaxation in condensed matter)
33.40.+f Multiple resonances (including double and higher-order resonance
processes, such as double nuclear magnetic resonance, electron double
resonance, and microwave optical double resonance) (see also 76.70.-r
Magnetic double resonances and cross effects in condensed matter)
33.45.+x M?ssbauer spectra (see also 76.80.+y M?ssbauer effect; other γ-ray
spectroscopy in condensed matter; for biophysical applications, see
87.64.kx; for chemical analysis applications, see 82.80.Ej)
33.50.-j Fluorescence and phosphorescence; radiationless transitions,
quenching (intersystem crossing, internal conversion) (for energy
transfer, see also section 34; for biophysical applications, see
87.64.kv)
33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra
33.50.Hv Radiationless transitions, quenching
33.55.+b Optical activity and dichroism
33.57.+c Magneto-optical and electro-optical spectra and effects (for electroand
magneto-optical effects in condensed matter spectroscopy, see
78.20.Jq, and 78.20.Ls, respectively)
33.60.+q Photoelectron spectra (for biophysical applications, see 87.64.ks)
33.70.-w Intensities and shapes of molecular spectral lines and bands
33.70.Ca Oscillator and band strengths, lifetimes, transition moments, and
Franck-Condon factors
33.70.Fd Absolute and relative line and band intensities
33.70.Jg Line and band widths, shapes, and shifts
33.80.-b Photon interactions with molecules (see also 42.50.-p Quantum optics)
33.80.Be Level crossing and optical pumping
33.80.Eh Autoionization, photoionization, and photodetachment
33.80.Gj Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation
... ... ... Slowing, cooling, and trapping of molecules, see 37.10.Mn and 37.10.Pq
33.80.Rv Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g.,
Rydberg states)
33.80.Wz Other multiphoton processes
33.90.+h Other topics in molecular properties and interactions with photons
(restricted to new topics in section 33)
34. Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions (for atomic,
molecular, and ionic collisions in plasma, see 52.20.Hv; for atoms and molecules
of astrophysical interest, see 95.30.Dr, Ft; see also 98.38.Bn and 98.58.Bz
in interstellar media in astronomy; 87.15.K- Molecular interactions,
membrane-protein interactions in biological physics)
34.10.+x General theories and models of atomic and molecular collisions and
interactions (including statistical theories, transition state,
stochastic and trajectory models, etc.)
34.20.-b Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential energy
surfaces for collisions (see also 82.20.Kh Potential energy surfaces
for reactions; for potential energy surfaces in electronic structure
calculations, see 31.50.-x)
34.20.Cf Interatomic potentials and forces
34.20.Gj Intermolecular and atom-molecule potentials and forces
34.35.+a Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces (see also 79.77.+g
Coulomb explosion)
34.50.-s Scattering of atoms and molecules
34.50.Bw Energy loss and stopping power
34.50.Cx Elastic; ultracold collisions
34.50.Ez Rotational and vibrational energy transfer
34.50.Fa Electronic excitation and ionization of atoms (including beam-foil
excitation and ionization)
34.50.Gb Electronic excitation and ionization of molecules
34.50.Lf Chemical reactions
34.50.Rk Laser-modified scattering and reactions
34.70.+e Charge transfer (for charge transfer in biological systems, see
82.39.Jn in physical chemistry)
34.80.-i Electron and positron scattering
34.80.Bm Elastic scattering
34.80.Dp Atomic excitation and ionization
34.80.Gs Molecular excitation and ionization
34.80.Ht Dissociation and dissociative attachment
34.80.Lx Recombination, attachment, and positronium formation
34.80.Nz Spin dependence of cross sections; polarized beam experiments
34.80.Pa Coherence and correlation
34.80.Qb Laser-modified scattering
34.80.Uv Positron scattering
34.90.+q Other topics in atomic and molecular collision processes and
interactions (restricted to new topics in section 34)
36. Exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters
36.10.-k Exotic atoms and molecules (containing mesons, antiprotons and other
unusual particles)
36.10.Dr Positronium (see also 82.30.Gg Positronium chemistry)
36.10.Ee Muonium, muonic atoms and molecules [see also 31.30.jr QED corrections
(Lamb shift) in muonic hydrogen and deuterium]
36.10.Gv Mesonic, hyperonic and antiprotonic atoms and molecules
36.20.-r Macromolecules and polymer molecules
36.20.Cw Molecular weights, dispersity
36.20.Ey Conformation (statistics and dynamics)
36.20.Fz Constitution (chains and sequences)
36.20.Hb Configuration (bonds, dimensions)
36.20.Kd Electronic structure and spectra
36.20.Ng Vibrational and rotational structure, infrared and Raman spectra
36.40.-c Atomic and molecular clusters (see also 61.46.-w Nanoscale materials
in condensed matter)
36.40.Cg Electronic and magnetic properties of clusters
36.40.Ei Phase transitions in clusters
36.40.Gk Plasma and collective effects in clusters
36.40.Jn Reactivity of clusters
36.40.Mr Spectroscopy and geometrical structure of clusters
36.40.Qv Stability and fragmentation of clusters
36.40.Sx Diffusion and dynamics of clusters
36.40.Vz Optical properties of clusters
36.40.Wa Charged clusters
36.90.+f Other topics in exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters
(restricted to new topics in section 36)
37. Mechanical control of atoms, molecules, and ions (see also 82.37.Gk STM and
AFM manipulations of a single molecule in physical chemistry and chemical
physics; for atom manipulation in nanofabrication and processing, see 81.16.Ta;
see also 03.75.-b Matter waves)
37.10.-x Atom, molecule, and ion cooling methods (see also 87.80.Cc Optical
trapping in biophysical techniques)
37.10.De Atom cooling methods
37.10.Gh Atom traps and guides
37.10.Jk Atoms in optical lattices
37.10.Mn Slowing and cooling of molecules
37.10.Pq Trapping of molecules
37.10.Rs Ion cooling
37.10.Ty Ion trapping
37.10.Vz Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions
37.20.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques
37.25.+k Atom interferometry techniques (see also 03.75.Dg Atom and neutron
interferometry in matter waves)
37.30.+i Atoms, molecules, and ions in cavities (see also 42.50.Pq Cavity quantum
electrodynamics; micromasers)
37.90.+j Other topics in mechanical control of atoms, molecules, and ions
(restricted to new topics in section 37)
40. ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND
FLUID DYNAMICS
41. Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics
41.20.-q Applied classical electromagnetism (for submillimeter wave, microwave,
and radiowave instruments and equipment, see 07.57.-c)
41.20.Cv Electrostatics; Poisson and Laplace equations, boundary-value problems
41.20.Gz Magnetostatics; magnetic shielding, magnetic induction,
boundary-value problems
41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation (for light
propagation, see 42.25.Bs; for electromagnetic waves in plasma, see
52.35.Hr; for atmospheric, ionospheric, and magnetospheric propagation,
see 92.60.Ta, 94.20.Bb, and 94.30.Tz, respectively; see also 94.05.Pt
Wave/wave, wave/particle interactions, in space plasma physics)
41.50.+h X-ray beams and x-ray optics (see also 07.85.Fv X- and γ-ray sources,
mirrors, gratings, and detectors in instruments)
41.60.-m Radiation by moving charges
41.60.Ap Synchrotron radiation (for synchrotron radiation instrumentation, see
07.85.Qe)
41.60.Bq Cherenkov radiation
41.60.Cr Free-electron lasers (see also 52.59.Rz Free-electron devices—in
plasma physics)
41.60.Dk Transition radiation
41.75.-i Charged-particle beams
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams
41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams
41.75.Jv Laser-driven acceleration (see also 52.38.-r Laser-plasma interactions
in plasma physics)
41.75.Lx Other advanced accelerator concepts
41.85.-p Beam optics (see also 07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and
detectors in instruments; 29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators)
41.85.Ar Particle beam extraction, beam injection
41.85.Ct Particle beam shaping, beam splitting
41.85.Ew Particle beam profile, beam intensity
41.85.Gy Chromatic and geometrical aberrations
41.85.Ja Particle beam transport
41.85.Lc Particle beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and
quadrupoles (see also 07.55.Db Generation of magnetic fields; magnets
in instruments; for superconducting magnets, see 84.71.Ba)
41.85.Ne Electrostatic lenses, septa
41.85.Qg Particle beam analyzers, beam monitors, and Faraday cups
41.85.Si Particle beam collimators, monochromators
41.90.+e Other topics in electromagnetism; electron and ion optics (restricted
to new topics in section 41)
42. Optics (for optical properties of gases, see 51.70.+f; for optical properties
of bulk materials and thin films, see 78.20.-e; for x-ray optics, see 41.50.+h)
42.15.-i Geometrical optics
42.15.Dp Wave fronts and ray tracing
42.15.Eq Optical system design
42.15.Fr Aberrations
42.25.-p Wave optics
42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption [see also 41.20.Jb—in
electromagnetism; for propagation in atmosphere, see 42.68.Ay; see also
52.40.Db Electromagnetic (nonlaser) radiation interactions with plasma
and 52.38-r Laser-plasma interactions—in plasma physics]
42.25.Dd Wave propagation in random media
42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering
42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
42.25.Hz Interference
42.25.Ja Polarization
42.25.Kb Coherence
42.25.Lc Birefringence
42.30.-d Imaging and optical processing
42.30.Kq Fourier optics
42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions
42.30.Ms Speckle and moiré patterns
42.30.Rx Phase retrieval
42.30.Sy Pattern recognition
42.30.Tz Computer vision; robotic vision
42.30.Va Image forming and processing
42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
42.40.-i Holography
42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods (see also 42.70.Ln Holographic
recording materials; optical storage media)
42.40.Jv Computer-generated holograms
42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques (for
interferometers, see 07.60.Ly in instruments)
42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics
42.40.My Applications
42.40.Pa Volume holograms
42.50.-p Quantum optics (for lasers, see 42.55.-f and 42.60.-v; see also
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics; 03.65.-w Quantum mechanics)
42.50.Ar Photon statistics and coherence theory
42.50.Ct Quantum description of interaction of light and matter; related
experiments
42.50.Dv Quantum state engineering and measurements (see also 03.65.Ud
Entanglement and quantum nonlocality, e.g., EPR paradox, Bells
inequalities, GHZ states, etc.)
42.50.Ex Optical implementations of quantum information processing and transfer
42.50.Gy Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and
amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and
absorption
42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems;
multiphoton processes; dynamic Stark shift (for multiphoton ionization
and excitation of atoms and molecules, see 32.80.Rm, and 33.80.Rv,
respectively)
42.50.Lc Quantum fluctuations, quantum noise, and quantum jumps
42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo,
free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and
self-induced transparency
... ... ... Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical
chaos, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics, see 42.65.Sf
... ... ... Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves, see 42.65.Tg
42.50.Nn Quantum optical phenomena in absorbing, amplifying, dispersive and
conducting media; cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
42.50.Pq Cavity quantum electrodynamics; micromasers
42.50.St Nonclassical interferometry, subwavelength lithography
42.50.Tx Optical angular momentum and its quantum aspects (see also 42.25.Ja
Polarization)
... ... ... Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions, see 37.10.Vz
42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on material media, microstructures and
particles (see also 87.80.Cc Optical trapping in biology and medicine)
... ... ... Experimental tests in quantum electrodynamics, see 12.20.Fv
... ... ... Measurements theory in quantum mechanics, see 03.65.Ta
42.50.Xa Optical tests of quantum theory
42.55.-f Lasers
42.55.Ah General laser theory
42.55.Ks Chemical lasers (for chemiluminescence, see 78.60.Ps)
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
42.55.Vc X- and γ-ray lasers
42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.55.Xi Diode-pumped lasers
42.55.Ye Raman lasers (see also 42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS)
... ... ... Free-electron lasers, see 41.60.Cr and 52.59.Rz
42.55.Zz Random lasers
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.60.Gd Q-switching
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern
formation
42.60.Lh Efficiency, stability, gain, and other operational parameters
42.60.Mi Dynamical laser instabilities; noisy laser behavior
42.60.Pk Continuous operation
42.60.Rn Relaxation oscillations and long pulse operation
...... ... ... Ultrashort pulse generation, see 42.65.Re
... ... ... Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems, see 42.65.Sf
42.62.-b Laser applications
42.62.Be Biological and medical applications (see also 87.50.W-, 87.63.L-, and
87.80.Cc in biological and medical physics)
42.62.Cf Industrial applications
42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for
precision spectroscopy (see also 06.20.-f Metrology in metrology,
measurements, and laboratory procedures)
42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability [see also 33.15.Kr
Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and
magnetic susceptibility]
42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS (for Raman lasers, see 42.55.Ye)
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
42.65.Hw Phase conjugation; photorefractive and Kerr effects
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order
harmonic generation (see also 42.79.Nv Optical frequency converters)
42.65.Lm Parametric down conversion and production of entangled photons (see
also 42.50.Dv Quantum state engineering and measurements; for optical
parametric oscillators and amplifiers, see 42.65.Yj)
42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local
field effects (see also 42.60.Gd Q-switching; 42.79.Ta Optical
computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks)
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
(for ultrafast spectroscopy, see 78.47.J-; for ultrafast magnetization
dynamics, see 75.78.Jp)
42.65.Sf Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical
chaos and complexity, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics
42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves (for solitons in fibers, see
42.81.Dp)
42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers (see also 42.65.Lm
Parametric down conversion and production of entangled photons)
42.66.-p Physiological optics (see also 87.19.lt Sensory systems: visual,
auditory, tactile, taste, and olfaction)
42.66.Ct Anatomy and optics of eye
42.66.Ew Physiology of eye; optic-nerve structure and function (see also
87.19.lt Sensory systems: visual, auditory, tactile, taste, and
olfaction)
42.66.Lc Vision: light detection, adaptation, and discrimination
42.66.Ne Color vision: color detection, adaptation, and discrimination
42.66.Qg Scales for light and color detection
42.66.Si Psychophysics of vision, visual perception; binocular vision
42.68.-w Atmospheric and ocean optics
42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer (see
also 92.60.Ta Electromagnetic wave propagation)
42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects (see also 92.60.hk Convection,
turbulence, and diffusion in meteorology)
42.68.Ca Spectral absorption by atmospheric gases (see also 92.60.Vb Radiative
processes, solar radiation in meteorology)
42.68.Ge Effects of clouds and water; ice crystal phenomena (see also 92.60.Jq
Water in the atmosphere; 92.60.Nv Cloud physics and chemistry in
meteorology)
42.68.Jg Effects of aerosols (see also 92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols in
meteorology; 92.20.Bk Aerosols in chemical and biological oceanography;
91.40.Dr Atmospheric effects in volcanology)
42.68.Kh Effects of air pollution (see also 92.60.Sz Air quality and air
pollution in meteorology; 92.10.Xc Ocean fog in oceanography)
42.68.Mj Scattering, polarization (see also 92.60.Ta Electromagnetic wave
propagation and 92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation in
meteorology)
42.68.Sq Image transmission and formation
42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems
42.68.Xy Ocean optics (see also 92.05.Hj Physical and chemical properties of sea
water in oceanography)
42.70.-a Optical materials (see also 81.05.-t Specific materials: fabrication,
treatment, testing and analysis)
42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz
42.70.Df Liquid crystals (for structure of liquid crystals, see 61.30.-v)
42.70.Gi Light-sensitive materials
42.70.Hj Laser materials
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
42.70.Km Infrared transmitting materials
42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media
42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals (see also 77.84.-s Dielectric,
piezoelectric, and ferroelectric materials)
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor
materials
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials (for photonic crystal lasers, see 42.55.Tv)
42.72.-g Optical sources and standards (for lasers, see 42.55.-f)
42.72.Ai Infrared sources (see also 07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave,
microwave, and radiowave sources)
42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources
42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems (for integrated optics, see
42.82.-m; for fiber optics, see 42.81.-i)
... ... ... Optical instruments, equipment and techniques, see 07.60.-j and
07.57.-c
... ... ... Optical spectrometers, see 07.57.Ty and 07.60.Rd
... ... ... Photography, photographic instruments and techniques, see 07.68.+m
... ... ... Magnetooptical devices, see 85.70.Sq
42.79.Ag Apertures, collimators
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.79.Dj Gratings (for holographic gratings, see 42.40.Eq)
42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators (see also 88.40.F- Solar
concentrators in solar energy)
42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers (for fiber waveguides and waveguides
in integrated optics, see 42.81.Qb and 42.82.Et, respectively)
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
42.79.Jq Acousto-optical devices (see also 43.38.Zp—in Acoustics Appendix)
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices (see also 85.60.Pg Display
systems)
42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters (see also 85.60.-q
Optoelectronic devices)
42.79.Mt Schlieren devices
42.79.Nv Optical frequency converters
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors (see also 85.60.Gz Photodetectors)
42.79.Qx Range finders, remote sensing devices; laser Doppler velocimeters, SAR,
and LIDAR (see also 42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems)
42.79.Ry Gradient-index (GRIN) devices (for fiber GRIN devices, see 42.81.Ht)
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers (for
fiber networks, see 42.81.Uv)
42.79.Ta Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural
networks
42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks (see also 42.40.Ht Hologram
recording and readout methods)
42.79.Wc Optical coatings
42.81.-i Fiber optics
... ... ... Fiber-optic instruments, see 07.60.Vg
42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing
42.81.Cn Fiber testing and measurement of fiber parameters
42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization
42.81.Ht Gradient-index (GRIN) fiber devices
42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.81.Uv Fiber networks (see also 42.79.Sz Optical communication systems,
multiplexers, and demultiplexers)
42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices (for fiber lasers, see 42.55.Wd)
42.82.-m Integrated optics
42.82.Bq Design and performance testing of integrated-optical systems
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer (see also
85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit
fabrication technology)
42.82.Ds Interconnects, including holographic interconnects (see also 42.79.Ta
Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural
networks)
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays (for fiber waveguides, see 42.81.Qb)
42.82.Fv Hybrid systems
42.82.Gw Other integrated-optical elements and systems
42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques
42.87.-d Optical testing techniques
42.87.Bg Phase shifting interferometry (for interferometers, see 07.60.Ly in
instruments)
42.88.+h Environmental and radiation effects on optical elements, devices, and
systems
42.90.+m Other topics in optics (restricted to new topics in section 42)
43. Acoustics (for more detailed headings, see Appendix to section 43)
43.20.+g General linear acoustics
43.25.+y Nonlinear acoustics
43.28.+h Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound (see also 92.60.hh Acousticwaves, tides, and compressional waves in meteorology)
43.30.+m Underwater sound (see also 92.10.Vz—in physical oceanography)
43.35.+d Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound
... ... ... Phonons in crystal lattices, see 63.20.-e
... ... ... Acoustical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.Lj
... ... ... Sound waves in plasma, see 52.35.Dm
... ... ... Low-temperature acoustics and sound in liquid helium, see section 67
... ... ... Acoustical properties and ultrasonic relaxation of solids, see 62.65.+k
and 62.80.+f
... ... ... Acoustic properties of thin films, see 68.60.Bs
... ... ... Acoustoelectric effects, see 72.50.+b and 73.50.Rb
... ... ... Magnetoacoustic effects, oscillations, and resonance, see 72.55.+s,
73.50.Rb, and 75.80.+q
... ... ... Acoustic holography, see 43.60.Sx in Acoustics Appendix;
... ... ... Sound waves in fluid dynamics, see 47.35.Rs
... ... ... Acoustooptical effects, see 78.20.Hp
43.38.+n Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction
of sound
43.40.+s Structural acoustics and vibration
43.50.+y Noise: its effects and control
43.55.+p Architectural acoustics
43.58.+z Acoustical measurements and instrumentation
43.60.+d Acoustic signal processing
43.64.+r Physiological acoustics
... ... ... Biological effects of sound and ultrasound, see 87.50.Y-
43.66.+y Psychological acoustics
43.70.+i Speech production
43.71.+m Speech perception
43.72.+q Speech processing and communication systems
43.75.+a Music and musical instruments
43.80.+p Bioacoustics
43.90.+v Other topics in acoustics (restricted to new topics in section 43)
44. Heat transfer
44.05.+e Analytical and numerical techniques
44.10.+i Heat conduction (see also 66.25.+g and 66.70.-f in nonelectronic
transport properties of condensed matter)
44.15.+a Channel and internal heat flow
44.20.+b Boundary layer heat flow
44.25.+f Natural convection (see also 47.27.te Turbulent convective heat
transfer in fluid dynamics)
44.27.+g Forced convection
44.30.+v Heat flow in porous media
44.35.+c Heat flow in multiphase systems
44.40.+a Thermal radiation
44.90.+c Other topics in heat transfer (restricted to new topics in section 44)
45. Classical mechanics of discrete systems
45.05.+x General theory of classical mechanics of discrete systems
45.10.-b Computational methods in classical mechanics (see also 02.70.-c
Computational techniques in mathematical methods in physics)
45.10.Db Variational and optimization methods
45.10.Hj Perturbation and fractional calculus methods
45.10.Na Geometrical and tensorial methods
45.20.-d Formalisms in classical mechanics
45.20.D- Newtonian mechanics
45.20.da Forces and torques
45.20.dc Rotational dynamics
45.20.df Momentum conservation
45.20.dg Mechanical energy, work, and power
45.20.dh Energy conservation
45.20.Jj Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics
45.30.+s General linear dynamical systems (for nonlinear dynamical systems, see
05.45.-a)
45.40.-f Dynamics and kinematics of rigid bodies
45.40.Aa Translation kinematics
45.40.Bb Rotational kinematics
45.40.Cc Rigid body and gyroscope motion
45.40.Gj Ballistics (projectiles; rockets)
45.40.Ln Robotics
45.50.-j Dynamics and kinematics of a particle and a system of particles
45.50.Dd General motion
45.50.Jf Few- and many-body systems
45.50.Pk Celestial mechanics (see also 95.10.Ce in fundamental astronomy)
45.50.Tn Collisions
45.70.-n Granular systems (see also 05.65.+b Self-organized systems)
45.70.Cc Static sandpiles; granular compaction
45.70.Ht Avalanches
45.70.Mg Granular flow: mixing, segregation and stratification
45.70.Qj Pattern formation
45.70.Vn Granular models of complex systems; traffic flow
45.80.+r Control of mechanical systems (see also 46.80.+j Measurement methods
and techniques in continuum mechanics of solids)
45.90.+t Other topics in classical mechanics of discrete systems (restricted to
new topics in section 45)
46. Continuum mechanics of solids (see also 83.10.Ff in rheology; 91.60.Ba
Elasticity, fracture, and flow; 91.45.Ga Dynamics and mechanics of tectonics;
91.55.Ln Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation in geophysics)
46.05.+b General theory of continuum mechanics of solids
46.15.-x Computational methods in continuum mechanics (see also 02.70.-c
Computational techniques; simulations, in mathematical methods in
physics)
46.15.Cc Variational and optimizational methods
46.15.Ff Perturbation and complex analysis methods
46.25.-y Static elasticity
46.25.Cc Theoretical studies
46.25.Hf Thermoelasticity and electromagnetic elasticity (electroelasticity,
magnetoelasticity)
46.32.+x Static buckling and instability
46.35.+z Viscoelasticity, plasticity, viscoplasticity (see also 83.60.Bc, Df,
in rheology; 91.60.Dc Plasticity, diffusion, and creep in physical
properties of rocks and minerals)
46.40.-f Vibrations and mechanical waves (see also 43.40.+s Structural acoustics
and vibration; 62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations in
mechanical properties of solids)
46.40.Cd Mechanical wave propagation (including diffraction, scattering, and
dispersion)
46.40.Ff Resonance, damping, and dynamic stability
46.40.Jj Aeroelasticity and hydroelasticity
46.50.+a Fracture mechanics, fatigue and cracks (see also 62.20.M- Structural
failure of materials in mechanical properties of condensed matter)
46.55.+d Tribology and mechanical contacts (see also 81.40.Pq Friction,
lubrication and wear in materials science; 62.20.Qp Friction, tribology
and hardness in mechanical properties of solids)
46.65.+g Random phenomena and media (see also 05.40.-a Fluctuation phenomena,
random processes, noise, and Brownian motion)
46.70.-p Application of continuum mechanics to structures
46.70.De Beams, plates, and shells
46.70.Hg Membranes, rods, and strings
46.70.Lk Other structures
46.80.+j Measurement methods and techniques in continuum mechanics of solids
(for mechanical instruments, equipment, and techniques, see 07.10.-h
in instruments)
46.90.+s Other topics in continuum mechanics of solids (restricted to new topics
in section 46)
47. Fluid dynamics (for fluid dynamics of quantum fluids, see section 67; see also
section 83 Rheology; for sound generation by fluid flow, see 43.28.Ra—in
Acoustics Appendix)
47.10.-g General theory in fluid dynamics
47.10.A- Mathematical formulations
47.10.ab Conservation laws and constitutive relations
47.10.ad Navier-Stokes equations
47.10.Df Hamiltonian formulations
47.10.Fg Dynamical systems methods
47.11.-j Computational methods in fluid dynamics
47.11.Bc Finite difference methods
47.11.Df Finite volume methods
47.11.Fg Finite element methods
47.11.Hj Boundary element methods
47.11.Kb Spectral methods
47.11.Mn Molecular dynamics methods
47.11.Qr Lattice gas
47.11.St Multi-scale methods
47.15.-x Laminar flows
47.15.Cb Laminar boundary layers
47.15.Fe Stability of laminar flows
47.15.G- Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows
47.15.gm Thin film flows
47.15.gp Hele-Shaw flows
47.15.K- Inviscid laminar flows
47.15.ki Inviscid flows with vorticity
47.15.km Potential flows
47.15.Rq Laminar flows in cavities, channels, ducts, and conduits
47.15.St Free shear layers
47.15.Tr Laminar wakes
47.15.Uv Laminar jets
47.20.-k Flow instabilities (see also 47.15.Fe Stability of laminar flows)
47.20.Bp Buoyancy-driven instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Benard)
47.20.Cq Inviscid instability
47.20.Dr Surface-tension-driven instability
47.20.Ft Instability of shear flows (e.g., Kelvin-Helmholtz)
47.20.Gv Viscous and viscoelastic instabilities
47.20.Hw Morphological instability; phase changes
47.20.Ib Instability of boundary layers; separation
47.20.Ky Nonlinearity, bifurcation, and symmetry breaking
47.20.Lz Secondary instabilities
47.20.Ma Interfacial instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Taylor)
47.20.Pc Flow receptivity
47.20.Qr Centrifugal instabilities (e.g., Taylor-Couette flow)
47.27.-i Turbulent flows
47.27.Ak Fundamentals
47.27.Cn Transition to turbulence
47.27.De Coherent structures
47.27.E- Turbulence simulation and modeling
47.27.eb Statistical theories and models
47.27.ed Dynamical systems approaches
47.27.ef Field-theoretic formulations and renormalization
47.27.ek Direct numerical simulations
47.27.em Eddy-viscosity closures; Reynolds stress modeling
47.27.ep Large-eddy simulations
47.27.er Spectral methods
47.27.Gs Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence
47.27.Jv High-Reynolds-number turbulence
47.27.N- Wall-bounded shear flow turbulence
47.27.nb Boundary layer turbulence
47.27.nd Channel flow
47.27.nf Flows in pipes and nozzles
47.27.Rc Turbulence control
47.27.Sd Turbulence generated noise
47.27.T- Turbulent transport processes
47.27.tb Turbulent diffusion
47.27.te Turbulent convective heat transfer
47.27.W- Boundary-free shear flow turbulence
47.27.wb Turbulent wakes
47.27.wg Turbulent jets
47.27.wj Turbulent mixing layers
47.32.-y Vortex dynamics; rotating fluids (for vortices in superfluid helium,
see 67.25.dk and 67.30.he)
47.32.C- Vortex dynamics
47.32.cb Vortex interactions
47.32.cd Vortex stability and breakdown
47.32.cf Vortex reconnection and rings
47.32.ck Vortex streets
47.32.Ef Rotating and swirling flows
47.32.Ff Separated flows
47.35.-i Hydrodynamic waves (see also 47.65.-d Magnetohydrodynamics and
electrohydrodynamics; 52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves; 52.35.Dm
Sound waves in Physics of plasmas and electric discharges)
47.35.Bb Gravity waves
47.35.De Shear waves
47.35.Fg Solitary waves
47.35.Jk Wave breaking
47.35.Lf Wave-structure interactions
47.35.Pq Capillary waves
47.35.Rs Sound waves
47.35.Tv Magnetohydrodynamic waves
47.37.+q Hydrodynamic aspects of superfluidity; quantum fluids (for transport
and hydrodynamics of normal and superfluid phase of 4He, see 67.25.bf,
and 67.25.dg respectively; for transport and hydrodynamics of normal
and superfluid phase of 3He, see 67.30.eh, and 67.30.hb respectively)
47.40.-x Compressible flows; shock waves (see also 43.25.Cb Macrosonic
propagation, finite amplitude sound; shock waves in Acoustics Appendix;
52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities in Physics of plasmas and
electric discharges; 82.40.Fp Shock wave initiated reactions,
high-pressure chemistry in Physical chemistry and chemical physics)
47.40.Dc General subsonic flows
47.40.Hg Transonic flows
47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows
47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects (for shock wave initiated
chemical reactions, see 82.40.Fp)
47.40.Rs Detonation waves
47.45.-n Rarefied gas dynamics
47.45.Ab Kinetic theory of gases
47.45.Dt Free molecular flows
47.45.Gx Slip flows and accommodation
47.50.-d Non-Newtonian fluid flows
47.50.Cd Modeling
47.50.Ef Measurements
47.50.Gj Instabilities
47.51.+a Mixing (see also 64.75.Ef Mixing in Equations of state, phase
equilibria, and phase transitions; 82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of
solutions in Physical chemistry and chemical physics; 83.50.Xa Mixing
and blending in Rheology)
47.52.+j Chaos in fluid dynamics (see also 05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos
in Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical
systems)
47.53.+n Fractals in fluid dynamics (see also 05.45.Df Fractals in Statistical
physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems)
47.54.-r Pattern selection; pattern formation (see also 82.40.Ck Pattern
formation in reactions with diffusion, flow and heat transfer in
Physical chemistry and chemical physics; 87.18.Hf Spatiotemporal
pattern formation in cellular populations in Biological and medical
physics)
47.54.Bd Theoretical aspects
47.54.De Experimental aspects
47.54.Fj Chemical and biological applications
47.54.Jk Materials science applications
47.55.-t Multiphase and stratified flows
47.55.Ca Gas/liquid flows
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles
47.55.db Drop and bubble formation
47.55.dd Bubble dynamics
47.55.df Breakup and coalescence
47.55.dk Surfactant effects
47.55.dm Thermocapillary effects
47.55.dp Cavitation and boiling
47.55.dr Interactions with surfaces
47.55.Hd Stratified flows
... ... ... Rotational flows, see 47.32.-y
47.55.Iv Core-annular flows
47.55.Kf Particle-laden flows
47.55.Lm Fluidized beds
47.55.N- Interfacial flows
47.55.nb Capillary and thermocapillary flows
47.55.nd Spreading films
47.55.nk Liquid bridges
47.55.nm Curtains/sheets
47.55.np Contact lines
47.55.P- Buoyancy-driven flows; convection
47.55.pb Thermal convection
47.55.pd Multidiffusive convection
47.55.pf Marangoni convection
47.56.+r Flows through porous media
47.57.-s Complex fluids and colloidal systems (see also 82.70.-y Disperse
systems; complex fluids in Physical chemistry and chemical physics;
83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids;
83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams in Rheology)
47.57.Bc Foams and emulsions
47.57.E- Suspensions
47.57.eb Diffusion and aggregation
47.57.ef Sedimentation and migration
47.57.Gc Granular flow
47.57.J- Colloidal systems
47.57.jb Microemulsions
47.57.jd Electrokinetic effects
47.57.Lj Flows of liquid crystals
47.57.Ng Polymers and polymer solutions
47.57.Qk Rheological aspects
47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems (see also 43.28.Py
Interaction of fluid motion and sound, Doppler effect and sound in flow
ducts in Acoustics Appendix; 47.15.Rq Laminar flows in cavities,
channels, ducts and conduits; 47.27.nd Channel flows; 47.27.nf Flows
in pipes and nozzles)
47.60.Dx Flows in ducts and channels
47.60.Kz Flows and jets through nozzles
47.61.-k Micro- and nano- scale flow phenomena
47.61.Cb Non-continuum effects
47.61.Fg Flows in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and
nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)
47.61.Jd Multiphase flows
47.61.Ne Micromixing
47.63.-b Biological fluid dynamics (see also 87.19.U- Hemodynamics, 87.19.rh
Fluid transport and rheology, 87.19.Wx Pneumodynamics, 87.85.gf Fluid
mechanics and rheology in biological and medical physics)
47.63.Cb Blood flow in cardiovascular system
47.63.Ec Pulmonary fluid mechanics
47.63.Gd Swimming microorganisms
47.63.Jd Microcirculation and flow through tissues
47.63.M- Biopropulsion in water and air
47.63.mc High-Reynolds-number motions
47.63.mf Low-Reynolds-number motions
47.63.mh Transport processes and drug delivery
47.65.-d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics (see also 47.35.Tv
Magnetohydrodynamic waves; 52.30.Cv Magnetohydrodynamics, and
52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamics and fluid equation in Physics of plasmas
and electric discharges; 83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological
fluids in Rheology)
47.65.Cb Magnetic fluids and ferrofluids
47.65.Gx Electrorheological fluids
47.65.Md Plasma dynamos
47.70.-n Reactive and radiative flows (see also 82.33.Vx Reactions in flames,
combustion and explosion; 82.33.Xj Plasma reactions (including flowing
afterglow and electric discharges); 82.33.Ya Chemistry of MOCVD and
other vapor deposition methods in Physical chemistry and chemical
physics; 92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation in Hydrospheric
and atmospheric geophysics)
47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows (see also 83.80.Jx—in rheology)
47.70.Mc Radiation gas dynamics
47.70.Nd Nonequilibrium gas dynamics
47.70.Pq Flames; combustion
47.75.+f Relativistic fluid dynamics (see also 52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas in
Physics of plasmas and electric discharges; 98.80.Jk Mathematical and
relativistic aspects of cosmology in Stellar systems; interstellar
medium; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the Universe)
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
47.80.Cb Velocity measurements
47.80.Fg Pressure and temperature measurements
47.80.Jk Flow visualization and imaging
47.85.-g Applied fluid mechanics
47.85.Dh Hydrodynamics, hydraulics, hydrostatics
47.85.Gj Aerodynamics
47.85.Kn Hydraulic and pneumatic machinery
47.85.L- Flow control
47.85.lb Drag reduction
47.85.ld Boundary layer control
47.85.lf Flow noise reduction
47.85.lk Mixing enhancement
47.85.M- Material processing flows; industrial applications
47.85.mb Coating flows
47.85.md Polymer processing flows
47.85.mf Lubrication flows
47.85.Np Fluidics
... ... ... Atmospheric circulation, see 92.60.Bh
... ... ... Atmospheric boundary layer processes, see 92.60.Fm
... ... ... Atmospheric turbulence, see 92.60.hk
... ... ... Storms, see 92.60.Qx
... ... ... Hydrodynamics of the oceans, see 92.10.-c
... ... ... Mantle convection, see 91.45.Fj
... ... ... Lava and magma rheology, see 83.80.Nb, 91.40.Hw, and 91.40.Jk
... ... ... Groundwater flow, see 92.40.Kf
... ... ... Role of fluids in structural geology, see 91.55.Tt
... ... ... Flows in streams and rivers, see 92.40.Qk;
... ... ... Geothermal fluids, see 91.40.Ge
47.90.+a Other topics in fluid dynamics (restricted to new topics in section 47)
50. PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES
51. Physics of gases
51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases (see also 05.20.Dd Kinetic theory
in classical statistical mechanics; see also 47.70.Mc Radiation gas
dynamics)
51.20.+d Viscosity, diffusion, and thermal conductivity
51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state (see also 05.70.Ce
Thermodynamic functions and equations of state in thermodynamics)
51.35.+a Mechanical properties; compressibility
51.40.+p Acoustical properties (see also 43.28.-g Aeroacoustics and atmospheric
sound in Acoustics Appendix; for ultrasonic relaxation in gases, see
43.35.Fj—in Acoustics Appendix)
51.50.+v Electrical properties (ionization, breakdown, electron and ion
mobility, etc.) (see also 52.80.-s Electric discharges in physics of
plasmas)
51.60.+a Magnetic properties
51.70.+f Optical and dielectric properties
... ... ... Sorption, see 68.43.-h
... ... ... Gas sensors and detectors, see 07.07.Df
51.90.+r Other topics in the physics of gases (restricted to new topics in section
51)
52. Physics of plasmas and electric discharges (for space plasma physics, see
94.05.-a; for astrophysical plasmas, see 95.30.Qd; for physics of the
ionosphere and magnetosphere, see 94.20.-y and 94.30.-d respectively)
52.20.-j Elementary processes in plasmas
52.20.Dq Particle orbits
52.20.Fs Electron collisions
52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions
52.25.-b Plasma properties (for chemical reactions in plasma, see 82.33.Xj)
52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations
52.25.Fi Transport properties
52.25.Gj Fluctuation and chaos phenomena (for plasma turbulence, see 52.35.Ra;
see also 05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos)
52.25.Jm Ionization of plasmas
52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas
52.25.Mq Dielectric properties
52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.25.Tx Emission, absorption, and scattering of particles
52.25.Vy Impurities in plasmas
52.25.Xz Magnetized plasmas
52.25.Ya Neutrals in plasmas
52.27.-h Basic studies of specific kinds of plasmas
52.27.Aj Single-component, electron-positive-ion plasmas
52.27.Cm Multicomponent and negative-ion plasmas
52.27.Ep Electron-positron plasmas
52.27.Gr Strongly-coupled plasmas
52.27.Jt Nonneutral plasmas
52.27.Lw Dusty or complex plasmas; plasma crystals
52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas
52.30.-q Plasma dynamics and flow
52.30.Cv Magnetohydrodynamics (including electron magnetohydrodynamics) (see
also 47.65.-d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics in fluid
dynamics; for MHD generators, see 52.75.Fk; see also 95.30.Qd
Magnetohydrodynamics and plasmas in astrophysics)
52.30.Ex Two-fluid and multi-fluid plasmas
52.30.Gz Gyrokinetics
52.35.-g Waves, oscillations, and instabilities in plasmas and intense beams
(see also 94.20.wf Plasma waves and instabilities in physics of the
ionosphere; 94.30.cq MHD waves, plasma waves, and instabilities in
physics of the magnetosphere; 96.50.Tf MHD waves, plasma waves,
turbulence in interplanetary physics)
52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves (e.g., Alfven waves)
52.35.Dm Sound waves
52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves)
52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein,
upper hybrid, lower hybrid)
52.35.Kt Drift waves
52.35.Lv Other linear waves
52.35.Mw Nonlinear phenomena: waves, wave propagation, and other interactions
(including parametric effects, mode coupling, ponderomotive effects,
etc.)
52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror,
ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
52.35.Qz Microinstabilities (ion-acoustic, two-stream, loss-cone, beam-plasma,
drift, ion- or electron-cyclotron, etc.)
52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence
52.35.Sb Solitons; BGK modes
52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities
52.35.Vd Magnetic reconnection (see also 94.30.cp in physics of the
magnetosphere)
52.35.We Plasma vorticity
52.38.-r Laser-plasma interactions (for plasma production and heating by laser
beams, see 52.50.Jm)
52.38.Bv Rayleigh scattering; stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering
52.38.Dx Laser light absorption in plasmas (collisional, parametric, etc.)
52.38.Fz Laser-induced magnetic fields in plasmas
52.38.Hb Self-focussing, channeling, and filamentation in plasmas
52.38.Kd Laser-plasma acceleration of electrons and ions (see also 41.75.Jv
Laser-driven acceleration in electromagnetism; electron and ion
optics)
52.38.Mf Laser ablation (see also 79.20.Ds, Laser-beam impact phenomena)
52.38.Ph X-ray, γ-ray, and particle generation
52.40.-w Plasma interactions (nonlaser)
52.40.Db Electromagnetic (nonlaser) radiation interactions with plasma (for
electromagnetic wave propagation in the ionosphere and magnetosphere,
see 94.20.Bb and 94.30.Tz respectively)
52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides
52.40.Hf Plasma-material interactions; boundary layer effects
52.40.Kh Plasma sheaths (see also 94.30.cj Magnetosheath)
52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasmas
52.50.-b Plasma production and heating (see also 52.80.-s Electric discharges)
52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil,
laser-cluster, etc.)
52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression
52.50.Nr Plasma heating by DC fields; ohmic heating, arcs
52.50.Qt Plasma heating by radio-frequency fields; ICR, ICP, helicons
52.50.Sw Plasma heating by microwaves; ECR, LH, collisional heating
52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium (see also 28.52.-s Fusion
reactors)
52.55.Dy General theory and basic studies of plasma lifetime, particle and heat
loss, energy balance, field structure, etc.
52.55.Ez Theta pinch
52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal
confinement devices
52.55.Ip Spheromaks
52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps
52.55.Lf Field-reversed configurations, rotamaks, astrons, ion rings,
magnetized target fusion, and cusps
52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle
effects
52.55.Rk Power exhaust; divertors
52.55.Tn Ideal and resistive MHD modes; kinetic modes
52.55.Wq Current drive; helicity injection
52.57.-z Laser inertial confinement
52.57.Bc Target design and fabrication
52.57.Fg Implosion symmetry and hydrodynamic instability (Rayleigh-Taylor,
Richtmyer-Meshkov, imprint, etc.)
52.57.Kk Fast ignition of compressed fusion fuels
52.58.-c Other confinement methods
52.58.Ei Light-ion inertial confinement
52.58.Hm Heavy-ion inertial confinement
52.58.Lq Z-pinches, plasma focus, and other pinch devices
52.58.Qv Electrostatic and high-frequency confinement
52.59.-f Intense particle beams and radiation sources (see also 29.25.-t
Particle sources and targets, and 29.27.-a Beams in particle
accelerators, in instrumentation for elementary-particle and nuclear
physics)
52.59.Bi Grid- and ion-diode-accelerated beams
52.59.Dk Magneto-plasma accelerated plasmas
52.59.Fn Multistage accelerated heavy-ion beams
52.59.Hq Dense plasma focus
52.59.Mv High-voltage diodes (for high-current and high-voltage technology, see
84.70.+p)
52.59.Px Hard X-ray sources
52.59.Qy Wire array Z-pinches
52.59.Rz Free-electron devices (for free-electron lasers, see 41.60.Cr)
52.59.Sa Space-charge-dominated beams
52.59.Tb Moderate-intensity beams
52.59.Wd Emittance-dominated beams
52.59.Ye Plasma devices for generation of coherent radiation
52.65.-y Plasma simulation
52.65.Cc Particle orbit and trajectory
52.65.Ff Fokker-Planck and Vlasov equation
52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamic and fluid equation
52.65.Pp Monte Carlo methods
52.65.Rr Particle-in-cell method
52.65.Tt Gyrofluid and gyrokinetic simulations
52.65.Vv Perturbative methods
52.65.Ww Hybrid methods
52.65.Yy Molecular dynamics methods
52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation
52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements
52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements
52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
52.70.La X-ray and γ-ray measurements
52.70.Nc Particle measurements
52.72.+v Laboratory studies of space- and astrophysical-plasma processes (see
also 94.05.Rx in space plasma physics)
52.75.-d Plasma devices (for ion sources, see 29.25.Lg, Ni; for plasma sources,
see 52.50.Dg)
52.75.Di Ion and plasma propulsion
52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma
diodes (see also 84.60.Lw, Ny in direct-energy conversion and storage)
52.75.Hn Plasma torches
52.75.Kq Plasma switches (e.g., spark gaps)
52.75.Xx Thermionic and filament-based sources (e.g., Q machines, double- and
triple-plasma devices, etc.)
52.77.-j Plasma applications
52.77.Bn Etching and cleaning (see also 81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching,
patterning in surface treatments)
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition (see also 81.15.Jj Ion and
electron beam-assisted deposition)
52.77.Fv High-pressure, high-current plasmas (plasma spray, arc welding, etc.)
(see also 81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques)
... ... ... Chemical synthesis; combustion synthesis, see 81.20.Ka
52.80.-s Electric discharges (see also 51.50.+v Electrical properties of gases;
for plasma reactions including flowing afterglow and electric
discharges, see 82.33.Xj in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
52.80.Dy Low-field and Townsend discharges
52.80.Hc Glow; corona
52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity (see also 92.60.Pw
Atmospheric electricity, lightning in meteorology)
52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges
52.80.Qj Explosions; exploding wires
52.80.Sm Magnetoactive discharges (e.g., Penning discharges)
52.80.Tn Other gas discharges
52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum
52.80.Wq Discharge in liquids and solids (for electric breakdown in liquids, see
77.22.Jp)
52.80.Yr Discharges for spectral sources (including inductively coupled plasma)
52.90.+z Other topics in physics of plasmas and electric discharges (restricted
to new topics in section 52)
60. CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
61. Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography (for surface, interface, and
thin film structure, see section 68)
61.05.-a Techniques for structure determination
... ... ... Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films, see 68.37.-d
61.05.C- X-ray diffraction and scattering (for x-ray diffractometers, see
07.85.Jy; for x-ray studies of crystal defects, see 61.72.Dd, Ff)
61.05.cc Theories of x-ray diffraction and scattering
61.05.cf X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
61.05.cj X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc. (for x-ray
and EXAFS applications in biological physics, see 87.64.kd)
61.05.cm X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films)
61.05.cp X-ray diffraction
61.05.F- Neutron diffraction and scattering
61.05.fd Theories of neutron diffraction and scattering
61.05.fg Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
61.05.fj Neutron reflectometry
61.05.fm Neutron diffraction
... ... ... Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films, see 68.37.-d
61.05.J- Electron diffraction and scattering (for electron diffractometers, see
07.78.+s)
61.05.jd Theories of electron diffraction and scattering
61.05.jh Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy
electron diffraction (RHEED)
61.05.jm Convergent-beam electron diffraction, selected-area electron
diffraction, nanodiffraction
61.05.jp Electron holography
61.05.js X-ray photoelectron diffraction
61.05.Np Atom, molecule, and ion scattering (for structure determination only)
61.05.Qr Magnetic resonance techniques; M?ssbauer spectroscopy (for structure
determination only)
61.05.Tv Neutron imaging; neutron tomography
61.20.-p Structure of liquids
61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure
61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; relaxation (for glass transitions, see
64.70.P-)
61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids
61.20.Qg Structure of associated liquids: electrolytes, molten salts, etc.
61.25.-f Studies of specific liquid structures
61.25.Bi Liquid noble gases
61.25.Em Molecular liquids
61.25.H- Macromolecular and polymers solutions; polymer melts
61.25.he Polymer solutions
61.25.hk Polymer melts and blends
61.25.hp Polymer swelling, cross linking
61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
61.30.-v Liquid crystals (for phase transitions in liquid crystals, see 64.70.M-;
for liquid crystals as dielectric materials, see 77.84.Nh; for liquid
crystals as optical materials, see 42.70.Df; for liquid crystal devices,
see 42.79.Kr)
61.30.Cz Molecular and microscopic models and theories of liquid crystal
structure
61.30.Dk Continuum models and theories of liquid crystal structure
61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and
other structures
61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field
effects on order
61.30.Hn Surface phenomena: alignment, anchoring, anchoring transitions,
surface-induced layering, surface-induced ordering, wetting,
prewetting transitions, and wetting transitions
61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
61.30.Mp Blue phases and other defect-phases
61.30.Pq Microconfined liquid crystals: droplets, cylinders, randomly confined
liquid crystals, polymer dispersed liquid crystals, and porous systems
61.30.St Lyotropic phases
61.30.Vx Polymer liquid crystals
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics (see also 81.05.Lg in materials
science; for rheology of polymers, see section 83; for polymer reactions
and polymerization, see 82.35.-x in physical chemistry and chemical
physics)
61.43.-j Disordered solids (see also 81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors,
81.05.Kf Glasses, and 81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials in
materials science; for photoluminescence of disordered solids, see
78.55.Mb and 78.55.Qr)
61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
61.43.Fs Glasses
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion-limited
aggregates)
61.44.-n Semi-periodic solids
61.44.Br Quasicrystals
61.44.Fw Incommensurate crystals
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials (for thermal properties of
nanocrystals and nanotubes, see 65.80.-g; for mechanical properties of
nanoscale systems, see 62.25.-g; for electronic transport in nanoscale
materials, see 73.63.-b; see also 62.23.-c Structural classes of
nanoscale systems; 64.70.Nd Structural transitions in nanoscale
materials; for magnetic properties of nanostructures, see 75.75.-c)
61.46.Bc Structure of clusters (e.g., metcars; not fragments of crystals; free
or loosely aggregated or loosely attached to a substrate) (see also
61.48.-c for structure of fullerenes)
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots
but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached,
quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum
wires)
61.46.Np Structure of nanotubes (hollow nanowires) (see 61.48.De for carbon
nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems)
61.48.-c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular
structures (see also 81.05.ub Fullerenes and related materials in
materials science)
61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related
systems (for structure of hollow nanowires, see 61.46.Np)
61.48.Gh Structure of graphene
61.50.-f Structure of bulk crystals
61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and
modeling
... ... ... Crystal growth, see 81.10.-h
61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects
(see also 81.30.Hd in materials science)
61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
61.50.Nw Crystal stoichiometry
61.66.-f Structure of specific crystalline solids (for surface structure, see
68.35.B-)
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
61.66.Hq Organic compounds
... ... ... Quantum crystals, see 67.80.-s
61.68.+n Crystallographic databases
61.72.-y Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure (for radiation
induced defects, see 61.80.-x; for defects in surfaces, interfaces, and
thin films, see 68.35.Dv and 68.55.Ln; see also 85.40.Ry Impurity doping,
diffusion, and ion implantation technology; for effects of crystal
defects and doping on superconducting transition temperature, see
74.62.Dh)
61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
61.72.Dd Experimental determination of defects by diffraction and scattering
61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits,
decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip,
creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.)
61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters
61.72.jd Vacancies
61.72.jj Interstitials
61.72.jn Color centers
61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.)
61.72.S- Impurities in crystals
61.72.sd Impurity concentration
61.72.sh Impurity distribution
61.72.sm Impurity gradients
61.72.U- Doping and impurity implantation
61.72.uf Ge and Si
61.72.uj III-V and II-VI semiconductors
61.72.up Other materials
61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect (for
magnetic impurity interactions, see 75.30.Hx)
61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage (for photochemical
reactions, see 82.50.-m; for effects of ionizing radiation on
biological systems, see 87.53.-j)
... ... ... Radiation treatments, see 81.40.Wx
61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser
radiation)
61.80.Cb X-ray effects
61.80.Ed γ-ray effects
61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects (for ion implantation, see 61.72.U-)
61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects
... ... ... Channeling, blocking, and energy loss of particles, see 61.85.+p
61.82.-d Radiation effects on specific materials
61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
61.82.Ms Insulators
61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials
61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)
61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids; crystallography
(restricted to new topics in section 61)
62. Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter (for mechanical
properties of tissues and organs, see 87.19.R-; for mechanical properties of
nanoscale systems, see 62.25.-g; for nonlinear acoustics of solids, see
43.25.Dc—in Acoustics Appendix; for mechanical and acoustical properties of
interfaces and thin films, see 68.35.Gy, 68.35.Iv, and 68.60.Bs; for mechanical
properties related to treatment conditions, see 81.40.Jj, Lm, Np—in materials
science; for mechanical and acoustical properties of superconductors, see
74.25.Ld; for mechanical and acoustical properties of rocks and minerals, see
91.60.Ba, Dc, and Lj)
62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids (for viscosity of liquids, see
66.20.-d)
62.20.-x Mechanical properties of solids
62.20.D- Elasticity (for materials treatment effects on elastic properties, see
81.40.Jj)
62.20.de Elastic moduli
62.20.dj Poisson's ratio
62.20.dq Other elastic constants
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity (see also 83.50.-v Deformation and flow in
rheology; for materials treatment effects on deformation, see 81.40.Lm)
62.20.fg Shape-memory effect; yield stress; superelasticity
62.20.fk Ductility, malleability
62.20.fq Plasticity and superplasticity
62.20.Hg Creep
62.20.M- Structural failure of materials (for materials treatment effects on
microstructure, see 81.40.Np)
62.20.me Fatigue
62.20.mj Brittleness
62.20.mm Fracture
62.20.mq Buckling
62.20.mt Cracks
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness (see also 46.55.+d Tribology and
mechanical contacts in continuum mechanics of solids; for materials
treatment effects on friction related properties, see 81.40.Pq)
62.23.-c Structural classes of nanoscale systems (see also 81.07.-b Nanoscale
materials and structures: fabrication and characterization in
materials science)
62.23.Eg Nanodots
62.23.Hj Nanowires
62.23.Kn Nanosheets
62.23.Pq Composites (nanosystems embedded in a larger structure)
62.23.St Complex nanostructures, including patterned or assembled structures
62.25.-g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems (for structure of nanoscale
systems, see 61.46.-w; for structural transitions in nanoscale
materials, see 64.70.Nd; for electronic transport in nanoscale systems,
see 73.63.-b)
62.25.De Low-frequency properties: response coefficients
62.25.Fg High-frequency properties, responses to resonant or transient
(time-dependent) fields
62.25.Jk Mechanical modes of vibration
62.25.Mn Fracture/brittleness
62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations (see also 43.40.+s Structural
acoustics and vibration; 46.40.-f Vibrations and mechanical waves in
continuum mechanics of solids)
62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical
resonances (for materials treatment effects on anelasticity, see
81.40.Jj in materials science)
... ... ... Thermomechanical effects, see 65.40.De
... ... ... Magnetomechanical effects, see 75.80.+q
... ... ... Piezoelectric effects, see 77.65.-j
... ... ... Elastooptical effects, see 78.20.hb
62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids (for high pressure
apparatus and techniques, see 07.35.+k; for high-pressure behavior of
rocks and minerals, see 91.60.Gf; for pressure treatments, see 81.40.Vw
in materials science; for effects of pressure on superconducting
transition temperature, see 74.62.Fj)
62.50.Ef Shock wave effects in solids and liquids (for shock wave initiated
high-pressure chemistry, see 82.40.Fp; see also 47.40.Nm Shock wave
interactions and shock effects in fluid dynamics)
62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids (see also 43.35.+d in acoustics;
87.50.Y- Biological effects of acoustic and ultrasonic energy in
biological and medical physics)
... ... ... Lattice dynamics, phonons, see section 63
... ... ... Sound waves in fluid dynamics, see 47.35.Rs
... ... ... Second sound in quantum fluids, see 67.25.dt
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
... ... ... Magnetoacoustic effects, see 72.55.+s and 73.50.Rb
... ... ... Acoustoelectric effects, see 72.50.+b, 73.50.Rb, and 77.65.Dq
... ... ... Acoustooptical effects, see 78.20.hb
62.80.+f Ultrasonic relaxation (see also 43.35.Fj Ultrasonic relaxation
processes in liquids and solids—in Acoustics Appendix; for ultrasonic
attenuation in superconductors, see 74.25.Ld)
62.90.+k Other topics in mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed
matter (restricted to new topics in section 62)
63. Lattice dynamics (see also 78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra; for surface
and interface vibrations, see 68.35.Ja; for adsorbate vibrations, see 68.43.Pq;
for lattice dynamics of quantum solids, see 67.80.de)
63.10.+a General theory
63.20.-e Phonons in crystal lattices (for phonons in superconductors, see
74.25.Kc; see also 43.35.Gk Phonons in crystal lattice, quantum
acoustics—in Acoustics Appendix)
63.20.D- Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
63.20.dd Measurements
63.20.dh Fitted theory
63.20.dk First-principles theory
63.20.K- Phonon interactions
63.20.kd Phonon-electron interactions
63.20.kg Phonon-phonon interactions
63.20.kk Phonon interactions with other quasiparticles
63.20.kp Phonon-defect interactions
63.20.Pw Localized modes
63.20.Ry Anharmonic lattice modes
63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and
nanoscale materials
63.22.Dc Free films
63.22.Gh Nanotubes and nanowires
63.22.Kn Clusters and nanocrystals
63.22.Np Layered systems
63.22.Rc Phonons in graphene
63.50.-x Vibrational states in disordered systems
63.50.Gh Disordered crystalline alloys
63.50.Lm Glasses and amorphous solids
63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations and displacive phase
transitions
63.90.+t Other topics in lattice dynamics (restricted to new topics in section
63)
64. Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions (see also 82.60.-s
Chemical thermodynamics)
64.10.+h General theory of equations of state and phase equilibria (see also
05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state)
64.30.-t Equations of state of specific substances
64.30.Ef Equations of state of pure metals and alloys
64.30.Jk Equations of state of nonmetals
64.60.-i General studies of phase transitions (see also 63.70.+h Statistical
mechanics of lattice vibrations and displacive phase transitions; for
critical phenomena in solid surfaces and interfaces, and in magnetism,
see 68.35.Rh, and 75.40.-s, respectively)
64.60.A- Specific approaches applied to studies of phase transitions
64.60.ae Renormalization-group theory
64.60.ah Percolation
64.60.al Fractal and multifractal systems (see also 61.43.Hv Fractals;
macroscopic aggregates)
64.60.an Finite-size systems
64.60.aq Networks
64.60.at Convolution
64.60.av Cracks, sandpiles, avalanches, and earthquakes (for general studies of
sandpiles and avalanches, see 45.70.Cc, Ht in classical mechanics of
discrete systems; see also 91.30.Px Earthquakes in geophysics)
64.60.Bd General theory of phase transitions
64.60.Cn Order-disorder transformations (see also 81.30.Hd
Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic,
massive, and order-disorder in materials science; for effects of
disorder on superconducting transition temperature, see 74.62.En)
64.60.De Statistical mechanics of model systems (Ising model, Potts model,
field-theory models, Monte Carlo techniques, etc.)
64.60.Ej Studies/theory of phase transitions of specific substances (for phase
transitions in ferroelectric and antiferroelectric materials, see
77.80.B-)
64.60.F- Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents
64.60.fd General theory of critical region behavior
64.60.fh Studies of specific substances in the critical region
... ... ... Properties of quantum fluids, see section 67
64.60.Ht Dynamic critical phenomena (for quantum critical phenomena in
superconductivity, see 74.40.Kb)
64.60.Kw Multicritical points
64.60.My Metastable phases
64.60.Q- Nucleation (see also 82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of nucleation in physical
chemistry and chemical physics)
64.60.qe General theory and computer simulations of nucleation
64.60.qj Studies of nucleation in specific substances
64.70.-p Specific phase transitions
64.70.D- Solid-liquid transitions
64.70.dg Crystallization of specific substances
64.70.dj Melting of specific substances
64.70.dm General theory of the solid-liquid transition
64.70.F- Liquid-vapor transitions
64.70.fh Boiling and bubble dynamics (for bubble formation, bubble dynamics,
boiling and cavitation, see section 47.55.D-; for acoustic cavitation,
see 43.35.Ei in Acoustics Appendix)
64.70.fm Thermodynamics studies of evaporation and condensation (for
evaporation and condensation on surfaces, see 68.03.Fg)
64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions
64.70.Ja Liquid-liquid transitions
64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions (see also 61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of
phase transformations; pressure effects; 75.30.Kz and 77.80.B- for
magnetic and ferroelectric transitions, respectively; for materials
science aspects, see 81.30.-t)
64.70.kd Metals and alloys
64.70.kg Semiconductors
64.70.kj Glasses
64.70.km Polymers
64.70.kp Ionic crystals
64.70.kt Molecular crystals
64.70.M- Transitions in liquid crystals
64.70.mf Theory and modeling of specific liquid crystal transitions, including
computer simulation
64.70.mj Experimental studies of liquid crystal transitions
64.70.Nd Structural transitions in nanoscale materials
64.70.P- Glass transitions of specific systems
64.70.pe Metallic glasses
64.70.ph Nonmetallic glasses (silicates, oxides, selenides, etc.)
64.70.pj Polymers
64.70.pm Liquids
64.70.pp Liquid crystals (see also 64.70.M- Transitions in liquid crystals)
64.70.ps Granules
64.70.pv Colloids
64.70.Q- Theory and modeling of the glass transition
64.70.qd Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
64.70.qj Dynamics and criticality
64.70.Rh Commensurate-incommensurate transitions
64.70.Tg Quantum phase transitions (for quantum Hall effects aspects, see
73.43.Nq in electronic structure of surfaces, interfaces, thin films,
and low dimensional structures)
64.75.-g Phase equilibria (see also 82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions;
47.51.+a Mixing in fluid dynamics; for properties of solutions of
biomolecules, see 87.15.N- in biological physics)
64.75.Bc Solubility
64.75.Cd Phase equilibria of fluid mixtures, including gases, hydrates, etc.
64.75.Ef Mixing
64.75.Gh Phase separation and segregation in model systems (hard spheres,
Lennard-Jones, etc.)
64.75.Jk Phase separation and segregation in nanoscale systems (for general
nanoscale materials studies, see 81.07.-b in materials science)
64.75.Lm Phase separation and segregation in oxidation (for general surface
oxidation studies in surface treatments, see 81.65.Mq)
64.75.Nx Phase separation and segregation in solid solutions
64.75.Op Phase separation and segregation in alloying
64.75.Qr Phase separation and segregation in semiconductors
64.75.St Phase separation and segregation in thin films
64.75.Va Phase separation and segregation in polymer blends/polymeric solutions
64.75.Xc Phase separation and segregation in colloidal systems
64.75.Yz Self-assembly
64.90.+b Other topics in equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase
transitions (restricted to new topics in section 64)
65. Thermal properties of condensed matter (see also section 44 Heat transfer; for
thermodynamic properties of quantum fluids and solids, see section 67; for
thermal properties of thin films, see 68.60.Dv; for nonelectronic thermal
conduction, see 66.25.+g and 66.70.-f; for thermal properties of rocks and
minerals, see 91.60.Ki; for thermodynamic properties of superconductors, see
74.25.Bt; see also 87.19.Pp Biothermics and thermal processes in biological
physics)
65.20.-w Thermal properties of liquids
65.20.De General theory of thermodynamic properties of liquids, including
computer simulation
65.20.Jk Studies of thermodynamic properties of specific liquids
65.40.-b Thermal properties of crystalline solids
65.40.Ba Heat capacity (for specific heat of magnetic materials, see 75.40.-s)
65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects
65.40.G- Other thermodynamical quantities (for magnetocaloric effect, see
75.30.Sg)
65.40.gd Entropy
65.40.gh Work functions
65.40.gk Electrochemical properties (for general electrochemistry, see
82.45.-h)
65.40.gp Surface energy (see also 68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface
energies in surfaces and interfaces)
65.60.+a Thermal properties of amorphous solids and glasses: heat capacity,
thermal expansion, etc.
65.80.-g Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, nanotubes, and
other related systems
65.80.Ck Thermal properties of graphene
65.90.+i Other topics in thermal properties of condensed matter (restricted to
new topics in section 65)
66. Nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter
66.10.-x Diffusion and ionic conduction in liquids
66.10.C- Diffusion and thermal diffusion (for osmosis in biological systems, see
82.39.Wj in physical chemistry; for cellular transport, see 87.16.dp
and 87.16.Uv in biological physics)
66.10.cd Thermal diffusion and diffusive energy transport
66.10.cg Mass diffusion, including self-diffusion, mutual diffusion, tracer
diffusion, etc.
66.10.Ed Ionic conduction
66.20.-d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
66.20.Cy Theory and modeling of viscosity and rheological properties, including
computer simulation
66.20.Ej Studies of viscosity and rheological properties of specific liquids
66.20.Gd Diffusive momentum transport
66.25.+g Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids (for thermal conduction in
liquid metals, see 72.15.Cz)
66.30.-h Diffusion in solids (for surface and interface diffusion, see 68.35.Fx)
66.30.Dn Theory of diffusion and ionic conduction in solids
66.30.Fq Self-diffusion in metals, semimetals, and alloys
66.30.H- Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals
66.30.hd Ionic crystals
66.30.hh Glasses
66.30.hk Polymers
66.30.hp Molecular crystals
66.30.J- Diffusion of impurities (for surface diffusion, hopping, sorption,
etc., see 68.35.Fx; see section 72 for carrier diffusion and
electron-hole diffusion)
66.30.je Diffusion of gases
66.30.jj Diffusion of water
66.30.jp Proton diffusion
66.30.Lw Diffusion of other defects
66.30.Ma Diffusion in quantum solids (supersolidity) (see also 67.80.dj Defects,
impurities, and diffusion in quantum fluids and solids)
66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers
66.30.Pa Diffusion in nanoscale solids
66.30.Qa Electromigration
66.30.Xj Thermal diffusivity
66.35.+a Quantum tunneling of defects
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids;
thermal waves (for electronic thermal conduction in metals and alloys,
see 72.15.Cz and 72.15.Eb)
66.70.Df Metals, alloys, and semiconductors
66.70.Hk Glasses and polymers
66.70.Lm Other systems such as ionic crystals, molecular crystals, nanotubes,
etc.
66.90.+r Other topics in nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter
(restricted to new topics in section 66)
67. Quantum fluids and solids (see also 05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics;
for cryogenics, refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other
low-temperature equipment, see 07.20.Mc; see also 47.37.+q Hydrodynamic
aspects of superfluidity; quantum fluids—in fluid dynamics)
67.10.-j Quantum fluids: general properties
67.10.Ba Boson degeneracy (for ultracold, trapped gases, see 67.85.-d)
67.10.Db Fermion degeneracy
67.10.Fj Quantum statistical theory
67.10.Hk Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of non-degenerate fluids
67.10.Jn Transport properties and hydrodynamics
67.25.-k 4He
67.25.B- Normal phase of 4He
67.25.bd Thermodynamic properties
67.25.bf Transport, hydrodynamics
67.25.bh Films and restricted geometries
67.25.D- Superfluid phase
67.25.de Thermodynamic properties
67.25.dg Transport, hydrodynamics, and superflow
67.25.dj Superfluid transition and critical phenomena
67.25.dk Vortices and turbulence
67.25.dm Two-fluid model; phenomenology
67.25.dp Films
67.25.dr Restricted geometries
67.25.dt Sound and excitations
67.25.du Relaxation phenomena
67.25.dw Superfluidity in small clusters
67.30.-n 3He
67.30.E- Normal phase of 3He
67.30.ef Thermodynamics
67.30.eh Transport and hydrodynamics
67.30.ej Films and restricted geometries
67.30.em Excitations
67.30.ep Spin polarized 3He
67.30.er Magnetic properties, NMR
67.30.H- Superfluid phase of 3He
67.30.hb Transport, hydrodynamics, and superflow
67.30.he Textures and vortices
67.30.hj Spin dynamics
67.30.hm Impurities
67.30.hp Interfaces
67.30.hr Films
67.30.ht Restricted geometries
67.60.-g Mixtures of 3He and 4He
67.60.Bc Boson mixtures
67.60.Fp Bose-Fermi mixtures
67.60.G- Solutions of 3He in liquid 4He
67.60.gc Spin polarized solutions
67.60.gf Films
67.60.gj Restricted geometries
67.63.-r Hydrogen and isotopes
67.63.Cd Molecular hydrogen and isotopes
67.63.Gh Atomic hydrogen and isotopes
67.80.-s Quantum solids
67.80.B- Solid 4He
67.80.bd Superfluidity in solid 4He, supersolid 4He
67.80.bf Liquid-solid interfaces; growth kinetics
67.80.D- Solid 3He
67.80.de Structure, lattice dynamics and sound
67.80.dj Defects, impurities, and diffusion
67.80.dk Magnetic properties, phases, and NMR
67.80.dm Films
67.80.F- Solids of hydrogen and isotopes
67.80.ff Molecular hydrogen and isotopes
67.80.fh Atomic hydrogen and isotopes
67.80.K- Other supersolids
67.80.kb Supersolid phases on lattices
67.85.-d Ultracold gases, trapped gases (see also 03.75.-b Matter waves in
quantum mechanics)
67.85.Bc Static properties of condensates
67.85.De Dynamic properties of condensates; excitations, and superfluid flow
67.85.Fg Multicomponent condensates; spinor condensates
67.85.Hj Bose-Einstein condensates in optical potentials
67.85.Jk Other Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena
67.85.Lm Degenerate Fermi gases
67.85.Pq Mixtures of Bose and Fermi gases
67.90.+z Other topics in quantum fluids and solids (restricted to new topics in
section 67)
68. Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and nanosystems (structure and
nonelectronic properties) (for surface and interface chemistry, see 82.65.+r,
for surface magnetism, see 75.70.Rf)
68.03.-g Gas-liquid and vacuum-liquid interfaces
68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
68.03.Fg Evaporation and condensation of liquids
68.03.Hj Liquid surface structure: measurements and simulations
68.03.Kn Dynamics (capillary waves)
68.05.-n Liquid-liquid interfaces
68.05.Cf Liquid-liquid interface structure: measurements and simulations
68.05.Gh Interfacial properties of microemulsions
68.08.-p Liquid-solid interfaces
68.08.Bc Wetting
68.08.De Liquid-solid interface structure: measurements and simulations (for
crystal growth from solutions and melts, see 81.10.Dn, Fq in materials
science)
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
68.18.-g Langmuir-Blodgett films on liquids (for L-B films on solids, see
68.47.Pe)
68.18.Fg Liquid thin film structure: measurements and simulations
68.18.Jk Phase transitions in liquid thin films
68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: structure and energetics
68.35.Af Atomic scale friction
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.35.bd Metals and alloys
68.35.bg Semiconductors
68.35.bj Amorphous semiconductors, glasses
68.35.bm Polymers, organics
68.35.bp Fullerenes
68.35.bt Other materials
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation (see also 66.30.-h Diffusion in solids,
for diffusion of adsorbates, see 68.43.Jk)
68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains (for strain induced
piezoelectric fields, see 77.65.Ly; for strain effects on ferroelectric
phase transitions, see 77.80.bn)
68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics and vibrations
... ... ... Solid-solid interfaces: transport and optical properties, see 73.40.-c
and 78.20.-e respectively
68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies (see also 05.70.Np Interface
and surface thermodynamics in statistical physics, thermodynamics and
nonlinear dynamical systems; 65.40.gp Surface energy in thermal
properties of condensed matter)
68.35.Np Adhesion (for polymer adhesion, see 82.35.Gh: for cell adhesion, see
87.17.Rt in biological physics)
68.35.Rh Phase transitions and critical phenomena
68.37.-d Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films
68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
68.37.Ma Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)
68.37.Nq Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM)
68.37.Og High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
68.37.Rt Magnetic force microscopy (MFM)
68.37.Tj Acoustic force microscopy
68.37.Uv Near-field scanning microscopy and spectroscopy
68.37.Vj Field emission and field-ion microscopy
68.37.Xy Scanning Auger microscopy, photoelectron microscopy
68.37.Yz X-ray microscopy
68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
68.43.Bc Ab initio calculations of adsorbate structure and reactions (for
electronic structure of adsorbates, see 73.20.Hb; for adsorbate
reactions, see also 82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry;
heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces)
68.43.De Statistical mechanics of adsorbates
68.43.Fg Adsorbate structure (binding sites, geometry)
68.43.Hn Structure of assemblies of adsorbates (two- and three-dimensional
clustering)
68.43.JkDiffusion of adsorbates, kinetics of coarsening and aggregation
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
68.43.Nr Desorption kinetics
68.43.Pq Adsorbate vibrations
68.43.Rs Electron stimulated desorption (see also 79.20.La Photon- and
electron-stimulated desorption)
68.43.Tj Photon stimulated desorption (see also 79.20.La Photon- and
electron-stimulated desorption)
68.43.Vx Thermal desorption
68.47.-b Solid-gas/vacuum interfaces: types of surfaces
68.47.De Metallic surfaces
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
68.47.Gh Oxide surfaces
68.47.Jn Clusters on oxide surfaces
68.47.Mn Polymer surfaces
68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological
molecules on surfaces
68.49.-h Surface characterization by particle-surface scattering (see also
34.35.+a Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces)
68.49.Bc Atom scattering from surfaces (diffraction and energy transfer)
68.49.Df Molecule scattering from surfaces (energy transfer, resonances,
trapping)
68.49.Jk Electron scattering from surfaces
68.49.Sf Ion scattering from surfaces (charge transfer, sputtering, SIMS)
68.49.Uv X-ray standing waves
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology (for methods of thin film deposition,
film growth and epitaxy, see 81.15.-z)
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
68.55.ag Semiconductors
68.55.aj Insulators
68.55.am Polymers and organics
68.55.ap Fullerenes
68.55.at Other materials
68.55.J- Morphology of films
68.55.jd Thickness
68.55.jm Texture
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution,
concentration, etc. (for diffusion of impurities, see 66.30.J-)
68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification
68.60.-p Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
68.60.Wm Other nonelectronic physical properties
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems:
structure and nonelectronic properties (for structure of nanoscale
materials, see 61.46.-w; for magnetic properties of interfaces, see
75.70.Cn; for superconducting properties, see 74.78.-w; for optical
properties, see 78.67.-n; for transport properties, see 73.63.-b; for
thermal properties of nanocrystals and nanotubes, see 65.80.-g; for
mechanical properties of nanoscale systems, see 62.25.-g)
... ... ... Growth of low-dimensional structures, see 81.16.-c
68.65.Ac Multilayers
68.65.Cd Superlattices
68.65.Fg Quantum wells
68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
68.65.Pq Graphene films
68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic
properties)
68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and
interfaces; thin films and low-dimensional structures (restricted to
new topics in section 68)
70. CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
71. Electronic structure of bulk materials (see section 73 for electronic structure
of surfaces, interfaces, low-dimensional structures, and nanomaterials; for
electronic structure of superconductors, see 74.25.Jb)
71.10.-w Theories and models of many-electron systems
71.10.Ay Fermi-liquid theory and other phenomenological models
71.10.Ca Electron gas, Fermi gas
71.10.Fd Lattice fermion models (Hubbard model, etc.)
71.10.Hf Non-Fermi-liquid ground states, electron phase diagrams and phase
transitions in model systems
71.10.Li Excited states and pairing interactions in model systems
71.10.Pm Fermions in reduced dimensions (anyons, composite fermions, Luttinger
liquid, etc.) (for anyon mechanism in superconductors, see 74.20.Mn)
71.15.-m Methods of electronic structure calculations (see also 31.15.-p
Calculations and mathematical techniques in atomic and molecular
physics; for electronic structure calculations of superconducting
materials, see 74.20.Pq)
71.15.Ap Basis sets (LCAO, plane-wave, APW, etc.) and related methodology
(scattering methods, ASA, linearized methods, etc.)
71.15.Dx Computational methodology (Brillouin zone sampling, iterative
diagonalization, pseudopotential construction)
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and
other corrections
71.15.Nc Total energy and cohesive energy calculations
71.15.Pd Molecular dynamics calculations (Car-Parrinello) and other numerical
simulations
71.15.Qe Excited states: methodology (see also 71.10.Li Excited states and
pairing interactions in model systems)
71.15.Rf Relativistic effects [see also 31.30.J- Relativistic and quantum
electrodynamic (QED) effects in atoms, molecules, and ions]
71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g factor
71.20.-b Electron density of states and band structure of crystalline solids
71.20.Be Transition metals and alloys
71.20.Dg Alkali and alkaline earth metals
71.20.Eh Rare earth metals and alloys
71.20.Gj Other metals and alloys
71.20.Lp Intermetallic compounds
71.20.Mq Elemental semiconductors
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
71.20.Ps Other inorganic compounds
71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
71.20.Tx Fullerenes and related materials; intercalation compounds
... ... ... Photonic band-gap materials, see 42.70.Qs
71.22.+i Electronic structure of liquid metals and semiconductors and their
alloys
71.23.-k Electronic structure of disordered solids
71.23.An Theories and models; localized states
71.23.Cq Amorphous semiconductors, metallic glasses, glasses
71.23.Ft Quasicrystals
71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions
71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; intermediate-valence solids (for magnetic
aspects, see 75.20.Hr and 75.30.Mb in magnetic properties and
materials)
71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
71.35.Aa Frenkel excitons and self-trapped excitons
71.35.Cc Intrinsic properties of excitons; optical absorption spectra
71.35.Ee Electron-hole drops and electron-hole plasma
71.35.Gg Exciton-mediated interactions
71.35.Ji Excitons in magnetic fields; magnetoexcitons
71.35.Lk Collective effects (Bose effects, phase space filling, and excitonic
phase transitions)
71.35.Pq Charged excitons (trions)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
71.38.-k Polarons and electron-phonon interactions (see also 63.20.K- Phonon
interactions in lattice dynamics)
71.38.Cn Mass renormalization in metals
71.38.Fp Large or Fr?hlich polarons
71.38.Ht Self-trapped or small polarons
71.38.Mx Bipolarons
71.45.-d Collective effects
71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic response functions,
plasmons
71.45.Lr Charge-density-wave systems (see also 75.30.Fv Spin-density waves)
71.55.-i Impurity and defect levels
71.55.Ak Metals, semimetals, and alloys
71.55.Cn Elemental semiconductors
71.55.Eq III-V semiconductors
71.55.Gs II-VI semiconductors
71.55.Ht Other nonmetals
71.55.Jv Disordered structures; amorphous and glassy solids
71.60.+z Positron states (for positron annihilation, see 78.70.Bj)
71.70.-d Level splitting and interactions (see also 73.20.-r Surface and
interface electron states; 75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange
interactions)
71.70.Ch Crystal and ligand fields
71.70.Di Landau levels
71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect
71.70.Fk Strain-induced splitting
71.70.Gm Exchange interactions
71.70.Jp Nuclear states and interactions
71.90.+q Other topics in electronic structure (restricted to new topics in
section 71)
72. Electronic transport in condensed matter (for electronic transport in surfaces,
interfaces, and thin films, see section 73; for electrical properties related
to treatment conditions, see 81.40.Rs; for transport properties of
superconductors, see 74.25.F-; for electrical properties of tissues and organs,
see 87.19.R- in biological physics)
72.10.-d Theory of electronic transport; scattering mechanisms
72.10.Bg General formulation of transport theory
72.10.Di Scattering by phonons, magnons, and other nonlocalized excitations (see
also 71.45.-d Collective effects in electronic structure of bulk
materials)
72.10.Fk Scattering by point defects, dislocations, surfaces, and other
imperfections (including Kondo effect)
72.15.-v Electronic conduction in metals and alloys
72.15.Cz Electrical and thermal conduction in amorphous and liquid metals and
alloys
72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
72.15.Gd Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (see also 75.47.-m
Magnetotransport phenomena; materials for magnetotransport)
72.15.Jf Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
72.15.Lh Relaxation times and mean free paths
72.15.Nj Collective modes (e.g., in one-dimensional conductors)
72.15.Qm Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect (see also 75.20.Hr Local moments
in compounds and alloys; Kondo effect, valence fluctuations, heavy
fermions in magnetic properties and materials)
72.15.Rn Localization effects (Anderson or weak localization)
72.20.-i Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators (see also
66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids;
thermal waves)
72.20.Dp General theory, scattering mechanisms
72.20.Ee Mobility edges; hopping transport
72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
72.20.My Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
72.20.Pa Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
72.25.-b Spin polarized transport (for spin polarized transport devices, see
85.75.-d)
72.25.Ba Spin polarized transport in metals
72.25.Dc Spin polarized transport in semiconductors
72.25.Fe Optical creation of spin polarized carriers
72.25.Hg Electrical injection of spin polarized carriers
72.25.Mk Spin transport through interfaces
72.25.Pn Current-driven spin pumping
72.25.Rb Spin relaxation and scattering
72.30.+q High-frequency effects; plasma effects
72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
72.50.+b Acoustoelectric effects
72.55.+s Magnetoacoustic effects (see also 75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects,
magnetostriction)
72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions
72.70.+m Noise processes and phenomena
72.80.-r Conductivity of specific materials (for conductivity of metals and
alloys, see 72.15.-v)
72.80.Cw Elemental semiconductors
72.80.Ey III-V and II-VI semiconductors
72.80.Ga Transition-metal compounds
72.80.Jc Other crystalline inorganic semiconductors
72.80.Le Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors)
72.80.Ng Disordered solids
72.80.Ph Liquid semiconductors
72.80.Rj Fullerenes and related materials
72.80.Sk Insulators
72.80.Tm Composite materials
72.80.Vp Electronic transport in graphene
72.90.+y Other topics in electronic transport in condensed matter (restricted
to new topics in section 72)
73. Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin
films, and low-dimensional structures (for electronic structure and
electrical properties of superconducting films and low-dimensional structures,
see 74.78.-w; for computational methodology for electronic structure
calculations in condensed matter, see 71.15.-m)
73.20.-r Electron states at surfaces and interfaces
73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
73.20.Fz Weak or Anderson localization
73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species
73.20.Jc Delocalization processes
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and
other charge-density excitations) (for collective excitations in
quantum Hall effects, see 73.43.Lp)
73.20.Qt Electron solids
73.21.-b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum
wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems (for electron states in
nanoscale materials, see 73.22.-f)
73.21.Ac Multilayers
73.21.Cd Superlattices
73.21.Fg Quantum wells
73.21.Hb Quantum wires
73.21.La Quantum dots
73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
73.22.Dj Single particle states
73.22.Gk Broken symmetry phases
73.22.Lp Collective excitations
73.22.Pr Electronic structure of graphene
73.23.-b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems
73.23.Ad Ballistic transport
73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling
73.23.Ra Persistent currents
73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions (see also
82.45.Mp Thin layers, films, monolayers, membranes in electrochemistry;
see also 87.16.D- Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles in biological
physics)
73.40.-c Electronic transport in interface structures
73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential
73.40.Ei Rectification
73.40.Gk Tunneling (for tunneling in quantum Hall effects, see 73.43.Jn)
73.40.Jn Metal-to-metal contacts
73.40.Kp III-V semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and
heterojunctions
73.40.Lq Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and
heterojunctions
73.40.Mr Semiconductor-electrolyte contacts
73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including
semiconductor-to-insulator)
73.40.Rw Metal-insulator-metal structures
73.40.Sx Metal-semiconductor-metal structures
73.40.Ty Semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor structures
73.40.Vz Semiconductor-metal-semiconductor structures
73.43.-f Quantum Hall effects
73.43.Cd Theory and modeling
73.43.Fj Novel experimental methods; measurements
73.43.Jn Tunneling
73.43.Lp Collective excitations
73.43.Nq Quantum phase transitions (see also 64.70.Tg Quantum phase transitions
in equations of state, phase equilibria and phase transitions)
73.43.Qt Magnetoresistance (see also 75.47.-m Magnetotransport phenomena;
materials for magnetotransport in magnetic properties and materials)
73.50.-h Electronic transport phenomena in thin films (for electronic transport
in mesoscopic systems, see 73.23.-b; see also 73.40.-c Electronic
transport in interface structures; for electronic transport in
nanoscale materials and structures, see 73.63.-b)
73.50.Bk General theory, scattering mechanisms
73.50.Dn Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
73.50.Fq High-field and nonlinear effects
73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean
free paths
73.50.Jt Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (including
thermomagnetic effects)
73.50.Lw Thermoelectric effects
73.50.Mx High-frequency effects; plasma effects
73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
73.50.Rb Acoustoelectric and magnetoacoustic effects
73.50.Td Noise processes and phenomena
73.61.-r Electrical properties of specific thin films (for optical properties
of thin films, see 78.20.-e and 78.66.-w; for magnetic properties of
thin films, see 75.70.-i)
73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
73.61.Cw Elemental semiconductors
73.61.Ey III-V semiconductors
73.61.Ga II-VI semiconductors
73.61.Jc Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
73.61.Le Other inorganic semiconductors
73.61.Ng Insulators
73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds
73.61.Wp Fullerenes and related materials
73.63.-b Electronic transport in nanoscale materials and structures (see also
73.23.-b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems)
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials
73.63.Fg Nanotubes
73.63.Hs Quantum wells
73.63.Kv Quantum dots
73.63.Nm Quantum wires
73.63.Rt Nanoscale contacts
73.90.+f Other topics in electronic structure and electrical properties of
surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures
(Restricted to new topics in section 73)
74. Superconductivity (for superconducting devices, see 85.25.-j)
74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates
74.20.-z Theories and models of superconducting state
74.20.De Phenomenological theories (two-fluid, Ginzburg-Landau, etc.)
74.20.Fg BCS theory and its development
74.20.Mn Nonconventional mechanisms
74.20.Pq Electronic structure calculations (for methods of electronic structure
calculations, see 71.15.-m)
74.20.Rp Pairing symmetries (other than s-wave)
74.25.-q Properties of superconductors
74.25.Bt Thermodynamic properties
74.25.Dw Superconductivity phase diagrams
74.25.F- Transport properties
74.25.fc Electric and thermal conductivity
74.25.fg Thermoelectric effects
74.25.Gz Optical properties
74.25.Ha Magnetic properties including vortex structures and related phenomena
(for vortices, magnetic bubbles, and magnetic domain structure, see
75.70.Kw)
74.25.Jb Electronic structure (photoemission, etc.)
74.25.Kc Phonons
74.25.Ld Mechanical and acoustical properties, elasticity, and ultrasonic
attenuation (see also 43.35.Cg Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion,
scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in solids; elastic
constants—in Acoustics Appendix)
74.25.N- Response to electromagnetic fields
74.25.nd Raman and optical spectroscopy
74.25.nj Nuclear magnetic resonance
74.25.nn Surface impedance
74.25.Op Mixed states, critical fields, and surface sheaths
74.25.Sv Critical currents
74.25.Uv Vortex phases (includes vortex lattices, vortex liquids, and vortex
glasses)
74.25.Wx Vortex pinning (includes mechanisms and flux creep)
74.40.-n Fluctuation phenomena
74.40.De Noise and chaos (see also 05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos; for
noise in general studies of fluctuation phenomena, see 05.40.Ca)
74.40.Gh Nonequilibrium superconductivity
74.40.Kb Quantum critical phenomena
74.45.+c Proximity effects; Andreev reflection; SN and SNS junctions
74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects (for SQUIDs, see 85.25.Dq; for
Josephson devices, see 85.25.Cp; for Josephson junction arrays, see
74.81.Fa)
74.55.+v Tunneling phenomena: single particle tunneling and STM
74.62.-c Transition temperature variations, phase diagrams
74.62.Bf Effects of material synthesis, crystal structure, and chemical
composition (for methods of materials synthesis, see 81.20.-n)
74.62.Dh Effects of crystal defects, doping and substitution (for specific
crystal defects, see 61.72.-y)
74.62.En Effects of disorder
74.62.Fj Effects of pressure
74.62.Yb Other effects
74.70.-b Superconducting materials other than cuprates (for cuprates, see
74.72.-h; for superconducting films, see 74.78.-w)
74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and binary compounds (including A15, MgB2, etc.)
74.70.Dd Ternary, quaternary, and multinary compounds (including Chevrel phases,
borocarbides, etc.)
74.70.Kn Organic superconductors
74.70.Pq Ruthenates
74.70.Tx Heavy-fermion superconductors (for heavy-fermion systems in
magnetically ordered materials, see 75.30.Mb; see also 71.27.+a
Strongly correlated electron systems, heavy fermions)
74.70.Wz Carbon-based superconductors
74.70.Xa Pnictides and chalcogenides
74.72.-h Cuprate superconductors
74.72.Cj Insulating parent compounds
74.72.Ek Electron-doped
74.72.Gh Hole-doped
74.72.Kf Pseudogap regime
74.78.-w Superconducting films and low-dimensional structures
74.78.Fk Multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures
74.78.Na Mesoscopic and nanoscale systems
74.81.-g Inhomogeneous superconductors and superconducting systems, including
electronic inhomogeneities
74.81.Bd Granular, melt-textured, amorphous, and composite superconductors
74.81.Fa Josephson junction arrays and wire networks (see also 85.25.Cp
Josephson devices)
74.90.+n Other topics in superconductivity (restricted to new topics in section
74)
75. Magnetic properties and materials (for magnetic properties of quantum solids,
see 67.80.dk; for magnetic properties related to treatment conditions, see
81.40.Rs; for magnetic properties of superconductors, see 74.25.Ha; for
magnetic properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.Pn; for magnetic
properties of nanostructures, see 75.75.-c; for magnetic devices, see 85.70.-w;
for magnetoelectronics and spintronics, see 85.75.-d)
75.10.-b General theory and models of magnetic ordering (see also 05.50.+q
Lattice theory and statistics)
75.10.Dg Crystal-field theory and spin Hamiltonians (see also 71.70.Ch Crystal
and ligand fields)
75.10.Hk Classical spin models
75.10.Jm Quantized spin models, including quantum spin frustration
75.10.Kt Quantum spin liquids, valence bond phases and related phenomena
75.10.Lp Band and itinerant models
75.10.Nr Spin-glass and other random models (for spin glasses and other random
magnets, see 75.50.Lk)
75.10.Pq Spin chain models
75.20.-g Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and superparamagnetism
75.20.Ck Nonmetals
75.20.En Metals and alloys
75.20.Hr Local moment in compounds and alloys; Kondo effect, valence
fluctuations, heavy fermions (for Kondo effect and scattering
mechanisms in electronic conduction, see 72.15.Qm and 72.10.Fk)
75.25.-j Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials (including neutron
and spin-polarized electron studies, synchrotron-source x-ray
scattering, etc.) (for devices exploiting spin polarized transport, see
85.75.-d)
75.25.Dk Orbital, charge, and other orders, including coupling of these orders
75.30.-m Intrinsic properties of magnetically ordered materials (for critical
point effects, see 75.40.-s; for magnetotransport phenomena, see
75.47.-m)
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
75.30.Ds Spin waves (for spin-wave resonance, see 76.50.+g)
75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions (see also 71.70.Gm Exchange
interactions)
75.30.Fv Spin-density waves
75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
75.30.Hx Magnetic impurity interactions
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic
transitions, metamagnetism, etc.) (for ferroelectric phase transitions,
see 77.80.B-; for superconductivity phase diagrams, see 74.25.Dw)
75.30.Mb Valence fluctuation, Kondo lattice, and heavy-fermion phenomena (see
also 71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems, heavy fermions; for
heavy-fermion superconductors, see 74.70.Tx)
75.30.Sg Magnetocaloric effect, magnetic cooling (for cryogenics, see 07.20.Mc)
75.30.Wx Spin crossover
75.40.-s Critical-point effects, specific heats, short-range order (for
equilibrium properties near critical points, see 64.60.F-; for
dynamical critical phenomena, see 64.60.Ht)
75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat
capacities, critical exponents, etc.)
75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion,
dynamic scaling, etc.)
75.40.Mg Numerical simulation studies
75.45.+j Macroscopic quantum phenomena in magnetic systems
75.47.-m Magnetotransport phenomena; materials for magnetotransport (for
spintronics, see 85.75.-d; see also 72.25.-b Spin polarized transport;
72.15.Gd Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects; for
magnetotransport effects in thin films, see 73.50.Jt; see also 73.43.Qt
Magnetoresistance)
75.47.De Giant magnetoresistance
75.47.Gk Colossal magnetoresistance
75.47.Lx Magnetic oxides
75.47.Np Metals and alloys
75.47.Pq Other materials
75.50.-y Studies of specific magnetic materials
75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.50.Kj Amorphous and quasicrystalline magnetic materials
75.50.Lk Spin glasses and other random magnets
75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids
75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors
75.50.Ss Magnetic recording materials (for magnetic recording devices, see
85.70.Li)
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Vv High coercivity materials
75.50.Ww Permanent magnets (for magnets, see 07.55.Db in instruments)
75.50.Xx Molecular magnets
75.60.-d Domain effects, magnetization curves, and hysteresis (for dynamics of
domain structures, see 75.78.Fg)
75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure (for magnetic bubbles and vortices,
see 75.70.Kw)
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects (for
hysteresis in ferroelectricity, see 77.80.Dj)
75.60.Jk Magnetization reversal mechanisms
75.60.Lr Magnetic aftereffects
75.60.Nt Magnetic annealing and temperature-hysteresis effects
75.70.-i Magnetic properties of thin films, surfaces, and interfaces (for
magnetic properties of nanostructures, see 75.75.-c)
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices,
heterostructures)
75.70.Kw Domain structure (including magnetic bubbles and vortices) (for domain
structure in ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity, see 77.80.Dj)
75.70.Rf Surface magnetism
75.70.Tj Spin-orbit effects (see also 71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and
Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect)
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.75.Cd Fabrication of magnetic nanostructures (see also 81.16.-c Methods of
micro- and nanofabrication and processing, and 81.07.-b Nanoscale
materials and structures: fabrication and characterization)
75.75.Fk Domain structures in nanoparticles
75.75.Jn Dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles
75.75.Lf Electronic structure of magnetic nanoparticles
75.76.+j Spin transport effects (for devices exploiting spin polarized transport,
see 85.75.Hh, 85.75.Mm, and 85.75.Ss)
75.78.-n Magnetization dynamics
75.78.Cd Micromagnetic simulations
75.78.Fg Dynamics of domain structures
75.78.Jp Ultrafast magnetization dynamics and switching (for switching
phenomena in ferroelectrics, see 77.80.Fm; for ultrafast spectroscopy,
see 78.47.J-; for ultrafast processes in optics, see 42.65.Re)
75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction (for magnetostrictive
devices, see 85.70.Ec)
... ... ... Galvanomagnetic effects, see 72.15.Gd and 72.20.My
... ... ... Magnetooptical effects, see 78.20.Ls
75.85.+t Magnetoelectric effects, multiferroics (for multiferroics and
magnetoelectric films, see 77.55.Nv)
75.90.+w Other topics in magnetic properties and materials (restricted to new
topics in section 75)
76. Magnetic resonances and relaxations in condensed matter, M?ssbauer effect (for
magnetic resonance spectrometers, see 07.57.Pt)
76.20.+q General theory of resonances and relaxations
76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation (see also 33.35.+r
Electron resonance and relaxation in atomic and molecular physics;
87.80.Lg Magnetic and paramagnetic resonance in biological physics)
76.30.Da Ions and impurities: general
76.30.Fc Iron group (3d) ions and impurities (Ti-Cu)
76.30.He Platinum and palladium group (4d and 5d) ions and impurities (Zr-Ag and
Hf-Au)
76.30.Kg Rare-earth ions and impurities
76.30.Lh Other ions and impurities
76.30.Mi Color centers and other defects
76.30.Pk Conduction electrons
76.30.Rn Free radicals
76.40.+b Diamagnetic and cyclotron resonances
76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances;
spin-wave resonance (see also 75.30.Ds Spin waves)
76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation (see also 33.25.+k Nuclear
resonance and relaxation in atomic and molecular physics and 82.56.-b
Nuclear magnetic resonance in physical chemistry and chemical physics;
for structure determination using magnetic resonance techniques, see
61.05.Qr; for biophysical applications, see 87.80.Lg; for NMR in
superconducting materials, see 74.25.nj)
76.60.Cq Chemical and Knight shifts
76.60.Es Relaxation effects
76.60.Gv Quadrupole resonance
76.60.Jx Effects of internal magnetic fields
76.60.Lz Spin echoes
76.60.Pc NMR imaging (for medical NMR imaging, see 87.61.-c)
76.70.-r Magnetic double resonances and cross effects (see also 33.40.+f
Multiple resonances in atomic and molecular physics)
76.70.Dx Electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), electron double resonance
(ELDOR)
76.70.Fz Double nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR), dynamical nuclear
polarization
76.70.Hb Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR)
76.75.+i Muon spin rotation and relaxation
76.80.+y M?ssbauer effect; other γ-ray spectroscopy (see also 33.45.+x
M?ssbauer spectra—in atomic and molecular physics; for biophysical
applications, see 87.64.kx; for chemical analysis applications, see
82.80.Ej)
76.90.+d Other topics in magnetic resonances and relaxations (restricted to new
topics in section 76)
77. Dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties (for
conductivity phenomena, see 72.20.-i and 72.80.-r; for dielectric properties
related to treatment conditions, see 81.40.Tv)
77.22.-d Dielectric properties of solids and liquids (for dielectric properties
of tissues and organs, see 87.19.rf)
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function) (for low-permittivity dielectric
films, see 77.55.Bh; for high-permittivity gate dielectric films,
77.55.D-)
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects (for dielectric
breakdown in gases, see 51.50.+v)
77.55.-g Dielectric thin films (see also 85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and
piezoelectric devices; for microelectronics applications, see 85.40.-e;
for methods of film deposition, see 81.15.-z)
77.55.Bh Low-permittivity dielectric films
77.55.D- High-permittivity gate dielectric films
77.55.df For silicon electronics
77.55.dj For nonsilicon electronics (Ge, III-V, II-VI, organic electronics)
77.55.F- High-permittivity capacitive films
77.55.fb Paraelectric films
77.55.fe BaTiO3-based films
77.55.fg Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-based films
77.55.fj Niobate- and tantalate-based films
77.55.fp Other ferroelectric films
77.55.H- Piezoelectric and electrostrictive films
77.55.hd AlN
77.55.hf ZnO
77.55.hj PZT
77.55.hn Other piezoelectric or electrostrictive films
77.55.Kt Pyroelectric films
77.55.Nv Multiferroic/magnetoelectric films
77.55.Px Epitaxial and superlattice films
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants
77.65.Dq Acoustoelectric effects and surface acoustic waves (SAW) in
piezoelectrics (see also 43.35.Pt Surface waves in solids and
liquids—in Acoustics Appendix; for surface acoustic wave transducers,
see 43.38.Rh—in Acoustics Appendix; for acousto-optical effects, see
78.20.hb, and 43.35.Sx—in Acoustics Appendix)
77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance; quartz resonators
77.65.Ly Strain-induced piezoelectric fields
77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
77.80.B- Phase transitions and Curie point (for Curie point in ferromagnetic
materials, see 75.30.Kz)
77.80.bg Compositional effects
77.80.bj Scaling effects
77.80.bn Strain and interface effects
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis (for domain structure and hysteresis in
ferromagnetic materials, see 75.60.-d)
77.80.Fm Switching phenomena (for ultrafast magnetization dynamics and
switching, see 75.78.Jp; for spintronics, see 85.75.-d)
77.80.Jk Relaxor ferroelectrics
77.84.-s Dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and antiferroelectric
materials (for nonlinear optical materials, see 42.70.Mp; for
dielectric materialsin electrochemistry, see 82.45.Un)
77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
77.84.Fa KDP- and TGS-type crystals
77.84.Jd Polymers; organic compounds
77.84.Lf Composite materials
77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals (for structure of
liquid crystals, see 61.30.-v)
77.90.+k Other topics in dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and
their properties (restricted to new topics in section 77)
78. Optical properties, condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of
radiation and particles with condensed matter
78.15.+e Optical properties of fluid materials, supercritical fluids and liquid
crystals (for reactions in supercritical fluids, see 82.33.De)
78.20.-e Optical properties of bulk materials and thin films (for optical
properties related to materials treatment, see 81.40.Tv; for optical
materials, see 42.70-a; for optical properties of superconductors, see
74.25.Gz; for optical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.Mk;
for optical properties of specific thin films, see 78.66.-w)
78.20.Bh Theory, models, and numerical simulation
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric
constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients,
emissivity)
78.20.Ek Optical activity
78.20.Fm Birefringence
78.20.H- Piezo-, elasto-optical effects (for piezoelectric and
electromechanical effects, see 77.65.-j)
78.20.hb Piezo-optical, elasto-optical, acousto-optical, and photoelastic
effects (see also 43.35.Sx Acousto-optical effects, optoacoustics,
acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical
holography—in Acoustics Appendix; for acousto-optical devices, see
42.79.Jq, and 43.38.Zp—in Acoustics Appendix)
78.20.hc Laser ultrasonics
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects (for electro-optical modulators, see 42.79.Hp)
78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects (for magneto-optical devices, see 85.70.Sq)
78.20.Mg Photorefractive effects (see also 42.65.Hw Phase conjugation;
photorefractive and Kerr effects; for photorefractive materials, see
42.70.Nq in Optics)
78.20.N- Thermo-optic effects
78.20.nb Photothermal effects (for deep-level photothermal spectroscopy, see
79.10.Ca)
78.20.nc Photopyroelectric effects (for pyroelectric effects, see 77.70.+a)
78.20.nd Thermophotonic effects (see also 79.10.-n Thermoelectronic phenomena)
78.20.Pa Photoacoustic effects (see also 78.20.hb Piezo-optical, elasto-optical,
acousto-optical, and photoelastic effects; for photoacoustic
transducers, see 43.38.Zp—in Acoustics Appendix)
78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra (for vibrational states in crystals and
disordered systems, see 63.20.-e and 63.50.-x, respectively; for Raman
spectra of superconductors, see 74.25.nd)
78.30.Am Elemental semiconductors and insulators
78.30.C- Liquids
78.30.cb Organic liquids
78.30.cc Inorganic liquids
78.30.cd Solutions and ionic liquids
78.30.Er Solid metals and alloys
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
78.30.Jw Organic compounds, polymers
78.30.Ly Disordered solids
78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials
78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering (for Raman
scattering, see 78.30.-j; for time resolved light scattering
spectroscopy, see 78.47.je)
78.40.-q Absorption and reflection spectra: visible and ultraviolet (for
infrared spectra, see 78.30.-j; for optical spectra of superconductors,
see 74.25.nd; for time resolved reflection spectroscopy, see 78.47.jg;
for multiphoton absorption, see 79.20.Ws in impact phenomena)
78.40.Dw Liquids
78.40.Fy Semiconductors
78.40.Ha Other nonmetallic inorganics
78.40.Kc Metals, semimetals, and alloys
78.40.Me Organic compounds and polymers
78.40.Pg Disordered solids
78.40.Ri Fullerenes and related materials
78.45.+h Stimulated emission (see also 42.55.-f Lasers)
78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
78.47.D- Time resolved spectroscopy (>1 psec)
78.47.da Excited states
78.47.db Conduction electrons
78.47.dc Radicals
78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec) (see also 42.65.Re Ultrafast processes;
optical pulse generation and pulse compression; 82.53.Mj Femtosecond
probing of semiconductor nanostructures)
78.47.jb Transient absorption (see also 42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena:
quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and
revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency)
78.47.jd Time resolved luminescence
78.47.je Time resolved light scattering spectroscopy
78.47.jf Photon echoes (see also 42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum
beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals,
optical nutation, and self-induced transparency)
78.47.jg Time resolved reflection spectroscopy
78.47.jh Coherent nonlinear optical spectroscopy (see also 42.62.Fi Laser
spectroscopy, and 42.65.-k Nonlinear optics)
78.47.jj Transient grating spectroscopy
78.47.jm Quantum beats (see also 42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum
beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals,
optical nutation, and self-induced transparency)
78.47.jp Optical nutation (see also 42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena:
quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and
revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency)
78.47.js Free polarization decay
78.47.N- High resolution nonlinear optical spectroscopy (see also 42.62.Fi Laser
spectroscopy, and 42.65.-k Nonlinear optics)
78.47.nd Hole burning spectroscopy
78.47.nj Four-wave mixing spectroscopy (for optical mixing and phase conjugation,
see 42.65.Hw)
78.55.-m Photoluminescence, properties and materials (for time resolved
luminescence, see 78.47.jd)
78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
78.55.Bq Liquids
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
78.55.Fv Solid alkali halides
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
78.55.Mb Porous materials
78.55.Qr Amorphous materials; glasses and other disordered solids
78.56.-a Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects (for photoconduction and
photovoltaic effects in bulk matter and thin films, see 72.40.+w and
73.50.Pz, respectively; see also 84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion;
for solar cells, see 88.40.H- and 88.40.J- in Solar energy)
78.56.Cd Photocarrier radiometry (see also 72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation,
recombination, lifetime, and trapping)
78.60.-b Other luminescence and radiative recombination
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence
78.60.Kn Thermoluminescence
78.60.Lc Optically stimulated luminescence
78.60.Mq Sonoluminescence, triboluminescence (see also 43.35.Hl
Sonoluminescence—in Acoustics Appendix)
78.60.Ps Chemiluminescence (see also 42.55.Ks Chemical lasers)
78.66.-w Optical properties of specific thin films (for optical properties of
low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials, see 78.67.-n;
for optical properties of surfaces, see 78.68.+m)
78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
78.66.Db Elemental semiconductors and insulators
78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
78.66.Li Other semiconductors
78.66.Nk Insulators
78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
78.66.Sq Composite materials
78.66.Tr Fullerenes and related materials
78.66.Vs Fine-particle systems
78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale
materials and structures (for magnetic properties of nanostructures,
see 75.75.-c; for electronic transport in nanoscale structures, see
73.63.-b; for mechanical properties of nanoscale systems, see 62.25.-g)
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.67.Ch Nanotubes
78.67.De Quantum wells
78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.67.Lt Quantum wires
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials (see
also 81.05.Xj, Metamaterials for chiral, bianisotropic and other
complex media)
78.67.Qa Nanorods
78.67.Rb Nanoporous materials
78.67.Sc Nanoaggregates; nanocomposites
78.67.Tf Nanodroplets
78.67.Uh Nanowires
78.67.Ve Nanomicelles
78.67.Wj Optical properties of graphene
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
78.70.-g Interactions of particles and radiation with matter
78.70.Bj Positron annihilation (for positron states, see 71.60.+z in electronic
structure of bulk materials; for positronium chemistry, see 82.30.Gg
in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
78.70.Ck X-ray scattering
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
78.70.En X-ray emission spectra and fluorescence
78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
78.70.Nx Neutron inelastic scattering
78.70.Ps Scintillation (see also 29.40.Mc, Scintillation detectors)
78.90.+t Other topics in optical properties, condensed matter spectroscopy and
other interactions of particles and radiation with condensed matter
(restricted to new topics in section 78)
79. Electron and ion emission by liquids and solids; impact phenomena
79.05.+c Solvated electrons
79.10.-n Thermoelectronic phenomena
79.10.Ca Deep-level photothermal spectroscopy
79.20.-m Impact phenomena (including electron spectra and sputtering)
79.20.Ap Theory of impact phenomena; numerical simulation
79.20.Ds Laser-beam impact phenomena
79.20.Eb Laser ablation
79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission (for Auger electron spectroscopy, see
82.80.Pv)
79.20.Hx Electron impact: secondary emission
79.20.Kz Other electron-impact emission phenomena
79.20.La Photon- and electron-stimulated desorption (see also 68.43.Rs Electron
stimulated desorption; and 68.43.Tj Photon stimulated desorption)
79.20.Mb Positron emission (for positron emission tomography, see 87.57.uk)
79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces
(for atomic and molecular beam techniques, see 37.20.+j; see also
34.35.+a Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces)
... ... ... Channeling, blocking, energy loss of particles, see 61.85.+p
79.20.Uv Electron energy loss spectroscopy (see also 82.80.Pv Electron
spectroscopy; 34.80.-i Electron and positron scattering)
79.20.Ws Multiphoton absorption (see also 82.50.Pt Multiphoton processes in
photochemistry)
79.40.+z Thermionic emission
79.60.-i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra (for photoelectron
spectroscopy, see 87.64.ks in biological physics; 82.80.Pv in chemical
analysis)
79.60.Bm Clean metal, semiconductor, and insulator surfaces
79.60.Cn Liquids and liquid surfaces
79.60.Dp Adsorbed layers and thin films
79.60.Fr Polymers; organic compounds
79.60.Ht Disordered structures
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
79.75.+g Exoelectron emission
79.77.+g Coulomb explosion (see also 34.35.+a Interactions of atoms and
molecules with surfaces)
79.90.+b Other topics in electron and ion emission by liquids and solids and
impact phenomena (restricted to new topics in section 79)
80. INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
81. Materials science
81.05.-t Specific materials: fabrication, treatment, testing, and analysis (for
superconducting materials, see 74.70.-b, and 74.72.-h; for magnetic
materials, see 75.50.-y; for optical materials, see 42.70.-a; for
dielectric materials, see 77.84.-s; for disperse systems and complex
fluids, see 82.70.-y; see also 82.75.-z Molecular sieves, zeolites,
clathrates, and other complex solids; for materials properties, see
sections 60 and 70)
... ... ... Superconducting materials, see 74.70.-b and 74.72.-h
... ... ... Magnetic materials, see 75.50.-y
... ... ... Optical materials, see 42.70.-a
... ... ... Dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric materials, see 77.84.-s
... ... ... Colloids, gels, and emulsions, see 82.70.Dd, Gg, Kj
... ... ... Biomaterials, see 87.85.J-
... ... ... Molecular sieves, zeolites, and other complex materials, see 82.75.-z
81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors (for semiconductors in electrochemistry, see
82.45.Vp)
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
81.05.Fb Organic semiconductors
81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors
81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides,
nitrides, oxides, and silicides) (for ceramics in electrochemistry, see
82.45.Yz)
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers;
organometallic and organic materials (for polymers and organic
materials in electrochemistry, see 82.45.Wx)
81.05.Mh Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites
81.05.Ni Dispersion-, fiber-, and platelet-reinforced metal-based composites
81.05.Pj Glass-based composites, vitroceramics
81.05.Qk Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials (for granular superconductors,
see 74.81.Bd)
81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials (for carbon-based superconductors, see
74.70.Wz)
81.05.ub Fullerenes and related materials
81.05.ue Graphene (for structure of graphene, see 61.48.Gh; for phonons in
graphene, see 63.22.Rc; for thermal properties, see 65.80.Ck; for
graphene films, see 68.65.Pq; for electronic transport, see 72.80.Vp;
for electronic structure, see 73.22.Pr; for optical properties, see
78.67.Wj)
81.05.uf Graphite
81.05.ug Diamond
81.05.uj Diamond/nanocarbon composites
81.05.Xj Metamaterials for chiral, bianisotropic and other complex media (see
also 42.70.-a Optical materials; see also 78.67.Pt, Multilayers;
superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials)
81.05.Zx New materials: theory, design, and fabrication
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
(for structure of nanoscale materials, see 61.46.-w; for nanostructured
materials in electrochemistry, see 82.45.Yz; see also 62.23.-c
Structural classes of nanoscale systems in mechanical properties of
condensed matter)
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
81.07.Gf Nanowires
81.07.Lk Nanocontacts
81.07.Nb Molecular nanostructures
81.07.Oj Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)
81.07.Pr Organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures
81.07.St Quantum wells
81.07.Ta Quantum dots
81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.07.Wx Nanopowders
81.10.-h Methods of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth,
crystal morphology, and orientation (see also 61.50.Lt Crystal binding,
cohesive energy)
81.10.Aj Theory and models of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal
growth, crystal morphology, and orientation (see also 61.50.Nw Crystal
stoichiometry)
81.10.Bk Growth from vapor
81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
81.10.Jt Growth from solid phases (including multiphase diffusion and
recrystallization)
81.10.Mx Growth in microgravity environments
81.10.Pq Growth in vacuum
81.10.St Growth in controlled gaseous atmospheres
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
(for structure of thin films, see 68.55.-a; see also 85.40.Sz Deposition
technology in microelectronics; for epitaxial dielectric films, see
77.55.Px)
81.15.Aa Theory and models of film growth
81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
81.15.Dj E-beam and hot filament evaporation deposition
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD,
etc.) (for chemistry of MOCVD, see 82.33.Ya in physical chemistry and
chemical physics)
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
81.15.Jj Ion and electron beam-assisted deposition; ion plating (see also
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition in physics of
plasmas)
81.15.Kk Vapor phase epitaxy; growth from vapor phase
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions,
and surface layers on liquids)
81.15.Np Solid phase epitaxy; growth from solid phases
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing (for femtosecond
probing of semiconductor nanostructures, see 82.53.Mj in physical
chemistry and chemical physics)
81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.16.Fg Supramolecular and biochemical assembly
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
81.16.Mk Laser-assisted deposition
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
81.16.Pr Micro- and nano-oxidation (see also 82.37.Np Single molecule reaction
kinetics)
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.16.Ta Atom manipulation (see also 82.37.Gk STM and AFM manipulation of a
single-molecule; for atom and molecule traps, see 37.10.Gh, and
37.10.Pq, respectively; 87.80.Nj Single-molecule techniques in
biological physics; 82.37.Rs Single-molecule manipulation of proteins
and other biological molecules in physical chemistry)
81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing (see also
61.72.U- Doping and impurity implantation; for crystal growth, see
81.10.-h; for film growth, deposition and epitaxy, see 81.15.-z)
... ... ... Crystal growth, see 81.10.-h
... ... ... Film deposition, film growth, and epitaxy, see 81.15.-z
81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering,
mechanical alloying, and granulation
81.20.Fw Sol-gel processing, precipitation (for reactions in sol-gels, see
82.33.Ln; for sol-gels as disperse system, see 82.70.Gg)
81.20.Hy Forming; molding, extrusion, etc. [see also, 83.50.Uv Material
processing (extension, molding, etc.)]
81.20.Ka Chemical synthesis; combustion synthesis (for electrochemical
synthesis, see 82.45.Aa)
... ... ... Chemical vapor deposition, see 81.15.Gh
81.20.Rg Aerosols in materials synthesis and processing
81.20.Vj Joining; welding
81.20.Wk Machining, milling
81.20.Ym Purification
81.30.-t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and
solid-solid phase transformations (see also 64.70.K- Solid-solid
transitions)
81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals, alloys, and oxides
81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials (for superconductivity phase diagrams,
see 74.25.Dw; for magnetic phase boundaries, see 75.30.Kz)
81.30.Fb Solidification
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic,
massive, and order-disorder
81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations
81.30.Mh Solid-phase precipitation (for precipitation hardening, see 81.40.Cd)
81.40.-z Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure, nanostructure,
and properties
81.40.Cd Solid solution hardening, precipitation hardening, and dispersion
hardening; aging (see also 64.75.Nx Phase separation and segregation
in solid solutions)
81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, post-deformation annealing,
quenching, tempering recovery, and crystallization
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep (see also 83.50.-v Deformation and
flow in rheology)
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and
failure (see also 62.20.M- Structural failure of materials)
81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions
81.40.Tv Optical and dielectric properties related to treatment conditions
81.40.Vw Pressure treatment (see also 62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids
and liquids; 61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase
transformations; pressure effects; for pressure effects on
superconducting transition temperature, see 74.62.Fj)
81.40.Wx Radiation treatment (particle and electromagnetic) (see also 61.80.-x
Physical radiation effects, radiation damage)
... ... ... Etching, corrosion, oxidation, and other surface treatments, see
81.65.-b
81.65.-b Surface treatments (for surface preparation and lithography in
microelectronics, see 85.40.-e)
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning (see also 52.77.Bn Etching and
cleaning in physics of plasmas)
81.65.Kn Corrosion protection (see also 82.45.Bb Corrosion and passivation in
electrochemistry)
81.65.Lp Surface hardening: nitridation, carburization, carbonitridation
81.65.Mq Oxidation (see also 64.75.Lm Phase separation and segregation in
oxidation)
81.65.Ps Polishing, grinding, surface finishing
81.65.Rv Passivation (see also 82.45.Bb Corrosion and passivation in
electrochemistry)
81.65.Tx Gettering
81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis (see also 82.80.-d Chemical
analysis and related physical methods of analysis)
81.70.Bt Mechanical testing, impact tests, static and dynamic loads (see also
62.20.M- Structural failure of materials; 46.50.+a Fracture mechanics,
fatigue, and cracks)
81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
81.70.Ex Nondestructive testing: electromagnetic testing, eddy-current testing
81.70.Fy Nondestructive testing: optical methods
81.70.Ha Testing in microgravity environments
81.70.Jb Chemical composition analysis, chemical depth and dopant profiling
81.70.Pg Thermal analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential
thermogravimetric analysis
81.70.Tx Computed tomography
81.90.+c Other topics in materials science (restricted to new topics in section
81)
82.Physical chemistry and chemical physics (for electronic structure calculations,
see 31.15.-p, 71.15.-m, 87.10.-e, 74.20.Pq, and 36.20.Kd in atomic and
molecular physics, bulk materials, biophysics, superconductivity, and
macromolecules, respectively; for geochemistry, see 91.67.-y; for chemistry
of the ocean, see 92.20.Cm; for chemistry of fresh water, see 92.40.Bc; for
chemistry of the atmosphere, see 92.60.H- and 92.60.Ls; for chemical reactions
in scattering of atoms and molecules, see 34.50.Lf)
82.20.-w Chemical kinetics and dynamics
82.20.Bc State selected dynamics and product distribution
82.20.Db Transition state theory and statistical theories of rate constants
82.20.Ej Quantum theory of reaction cross section
82.20.Fd Collision theories; trajectory models
82.20.Gk Electronically non-adiabatic reactions
82.20.Hf Product distribution (for state selected dynamics and product
distribution, see 82.20.Bc)
82.20.Kh Potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions (for potential energy
surfaces for collisions, see 34.20.-b in atomic and molecular
collisions and interactions)
82.20.Ln Semiclassical theory of reactions and/or energy transfer
82.20.Nk Classical theories of reactions and/or energy transfer
82.20.Pm Rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies
82.20.Rp State to state energy transfer (see also 31.70.Hq Time-dependent
phenomena—in atomic and molecular physics)
82.20.Sb Correlation function theory of rate constants and its applications
82.20.Tr Kinetic isotope effects including muonium
82.20.Uv Stochastic theories of rate constants
82.20.Wt Computational modeling; simulation
82.20.Xr Quantum effects in rate constants (tunneling, resonances, etc.)
82.20.Yn Solvent effects on reactivity
82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms (for enzyme kinetics,
see 82.39.Fk, and 87.15.R-; for protein folding dynamics, see 87.15.hm,
and 87.15.Cc)
82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions; molecule-molecule
reactions
82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions (see also
34.70.+e Charge transfer in atomic and molecular collisions)
... ... ... Charge transfer in enzymes, see 82.39.Jn and 87.15.R-
82.30.Gg Positronium chemistry (see also 36.10.Dr Positronium in atomic and
molecular physics; 78.70.Bj Positron annihilation in interactions of
particles and radiation with matter)
82.30.Hk Chemical exchanges (substitution, atom transfer, abstraction,
disproportionation, and group exchange)
82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
82.30.Nr Association, addition, insertion, cluster formation
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
82.30.Rs Hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic effects
82.30.Vy Homogeneous catalysis in solution, polymers and zeolites (for
heterogeneous catalysis in zeolites, see 82.75.Qt)
82.33.-z Reactions in various media
82.33.De Reactions in supercritical fluids (for optical properties of
supercritical fluids, see 78.15.+e)
82.33.Fg Reactions in clusters (see also 36.40.Jn Reactivity of clusters in
atomic and molecular physics)
82.33.Hk Reactions on clusters
82.33.Jx Reactions in zeolites
82.33.Ln Reactions in sol gels, aerogels, porous media
82.33.Nq Reactions in micells
82.33.Pt Solid state chemistry
... ... ... Reactions in complex biological systems, see 82.39.Rt and 87.15R-
82.33.Tb Atmospheric chemistry (see also 92.60.H- in geophysics)
82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
82.33.Xj Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges)
82.33.Ya Chemistry of MOCVD and other vapor deposition methods (for methods of
vapor deposition of films and coatings, see 81.15.Gh, and 81.15. Kk in
materials science)
82.35.-x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization (for polymers in
electrochemistry, see 82.45.Wx)
82.35.Cd Conducting polymers
82.35.Ej Nonlinear optics with polymers (see also 42.65.-k in nonlinear optics)
82.35.Gh Polymers on surfaces; adhesion (see also 68.35.Np Adhesion in surfaces
and interfaces)
82.35.Jk Copolymers, phase transitions, structure
82.35.Lr Physical properties of polymers
82.35.Np Nanoparticles in polymers (see also 81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and
structures: fabrication and characterization)
82.35.Pq Biopolymers, biopolymerization (see also 87.15.rp Polymerization in
biological and medical physics)
82.35.Rs Polyelectrolytes
82.37.-j Single molecule kinetics
82.37.Gk STM and AFM manipulations of a single molecule (for atom manipulation
see 37.10.Gh, Pq in atomic and molecular physics; see also 81.16.Ta Atom
manipulation in methods of nanofabrication and processing; 87.80.Nj
Single-molecule techniques in biological physics)
82.37.Np Single molecule reaction kinetics, dissociation, etc.
82.37.Rs Single molecule manipulation of proteins and other biological molecules
82.37.Vb Single molecule photochemistry
82.39.-k Chemical kinetics in biological systems (see also 87.15.R- Reactions
and kinetics in biological and medical physics, and 82.45.Tv
Bioelectrochemistry)
82.39.Fk Enzyme kinetics (see also 87.14.ej Enzymes in biological physics)
82.39.Jn Charge (electron, proton) transfer in biological systems
82.39.Pj Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA bases (for DNA, see 87.14.gk; for RNA, see
87.14.gn)
82.39.Rt Reactions in complex biological systems (see also 87.18.-h Biological
complexity)
82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques (for
chemically reactive flows, see 47.70.Fw; see also 82.20.Uv Stochastic
theories of rate constants)
... ... ... Chemically reactive flows, see 47.70.Fw
82.40.Bj Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations
82.40.Ck Pattern formation in reactions with diffusion, flow and heat transfer
(see also 47.54.-r Pattern selection; pattern formation and 47.32.CVortex
dynamics in fluid dynamics)
82.40.Fp Shock wave initiated reactions, high-pressure chemistry (see also
47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects in fluid dynamics,
and 62.50.Ef Shock wave effects in solids and liquids)
82.40.Np Temporal and spatial patterns in surface reactions
82.40.Qt Complex chemical systems (see also 82.39.Rt Reactions in complex
biological systems and 87.18.-h Biological complexity)
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis
82.45.Aa Electrochemical synthesis (see also 81.16.Be Chemical synthesis
methods in nanofabrication and 81.20.Ka Chemical synthesis; combustion
synthesis in materials science)
82.45.Bb Corrosion and passivation (see also 81.65.Kn Corrosion protection and
81.65.Rv Passivation in surface treatments)
82.45.Cc Anodic films
82.45.Fk Electrodes
82.45.Gj Electrolytes (for polyelectrolytes, see 82.35.Rs and 82.45.Wx; see also
66.30.H- Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals)
82.45.Hk Electrolysis
82.45.Jn Surface structure, reactivity and catalysis (see also 82.65.+r Surface
and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces)
82.45.Mp Thin layers, films, monolayers, membranes (for anodic films, see
82.45.Cc; for surface double layers, see 73.30.+y in electronic
structure of surfaces)
82.45.Qr Electrodeposition and electrodissolution (see also 81.15.Pq
Electrodeposition, electroplating in materials science)
82.45.Rr Electroanalytical chemistry (see also 82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods
in chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis)
82.45.Tv Bioelectrochemistry (see also 82.39.-k Chemical kinetics in biological
systems; 87.15.Tt Electrophoresis in biological physics)
82.45.Un Dielectric materials in electrochemistry (see also 77.84.-s Dielectric,
piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and antiferroelectric materials)
82.45.Vp Semiconductor materials in electrochemistry (see also 81.05.Cy
Elemental semiconductors; 81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors; 81.05.Ea
III-V semiconductors; 81.05.Fb Organic semiconductors; 81.05.Gc
Amorphous semiconductors in specific materials)
82.45.Wx Polymers and organic materials in electrochemistry (see also 82.35.-x
Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization)
82.45.Xy Ceramics in electrochemistry (see also 81.05.Je Ceramics and
refractories, and 81.05.Mh Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites
in specific materials)
82.45.Yz Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry (for nanofabrication, see
81.16.-c in materials science)
82.47.-a Applied electrochemistry (see also 88.30.G- Fuel cell systems, and
88.30.P- Types of fuel cells in renewable energy resources and
applications)
82.47.Aa Lithium-ion batteries
82.47.Cb Lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride and other batteries (for lithium-ion
batteries, see 82.47.Aa)
82.47.Ed Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
82.47.Gh Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells
82.47.Jk Photoelectrochemical cells, photoelectrochromic and other hybrid
electrochemical energy storage devices (see also 84.60.Jt
Photoelectric conversion)
82.47.Lh Molten-carbonate fuel cells (MCFC)
82.47.Nj Polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC)
82.47.Pm Phosphoric-acid fuel cells (PAFC); other fuel cells
82.47.Rs Electrochemical sensors
82.47.Tp Electrochemical displays
82.47.Uv Electrochemical capacitors; supercapacitors (see also 88.80.fh
Supercapacitors in renewable energy resources and applications;
84.60.Ve Energy storage systems, including capacitor banks in direct
energy conversion and storage)
82.47.Wx Electrochemical engineering
82.50.-m Photochemistry (for single molecule photochemistry, see 82.37.Vb)
82.50.Bc Processes caused by infrared radiation
82.50.Hp Processes caused by visible and UV light
82.50.Kx Processes caused by X-rays or γ-rays
82.50.Nd Control of photochemical reactions
82.50.Pt Multiphoton processes
82.53.-k Femtochemistry [see also 78.47.J-; Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec) in
condensed matter; 42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical generation and
pulse compression in nonlinear optics]
82.53.Eb Pump probe studies of photodissociation
82.53.Hn Pump probe experiments with bound states
82.53.Kp Coherent spectroscopy of atoms and molecules
82.53.Mj Femtosecond probing of semiconductor nanostructures (see also 81.16.-c
Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing)
82.53.Ps Femtosecond probing of biological molecules
82.53.St Femtochemistry of adsorbed molecules (for adsorbate structure, see
68.43.Bc, Fg in chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces)
82.53.Uv Femtosecond probes of molecules in liquids
82.53.Xa Femtosecond probes of molecules in solids and of molecular solids
82.56.-b Nuclear magnetic resonance (see also 33.25.+k Nuclear resonance and
relaxation in atomic and molecular physics; 76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic
resonance and relaxation; 76.70.-r Magnetic double resonances and cross
effects in condensed matter)
82.56.Dj High resolution NMR
82.56.Fk Multidimensional NMR
82.56.Hg Multinuclear NMR
82.56.Jn Pulse sequences in NMR
82.56.Lz Diffusion
82.56.Na Relaxation
82.56.Pp NMR of biomolecules
82.56.Ub Structure determination with NMR
82.60.-s Chemical thermodynamics (see also 05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium and
irreversible thermodynamics)
82.60.Cx Enthalpies of combustion, reaction, and formation
82.60.Fa Heat capacities and heats of phase transitions
82.60.Hc Chemical equilibria and equilibrium constants
82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions
82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of nucleation (see also 64.60.Q- Nucleation—in
equations of state, phase equilibria and phase transitions)
82.60.Qr Thermodynamics of nanoparticles
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
(for temporal and spatial patterns in surface reactions, see 82.40.Np;
see also 82.45.Jn Surface structure, reactivity and catalysis in
electrochemistry; see also 68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption:
adsorbates on surfaces)
82.70.-y Disperse systems; complex fluids (see also 82.33.-z reactions in
various media; for quantum optical phenomena in dispersive media, see
42.50.Nn)
82.70.Dd Colloids
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
82.70.Uv Surfactants, micellar solutions, vesicles, lamellae, amphiphilic
systems, (hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions) (see also 82.30.Rs
Hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic effects in specific chemical reactions)
82.75.-z Molecular sieves, zeolites, clathrates, and other complex solids
82.75.Fq Synthesis, structure determination, structure modeling
82.75.Jn Measurements and modeling of molecule migration in zeolites
82.75.Mj Measurements and simulation of properties (optical, structural) of
molecules in zeolites
82.75.Qt Mechanism and kinetics of catalysis in zeolites (measurements or
simulations)
82.75.Vx Clusters in zeolites
82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis (for related
instrumentation, see section 07; for spectroscopic techniques in
biological physics, see 87.64.-t)
82.80.Bg Chromatography
82.80.Dx Analytical methods involving electronic spectroscopy
82.80.Ej X-ray, M?ssbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods (see also 82.45.Rr Electroanalytical chemistry;
for electrochemical sensors, see 82.47.Rs)
82.80.Gk Analytical methods involving vibrational spectroscopy
82.80.Ha Analytical methods involving rotational spectroscopy
82.80.Jp Activation analysis and other radiochemical methods
82.80.Kq Energy-conversion spectro-analytical methods (e.g., photoacoustic,
photothermal, and optogalvanic spectroscopic methods)
82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including SIMS, multiphoton ionization and
resonance ionization mass spectrometry, MALDI)
82.80.Nj Fourier transform mass spectrometry
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron
spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
82.80.Qx Ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
82.80.Rt Time of flight mass spectrometry
82.80.Yc Rutherford backscattering (RBS), and other methods of chemical analysis
82.90.+j Other topics in physical chemistry and chemical physics (restricted to
new topics in section 82)
83. Rheology (see also section 47 Fluid dynamics; for rheology of the Earth, see
91.32.-m; see also 87.19.rh Fluid transport and rheology in biological physics)
83.10.-y Fundamentals and theoretical
83.10.Bb Kinematics of deformation and flow (see also 47.50.-d Non-Newtonian
fluid flows)
83.10.Ff Continuum mechanics (see also section 46 Continuum mechanics of solids)
83.10.Gr Constitutive relations
83.10.Kn Reptation and tube theories
83.10.Mj Molecular dynamics, Brownian dynamics
83.10.Pp Particle dynamics
83.10.Rs Computer simulation of molecular and particle dynamics
83.10.Tv Structural and phase changes
83.50.-v Deformation and flow
83.50.Ax Steady shear flows, viscometric flow
83.50.Ha Flow in channels (see also 47.60.Dx Flows in ducts and channels in fluid
dynamics)
83.50.Jf Extensional flow and combined shear and extension
83.50.Lh Slip boundary effects (interfacial and free surface flows) (see also
47.45.Gx Slip flows and accommodation in fluid dynamics)
83.50.Rp Wall slip and apparent slip
83.50.Uv Material processing (extension, molding, etc.)
83.50.Xa Mixing and blending
83.60.-a Material behavior
83.60.Bc Linear viscoelasticity
83.60.Df Nonlinear viscoelasticity
83.60.Fg Shear rate dependent viscosity
83.60.Hc Normal stress differences and their effects (e.g. rod climbing)
83.60.Jk Extrudate swell
83.60.La Viscoplasticity; yield stress
83.60.Np Effects of electric and magnetic fields
83.60.Pq Time-dependent structure (thixotropy, rheopexy)
83.60.Rs Shear rate-dependent structure (shear thinning and shear thickening)
83.60.St Non-isothermal rheology
83.60.Uv Wave propagation, fracture, and crack healing
83.60.Wc Flow instabilities
83.60.Yz Drag reduction
83.80.-k Material type (see also 82.70.-y Disperse systems; complex fluids and
82.35.-x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization in physical
chemistry and chemical physics)
83.80.Ab Solids: e.g., composites, glasses, semicrystalline polymers
83.80.Fg Granular solids
83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological fluids
83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids
83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams
83.80.Jx Reacting systems: thermosetting polymers, chemorheology, rheokinetics
83.80.Kn Physical gels and microgels
83.80.Lz Physiological materials (e.g. blood, collagen, etc.)
83.80.Mc Other natural materials (e.g. wood and other vegetable materials)
83.80.Nb Geological materials: Earth, magma, ice, rocks, etc.
83.80.Qr Surfactant and micellar systems, associated polymers
83.80.Rs Polymer solutions
83.80.Sg Polymer melts
83.80.Tc Polymer blends
83.80.Uv Block copolymers
83.80.Va Elastomeric polymers
83.80.Wx Filled elastomers
83.80.Xz Liquid crystals: nematic, cholesteric, smectic, discotic, etc.
83.80.Ya Processed food
83.85.-c Techniques and apparatus
83.85.Cg Rheological measurements—rheometry
83.85.Ei Optical methods; rheo-optics
83.85.Fg NMR/magnetic resonance imaging (see also 76.60.Pc NMR imaging in
condensed matter)
83.85.Hf X-ray and neutron scattering
83.85.Jn Viscosity measurements
83.85.Lq Normal stress difference measurements
83.85.Ns Data analysis (interconversion of data computation of relaxation and
retardation spectra; time-temperature superposition, etc.) (see also
47.11.-j Computational methods in fluid dynamics)
83.85.Rx Extensional flow measurement
83.85.St Stress relaxation
83.85.Tz Creep and/or creep recoil
83.85.Vb Small amplitude oscillatory shear (dynamic mechanical analysis)
83.90.+s Other topics in rheology (restricted to new topics in section 83)
84. Electronics; radiowave and microwave technology; direct energy conversion and
storage
84.30.-r Electronic circuits (for integrated circuits, see 85.40.-e, for
microwave circuits, see 84.40.Dc)
84.30.Bv Circuit theory
84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits (see also 84.70.+p
High-current and high-voltage technology; for superconducting
high-power technology, see 84.71.-b)
84.30.Le Amplifiers
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers,
limiters, and compressors
84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
84.30.Vn Filters
84.32.-y Passive circuit components (see also 07.50.-e Electrical and electronic
instruments, and components)
84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches
84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and
photoresistors)
84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring
84.32.Tt Capacitors (for electrochemical capacitors and supercapacitors, see
82.47.Uv)
84.32.Vv Fuses
84.35.+i Neural networks (for optical neural networks, see 42.79.Ta; see also
07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence in
computers in experimental physics; 87.18.Sn in biological complexity)
84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current,
resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology (for
microwave, submillimeter wave, and radiowave receivers and detectors,
see 07.57.Kp; for microwave and radiowave spectrometers, see 07.57.Pt;
for radiowave propagation, see 41.20.Jb)
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories (for plasma interactions
with antennas, see 52.40.Fd in plasma physics)
84.40.Dc Microwave circuits
84.40.Fe Microwave tubes (e.g., klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave,
backward-wave tubes, etc.)
84.40.Ik Masers; gyrotrons (cyclotron-resonance masers)
84.40.Lj Microwave integrated electronics
84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing; communication
satellites (for optical communications, see 42.79.Sz in optics)
84.40.Xb Telemetry: remote control, remote sensing; radar
84.47.+w Vacuum tubes (see also 85.45.-w Vacuum microelectronics)
... ... ... Phototubes, see 85.60.Ha
... ... ... Microwave tubes, see 84.40.Fe
84.50.+d Electric motors
84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage (see also section 88.00.00
Renewable energy resources and applications; for electrochemical
conversion, see 82.47.-a; for ocean energy extraction, see 92.05.Jn)
84.60.Bk Performance characteristics of energy conversion systems; figure of
merit
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion (for solar cells, see 88.40.H- and 88.40.Jin
renewable energy resources; for solar collectors and concentrators,
see 42.79.Ek in optics and 88.40.F- in renewable energy resources)
84.60.Lw Magnetohydrodynamic conversion (for MHD generators, see 52.75.Fk—in
plasma physics)
84.60.Ny Thermionic conversion (for thermionic generators, see 52.75.Fk—in
plasma physics)
84.60.Rb Thermoelectric, electrogasdynamic and other direct energy conversion
84.60.Ve Energy storage systems, including capacitor banks (see also 82.47.Uv
Electrochemical capacitors; supercapacitors, and 88.80.F- Energy
storage technologies)
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power
transmission lines and cables (for superconducting cables, see
84.71.Fk)
84.71.-b Superconducting high-power technology (see also 84.30.Jc Power
electronics; power supply circuits)
84.71.Ba Superconducting magnets; magnetic levitation devices
84.71.Fk Superconducting cables
84.71.Mn Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes
84.90.+a Other topics in electronics, radiowave and microwave technology, and
direct energy conversion and storage (restricted to new topics in
section 84)
85. Electronic and magnetic devices; microelectronics (for vacuum tubes, see
84.47.+w; for microwave tubes, see 84.40.Fe, for conductors, and resistors,
see 84.32.Ff; for wiring, inductors and coils, see 84.32.Hh)
85.25.-j Superconducting devices
85.25.Am Superconducting device characterization, design, and modeling
85.25.Cp Josephson devices
85.25.Dq Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs)
85.25.Hv Superconducting logic elements and memory devices; microelectronic
circuits
85.25.Oj Superconducting optical, X-ray, and γ-ray detectors (SIS, NIS,
transition edge)
85.25.Pb Superconducting infrared, submillimeter and millimeter wave detectors
(see also 84.71.-b Superconducting high-power technology)
85.25.Qc Superconducting surface acoustic wave devices and other
superconducting devices
85.30.-z Semiconductor devices (for photodiodes, phototransistors, and
photoresistors, see 85.60.Dw; for laser diodes, see 42.55.Px; for
semiconductor-based solar cells, see 88.40.-j; for applications of
dielectric films in silicon electronics, see 77.55.df)
85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling
85.30.Fg Bulk semiconductor and conductivity oscillation devices (including
Hall effect devices, space-charge-limited devices, and Gunn effect
devices)
85.30.Hi Surface barrier, boundary, and point contact devices
85.30.Kk Junction diodes
85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance
tunneling devices)
85.30.Pq Bipolar transistors
85.30.Rs Thyristors
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
85.35.Ds Quantum interference devices
85.35.Gv Single electron devices
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication
technology (see also 85.45.-w Vacuum microelectronics; 84.40.Lj
Microwave integrated electronics; 42.82.-m Integrated optics; 85.25.Hv
Superconducting logic elements and memory devices; microelectronic
circuits)
85.40.Bh Computer-aided design of microcircuits; layout and modeling
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
... ... ... Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices, see
85.85.+j
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation
85.40.Qx Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure analysis
85.40.Ry Impurity doping, diffusion and ion implantation technology
85.40.Sz Deposition technology (for plasma applications in deposition
technology, see 52.77.Dq)
85.40.Xx Hybrid microelectronics; thick films
85.45.-w Vacuum microelectronics
85.45.Bz Vacuum microelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling
85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
85.45.Fd Field emission displays (FEDs)
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
85.50.Gk Non-volatile ferroelectric memories
85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices (see also 42.79.-e Optical elements, devices and
systems)
85.60.Bt Optoelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors) (for
superconducting infrared detectors, see 85.25.Pb; for superconducting
optical, x-ray and γ-ray detectors, see 85.25.Oj; see also 07.57.Kp
in instruments)
85.60.Ha Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
85.60.Pg Display systems (for field emission display, see 85.45.Fd, for optical
display devices, see 42.79.Kr; for electrochemical displays, see
82.47.Tp; see also 07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment,
oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.)
85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices
85.70.-w Magnetic devices (for magnets, see 07.55.Db; for molecular magnets, see
75.50.Xx; for beam bending magnets, see 41.85.Lc; see also 84.71.Ba
Superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices; 75.50.Ss
Magnetic recording materials)
85.70.Ay Magnetic device characterization, design, and modeling
85.70.Ec Magnetostrictive, magnetoacoustic, and magnetostatic devices (for
magnetostrictive transducers, see 43.38.Ct—in Acoustics Appendix)
85.70.Ge Ferrite and garnet devices
85.70.Kh Magnetic thin film devices: magnetic heads (magnetoresistive,
inductive, etc.); domain-motion devices, etc.
85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices (including tapes, disks,
and drums)
85.70.Rp Magnetic levitation, propulsion and control devices
85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices
85.75.-d Magnetoelectronics; spintronics: devices exploiting spin polarized
transport or integrated magnetic fields
85.75.Bb Magnetic memory using giant magnetoresistance
85.75.Dd Magnetic memory using magnetic tunnel junctions
85.75.Ff Reprogrammable magnetic logic
85.75.Hh Spin polarized field effect transistors
85.75.Mm Spin polarized resonant tunnel junctions
85.75.Nn Hybrid Hall devices
85.75.Ss Magnetic field sensors using spin polarized transport
85.80.-b Thermoelectromagnetic and other devices (for acoustoelectric devices,
see 43.38.-p in Acoustics Appendix; for electrochemical devices, see
82.47.-a)
85.80.Fi Thermoelectric devices
85.80.Jm Magnetoelectric devices
85.80.Lp Magnetothermal devices
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
85.90.+h Other topics in electronic and magnetic devices and microelectronics
(restricted to new topics in section 85)
87. Biological and medical physics
87.10.-e General theory and mathematical aspects
87.10.Ca Analytical theories
87.10.Ed Ordinary differential equations (ODE), partial differential equations
(PDE), integrodifferential models
87.10.Hk Lattice models
87.10.Kn Finite element calculations
87.10.Mn Stochastic modeling
87.10.Pq Elasticity theory
87.10.Rt Monte Carlo simulations
87.10.Tf Molecular dynamics simulation
87.10.Vg Biological information
87.14.-g Biomolecules: types
87.14.Cc Lipids
87.14.Df Carbohydrates
87.14.E- Proteins
87.14.ef Peptides
87.14.ej Enzymes
87.14.em Fibrils (amyloids, collagen, etc.)
87.14.ep Membrane proteins
87.14.et Generic models (lattice, HP, etc.)
87.14.G- Nucleic acids
87.14.gf Nucleotides
87.14.gk DNA
87.14.gn RNA
87.14.Lk Hormones
87.14.Pq Vitamins
87.15.-v Biomolecules: structure and physical properties (for NMR of
biomolecules, see 82.56.Pp)
87.15.A- Theory, modeling, and computer simulation
87.15.ad Analytical theories
87.15.ag Quantum calculations
87.15.ak Monte Carlo simulations
87.15.ap Molecular dynamics simulation
87.15.B- Structure of biomolecules
87.15.bd Secondary structure
87.15.bg Tertiary structure
87.15.bk Structure of aggregates
87.15.Cc Folding: thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, models, and pathways
(see also 87.15.hm Folding dynamics)
87.15.Fh Bonding; mechanisms of bond breakage
87.15.H- Dynamics of biomolecules
87.15.hg Dynamics of intermolecular interactions
87.15.hj Transport dynamics
87.15.hm Folding dynamics
87.15.hp Conformational changes
87.15.ht Ultrafast dynamics; charge transfer
87.15.K- Molecular interactions; membrane-protein interactions
87.15.kj Protein-polynucleotide interactions
87.15.km Protein-protein interactions
87.15.kp Protein-ligand interactions
87.15.kr Protein-solvent interactions
87.15.kt Protein-membrane interactions
87.15.La Mechanical properties
87.15.M- Spectra of biomolecules
87.15.mk Photodissociation
87.15.mn Photoionization
87.15.mq Luminescence
87.15.N- Properties of solutions of macromolecules
87.15.np Dissolution
87.15.nr Aggregation
87.15.nt Crystallization
87.15.Pc Electronic and electrical properties
87.15.Qt Sequence analysis
87.15.R- Reactions and kinetics (see also 82.39.-k Chemical kinetics in
biological systems in physical chemistry)
87.15.rp Polymerization (see also 82.35.Pq Biopolymers, biopolymerization in
physical chemistry)
87.15.rs Dissociation
87.15.Tt Electrophoresis (see also 82.45.-h Electrochemistry and
electrophoresis)
87.15.Vv Diffusion
87.15.Ya Fluctuations
87.15.Zg Phase transitions
87.16.-b Subcellular structure and processes
87.16.A- Theory, modeling, and simulations
87.16.ad Analytical theories
87.16.af Monte Carlo calculations
87.16.aj Lattice models
87.16.D- Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
87.16.dj Dynamics and fluctuations
87.16.dm Mechanical properties and rheology
87.16.dp Transport, including channels, pores, and lateral diffusion
87.16.dr Assembly and interactions
87.16.dt Structure, static correlations, domains, and rafts
87.16.Gj Cell walls
87.16.Ka Filaments, microtubules, their networks, and supramolecular assemblies
87.16.Ln Cytoskeleton
87.16.Mq Morphology of nerve cells
87.16.Nn Motor proteins (myosin, kinesin dynein)
87.16.Qp Pseudopods, lamellipods, cilia, and flagella
87.16.Sr Chromosomes, histones
87.16.Tb Mitochondria and other organelles
87.16.Uv Active transport processes
87.16.Vy Ion channels
87.16.Wd Intracellular trafficking
87.16.Xa Signal transduction and intracellular signaling
87.16.Yc Regulatory genetic and chemical networks
87.16.Zg Nuclear morphology
87.17.-d Cell processes
87.17.Aa Modeling, computer simulation of cell processes
87.17.Ee Growth and division
87.17.Jj Cell locomotion, chemotaxis
87.17.Pq Morphogenesis
87.17.Rt Cell adhesion and cell mechanics
87.17.Uv Biotechnology of cell processes
87.18.-h Biological complexity (see also 82.39.Rt Reactions in complex
biological systems in physical chemistry)
87.18.Cf Genetic switches and networks
87.18.Ed Cell aggregation
87.18.Fx Multicellular phenomena, biofilms
87.18.Gh Cell-cell communication; collective behavior of motile cells
87.18.Hf Spatiotemporal pattern formation in cellular populations
87.18.Mp Signal transduction networks
87.18.Nq Large-scale biological processes and integrative biophysics
87.18.Sn Neural networks and synaptic communication
87.18.Tt Noise in biological systems
87.18.Vf Systems biology
87.18.Wd Genomics
87.18.Xr Proteomics
87.18.Yt Circadian rhythms
87.19.-j Properties of higher organisms
87.19.Ff Muscles
87.19.Hh Cardiac dynamics
87.19.L- Neuroscience
87.19.lb Action potential propagation and axons
87.19.lc Noise in the nervous system
87.19.ld Electrodynamics in the nervous system
87.19.le EEG and MEG
87.19.lf MRI: anatomic, functional, spectral, diffusion
87.19.lg Synapses: chemical and electrical (gap junctions)
87.19.lh Optical imaging of neuronal activity
87.19.lj Neuronal network dynamics
87.19.lk Glia
87.19.ll Models of single neurons and networks
87.19.lm Synchronization in the nervous system
87.19.ln Oscillations and resonance
87.19.lo Information theory
87.19.lp Pattern formation: activity and anatomic
87.19.lq Neuronal wave propagation
87.19.lr Control theory and feedback
87.19.ls Encoding, decoding, and transformation
87.19.lt Sensory systems: visual, auditory, tactile, taste, and olfaction (for
Neurophysiology of speech perception, see 43.71.Qr and 43.72.Qr
Auditory synthesis and recognition in Acoustics Appendix; 42.66.-p
Physiological optics)
87.19.lu Motor systems: Locomotion, flight, vocalization
87.19.lv Learning and memory
87.19.lw Plasticity
87.19.lx Development and growth
87.19.ly Energetics
87.19.Pp Biothermics and thermal processes in biology
87.19.R- Mechanical and electrical properties of tissues and organs
87.19.rd Elastic properties
87.19.rf Dielectric properties
87.19.rh Fluid transport and rheology
87.19.rj Contraction
87.19.rm Structure
87.19.rp Impulse propagation
87.19.rs Movement
87.19.ru Locomotion
87.19.U- Hemodynamics
87.19.ug Heart and lung dynamics
87.19.uj Peripheral vascular dynamics
87.19.um Blood-brain barrier
87.19.Wx Pneumodyamics, respiration
87.19.X- Diseases
87.19.xb Bacterial diseases
87.19.xd Viral diseases
87.19.xe Parasitic diseases
87.19.xg Fungal diseases
87.19.xh Prion diseases
87.19.xj Cancer
87.19.xk Genetic diseases
87.19.xm Epilepsy
87.19.xn Musculoskeletal diseases
87.19.xp Motor system disease (Parkinson's, etc.)
87.19.xq Stroke
87.19.xr Degenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, ALS, etc)
87.19.xt Developmental diseases
87.19.xu Gastrointestinal diseases
87.19.xv Endocrine diseases
87.19.xw Immune system diseases
87.23.-n Ecology and evolution
87.23.Cc Population dynamics and ecological pattern formation
87.23.Ge Dynamics of social systems
87.23.Kg Dynamics of evolution
87.50.-a Effects of electromagnetic and acoustic fields on biological systems
87.50.C- Static and low-frequency electric and magnetic fields effects
87.50.cf Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
87.50.ch Electrophoresis/dielectrophoresis and other mechanical effects (see
also 87.15.Tt Electrophoresis)
87.50.cj Electroporation/membrane effects
87.50.cm Dosimetry/exposure assessment
87.50.ct Therapeutic applications
87.50.S- Radiofrequency/microwave fields effects
87.50.sg Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
87.50.sj Dosimetry/exposure assessment
87.50.st Therapeutic applications
87.50.U- Millimeter/terahertz fields effects
87.50.uj Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
87.50.up Dosimetry/exposure assessment
87.50.ux Therapeutic applications
87.50.W- Optical/infrared radiation effects
87.50.wf Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
87.50.wj Dosimetry/exposure assessment
87.50.wp Therapeutic applications
87.50.Y- Biological effects of acoustic and ultrasonic energy
87.50.yg Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
87.50.yk Dosimetry/exposure assessment
87.50.yt Therapeutic applications
87.53.-j Effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems
87.53.Ay Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
87.53.Bn Dosimetry/exposure assessment
87.53.Jw Therapeutic applications, including brachytherapy
87.53.Kn Conformal radiation treatment
87.53.Ly Stereotactic radiosurgery
87.55.-x Treatment strategy
87.55.D- Treatment planning
87.55.de Optimization
87.55.dhTissue response
87.55.dk Dose-volume analysis
87.55.Gh Simulation
87.55.K- Monte Carlo methods
87.55.kd Algorithms
87.55.kh Applications
87.55.km Verification
87.55.N- Radiation monitoring, control, and safety
87.55.ne Therapeutic applications
87.55.Qr Quality assurance in radiotherapy
87.55.T- Record and verify systems and applications
87.55.tg Design
87.55.tm Applications
87.56.-v Radiation therapy equipment
87.56.B- Radiation sources
87.56.bd Accelerators
87.56.bg Radioactive sources
87.56.Da Ancillary equipment
87.56.Fc Quality assurance equipment
87.56.J- Collimation
87.56.jf Field size
87.56.jk Field shaping
87.56.N- Beam intensity modifications
87.56.ng Wedges and compensators
87.56.nk Collimators
87.57.-s Medical imaging
87.57.C- Image quality
87.57.cf Spatial resolution
87.57.cj Contrast
87.57.cm Noise
87.57.cp Artifacts and distortion
87.57.N- Image analysis
87.57.nf Reconstruction
87.57.nj Registration
87.57.nm Segmentation
87.57.np Smoothing
87.57.nt Edge enhancement
87.57.Q- Computed tomography
87.57.qh Single-slice
87.57.qp Multislice
87.57.R- Computer-aided diagnosis
87.57.rh Mammography
87.57.U- Nuclear medicine imaging
87.57.ue Conventional nuclear medicine imaging
87.57.uh Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
87.57.uk Positron emission tomography (PET)
87.57.un Radiopharmaceuticals
87.57.uq Dosimetry
87.57.Va Neutron imaging; neutron tomography
87.59.-e X-ray imaging
87.59.B- Radiography
87.59.bd Computed radiography
87.59.bf Digital radiography
87.59.C- Fluoroscopy
87.59.cf Digital fluoroscopy
87.59.Dj Angiography
87.59.E- Mammography
87.59.eg Film mammography
87.59.ej Digital mammography
87.61.-c Magnetic resonance imaging
87.61.Bj Theory and principles
87.61.Ff Instrumentation
87.61.Hk Pulse sequences
87.61.Jc Anatomic imaging
87.61.Np Flow imaging
87.61.Qr Functional imaging
87.61.Tg Clinical applications
87.63.-d Non-ionizing radiation equipment and techniques
87.63.D- Ultrasonography
87.63.dh Ultrasonographic imaging
87.63.dk Doppler
87.63.Hg Thermography
87.63.L- Visual imaging
87.63.lg Principles of visualization
87.63.lj Image perception
87.63.lm Image enhancement
87.63.lp Transillumination
87.63.lt Laser imaging
87.63.Pn Electrical impedance tomography (EIT)
87.63.St Bone densitometry
87.64.-t Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in biophysics and medical
physics
87.64.Aa Computer simulation
87.64.Bx Electron, neutron and x-ray diffraction and scattering
87.64.Cc Scattering of visible, uv, and infrared radiation
87.64.Dz Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy
87.64.Ee Electron microscopy
87.64.K- Spectroscopy
87.64.kd X-ray and EXAFS
87.64.kh EPR
87.64.kj NMR
87.64.km Infrared
87.64.kp Raman
87.64.ks Electron and photoelectron
87.64.ku Magnetic circular dichroism
87.64.kv Fluorescence
87.64.kx M?ssbauer
87.64.M- Optical microscopy
87.64.mc Bright field
87.64.mf Dark field
87.64.mh Phase contrast and DIC
87.64.mk Confocal
87.64.mn Multiphoton
87.64.mt Near-field scanning
87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.80.Cc Optical trapping (see also 42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on
material media, microstructure and particles in optics; 37.10.-x Atom,
molecule, and ion cooling methods)
87.80.Dj Spectroscopies
87.80.Ek Mechanical and micromechanical techniques
87.80.Fe Micromanipulation of biological structures
87.80.Jg Patch clamping and other physiological measurements
87.80.Kc Electrochemical techniques
87.80.Lg Magnetic and paramagnetic resonance
87.80.Nj Single-molecule techniques (see also 82.37.Rs Single molecule
manipulation of proteins and other biological molecules in physical
chemistry)
87.80.Qk Biochemical separation processes
87.80.St Genomic techniques
87.80.Un Proteomic techniques
87.85.-d Biomedical engineering
87.85.D- Applied neuroscience
87.85.dd Brain-machine interfaces
87.85.dh Cells on a chip
87.85.dm Physical models of neurophysiological processes
87.85.dq Neural networks
87.85.E- Neural prosthetics
87.85.eg Electrode stimulation
87.85.ej Safe limits of charge injection
87.85.em Tissue damage
87.85.F- Smart prosthetics
87.85.ff Feedback
87.85.fh Feedforward
87.85.fk Biosensors
87.85.fp Bidirectional communication
87.85.G- Biomechanics
87.85.gf Fluid mechanics and rheology
87.85.gj Movement and locomotion
87.85.gp Mechanical systems
87.85.J- Biomaterials
87.85.jc Electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of biological matter
87.85.jf Bio-based materials
87.85.jj Biocompatibility
87.85.Lf Tissue engineering
87.85.M- Biotechnology (for biotechnology of cell processes, see 87.17.Uv)
87.85.md Genetic engineering
87.85.mg Genomics
87.85.mk Proteomics
87.85.Ng Biological signal processing
87.85.Ox Biomedical instrumentation and transducers, including
micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
87.85.Pq Biomedical imaging
87.85.Qr Nanotechnologies-design
87.85.Rs Nanotechnologies-applications
87.85.St Robotics
87.85.Tu Modeling biomedical systems
87.85.Uv Micromanipulators
87.85.Va Micromachining
87.85.Wc Neural engineering (for neural prosthetics, see 87.85.E-)
87.85.Xd Dynamical, regulatory, and integrative biology
87.90.+y Other topics in biological and medical physics (restricted to new topics
in section 87)
88. Renewable energy resources and applications (for nuclear power see 89.30.Gg
and 89.30.Jj)
88.05.-b Energy analysis
88.05.Bc Energy efficiency; definitions and standards
88.05.De Thermodynamic constraints on energy production (see also 05.70.-a
Thermodynamics)
88.05.Ec Renewable energy targets
88.05.Gh Energy conservation; electricity demand reduction
88.05.Hj Energy content issues; life cycle analysis
88.05.Jk Policy issues; resource assessment
88.05.Lg Economic issues; sustainability; cost trends
88.05.Np Environmental aspects
88.05.Pq Emissions trading and CDM
88.05.Qr Energy use in agriculture (see also 91.62.Bf Agricultural systems in
Geophysics Appendix)
88.05.Rt Energy use in appliances and electronic equipment
88.05.Sv Energy use in heating and cooling of residential and commercial
buildings (for solar heating and cooling of residential and commercial
buildings, see 88.40.me; for geothermal energy use in heating and
cooling of buildings, see 88.10.cn)
88.05.Tg Energy use in lighting (for solar energy use in lighting, see 88.40.mx,
and 88.40.my)
88.05.Vx Energy use in industry and manufacturing (see also 89.20.Bb Industrial
and technological research and development)
88.05.Xj Energy use in transportation (see also 88.85.-r Advanced vehicles)
88.10.-g Geothermal energy (see also 91.35.Dc Heat flow; geothermy)
88.10.C- Ground heat
88.10.cd Geothermal heat pumps
88.10.cf Global geothermal flux
88.10.ch Continental geothermal energy
88.10.cj Oceanic geothermal energy
88.10.cn Heating and cooling of buildings; space heating (for solar heating and
cooling of residential and commercial buildings, see 88.40.me)
88.10.Eb Hot dry rock (igneous systems)
88.10.F- Hydrothermal reservoirs (see also 92.05.Lf Hydrothermal systems in
oceanography; 91.40.Ge Hydrothermal systems in volcanology)
88.10.fb Hot springs
88.10.fe Hot water from wells
88.10.fh Down hole pumps
88.10.G- Reservoir engineering (enhanced geothermal systems)
88.10.gc Simulation; prediction models
88.10.gf Imaging fluid flow
88.10.gk High-temperature logging tools and sensors
88.10.gn Fracture characterization of rocks
88.10.gp Site characterization; zonal isolation
88.10.H- Geothermal electricity production
88.10.hd Dry steam plants
88.10.hf Flash steam plants
88.10.hh Binary-cycle steam plants
88.10.J- Brines and their dissolved matter
88.10.jj Mineral extraction
88.10.jn Metals extraction
88.10.jp Combined minerals and metals extraction
88.20.-j Biomass energy
88.20.D- Biomass energy sources
88.20.dd Wood
88.20.df Food crops
88.20.dh Grassy and woody plants
88.20.dj Agriculture/forestry residues
88.20.dm Aquatic/marine sources
88.20.dp Cellolusic materials
88.20.dr Food wastes
88.20.dt Municipal and industrial wastes
88.20.dv Methane from landfills
88.20.F- Renewable alternative fuels from biomass energy (for fossil fuels, see
89.30.A-)
88.20.ff Ethanol (see also 88.85.mj ethanol in alternative fuels for advanced
vehicles)
88.20.fg Methanol
88.20.fh Butanol
88.20.fj Mixed alcohols
88.20.fk Biodiesel (see also 88.85.mb Biodiesel in alternative fuels for
advanced vehicles)
88.20.fn Hydrogen (see also 88.85.mh Hydrogen in alternative fuels for advanced
vehicles)
88.20.fq Methane
88.20.fr Solid pelletized fuel
88.20.fs Syngas
88.20.ft Vegetable oils
88.20.fv Bioethers
88.20.fw Bioaviation fuel
88.20.G- Methane production
88.20.gc Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) liquids (hydrocarbons)
88.20.gf Decaying organic matter
88.20.gh Anaerobic digestion
88.20.H- Biomass processing routes
88.20.hh Biochemical route
88.20.hj Thermochemical route
88.20.J- Biomass conversion methods
88.20.jj Combustion
88.20.jm Hydrolysis and fermentation
88.20.jp Extraction and esterification
88.20.jr Alternate photosynthetic pathways
88.20.M- Biopower systems
88.20.mn Direct-firing systems
88.20.mp Cofiring systems
88.20.mr Gasification systems; syngas
88.20.mt Pyrolysis to liquids
88.20.mv Paper mills
88.20.R- Bioproducts from biomass
88.20.rb Plastics
88.20.rg Glues
88.20.rm Acids
88.20.rp Wood adhesives
88.20.rr Foam insulation
88.20.T- Markets for renewable alternative fuels (for alternative fuels for
advanced vehicles, see 88.85.M-)
88.20.td Heat
88.20.tf Combined heat and power
88.20.th Transportation fuels
88.20.tk Chemicals
88.20.Y- Social issues
88.20.yq Food versus fuel debate
88.30.-k Hydrogen and fuel cell technology (for hydrogen as a renewable
alternative fuel, see 88.20.fn; for hydrogen as an alternative fuel in
advanced vehicles, see 88.85.mh)
88.30.E- Hydrogen production with renewable energy
88.30.ej Thermochemical hydrogen
88.30.em Electrolytic hydrogen
88.30.ep Electrochemical photolytic hydrogen
88.30.er Biological photolytic hydrogen
88.30.et Reforming biomass and wastes
88.30.ew Water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction
88.30.G- Fuel cell systems
88.30.gg Design and simulation
88.30.J- Fuel cell components
88.30.jn Fuel cell stack
88.30.jp Fuel processor
88.30.jr Current converter
88.30.jt Heat recovery system
88.30.M- Fuel cell component materials
88.30.mg Inorganic proton conductors
88.30.mj Composite materials
88.30.Nn Corrosion protection
88.30.P- Types of fuel cells (see also 82.47.-a Applied electrochemistry)
88.30.pd Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM)
88.30.pf Direct methanol fuel cells
88.30.ph Alkaline fuel cells
88.30.pj Phosphoric acid fuel cells
88.30.pm Molten carbonate fuel cells
88.30.pn Solid oxide fuel cells
88.30.pp Regenerative fuel cells
88.30.R- Hydrogen storage
88.30.rd Inorganic metal hydrides
88.30.rf Organics
88.30.rh Carbon nanotubes
88.30.rj Hydrocarbons and alcohols liquid systems
88.40.-j Solar energy
88.40.F- Solar concentrators (see also 42.79.Ek Solar collectors and
concentrators in optics)
88.40.fc Modeling and analysis
88.40.ff Performance testing
88.40.fh Advanced materials development
88.40.fj Parabolic-trough mirrors
88.40.fm Dish/engine systems
88.40.fp Power tower systems
88.40.fr Concentrating collectors
88.40.H- Solar cells (photovoltaics)
88.40.hj Efficiency and performance of solar cells
88.40.hm Cost of production of solar cells
88.40.J- Types of solar cells
88.40.jj Silicon solar cells
88.40.jm Thin film III-V and II-VI based solar cells
88.40.jn Thin film Cu-based I-III-VI2 solar cells
88.40.jp Multijunction solar cells
88.40.jr Organic photovoltaics
88.40.M- Residential and commercial buildings
88.40.me Solar heating and cooling systems
88.40.mg Active space/water heating
88.40.mj Passive space/water heating
88.40.mm Pool heating systems
88.40.mp Grid-tied solar electric systems
88.40.mr Building-integrated photovoltaics
88.40.mt Roof top shingles
88.40.mv Building facades
88.40.mx Day lighting/natural lighting of buildings
88.40.my Outdoor solar lights
88.50.-k Wind energy
88.50.G- Wind turbines
88.50.gg Research and development
88.50.gj Modeling, design
88.50.gm Components
88.50.gp Testing
88.50.J- Wind farms
88.50.jj Small-scale wind farms
88.50.jn Large-scale wind farms
88.50.jp Off-shore wind farms
88.50.Mp Electricity generation, grid integration from wind (see also 84.70.+p
High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power
transmission lines and cables; see also 88.80.-q Energy delivery and
storage)
88.50.Xy Social issues regarding wind energy
88.60.-m Hydroelectric power (see also 84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage
technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables)
88.60.J- Conventional hydropower
88.60.jb Impoundment facilities, dams
88.60.je Diversion facilities
88.60.jg Pumped storage facilities
88.60.K- Hydroturbines
88.60.kc Cross-flow turbines
88.60.kf Francis hydropower turbines
88.60.kj Free-flow turbines
88.60.km Impulse turbines
88.60.kp Pelton hydropower turbines
88.60.kr Propeller turbines
88.60.kt Reaction turbines
88.60.N- Emerging hydropower technologies
88.60.nf Energy from ocean waves (see also 92.05.Jn Ocean energy extraction in
oceanography)
88.60.nh Tidal energy
88.60.nj Marine thermal gradients
88.60.nm Energy from ocean currents
88.60.np Natural water flow in rivers
88.60.nr Ocean thermal energy
88.80.-q Energy delivery and storage
88.80.Cd Grid-connected distributed energy resources
88.80.F- Energy storage technologies (see also 84.60.Ve Energy storage systems,
including capacitor banks)
88.80.ff Batteries (for lithium-ion batteries, see 82.47.Aa; for lead-acid,
nickel-metal hydride batteries, see 82.47.Cb; see also 88.85.jk, and
88.85.jm in advanced vehicles)
88.80.fh Supercapacitors (see also 82.47.Uv Electrochemical capacitors;
supercapacitors)
88.80.fj Superconducting magnetic energy storage (see also 84.71.-b
Superconducting high-power technology)
88.80.H- Electric power transmission (see also 84.70.+p High-current and
high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and
cables; and 84.71.-b Superconducting high-power technology)
88.80.hh Transmission grids
88.80.hj High-voltage direct current transmission
88.80.hm ac power transmission
88.80.hp Radio-frequency power transmission
88.80.hr Superconducting cables (see also 84.71.Fk Superconducting cables in
superconducting high power technology)
88.80.ht Wireless power transmission
88.80.Kg Energy delivery infrastructure
88.85.-r Advanced vehicles
88.85.Cd Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
88.85.Fg Plug-in hybrid vehicles (HEVs)
88.85.Hj Electric vehicles (EVs)
88.85.J- Vehicle energy storage
88.85.jk Lead-acid batteries (for lead-acid batteries in applied
electrochemistry, see 82.47.Cb)
88.85.jm Nickel-metal hydride batteries (for nickel-metal hydride batteries in
applied electrochemistry, see 82.47.Cb)
88.85.jp Ultracapacitors
88.85.M- Alternative fuels for advanced vehicles
88.85.mb Biodiesel (see also 88.20.fk Biodiesel in renewable alternative fuels)
88.85.md Propane
88.85.mf Natural gas
88.85.mh Hydrogen (see also 88.20.fn Hydrogen in renewable alternative fuels)
88.85.mj Ethanol (see also 88.20.ff Ethanol in renewable alternative fuels)
88.85.mn Fuel blends
88.85.Pq Fueling stations for advanced vehicles
88.90.+t Other topics in renewable energy and applications (restricted to new
topics in section 88)
89. Other areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics (for materials science,
see section 81; for physical chemistry, see section 82; for rheology, see
section 83; for electrical, radiowave and microwave technology, see section
84; for electronic and magnetic devices and microelectronics, see section 85;
for biological and medical physics, see section 87)
89.20.-a Interdisciplinary applications of physics
89.20.Bb Industrial and technological research and development
89.20.Dd Military technology and weapons systems; arms control
89.20.Ff Computer science and technology
89.20.Hh World Wide Web, Internet
89.20.Kk Engineering (for electrochemical engineering, see 82.47.Wx; for
biomedical engineering, see 87.85.-d; for reservoir engineering in
geothermal energy, see 88.10.G-; for nuclear engineering, see 28.00.00)
89.20.Mn Forensic science (for forensic acoustics, see 43.72.Uv—in Acoustics
Appendix)
89.30.-g Fossil fuels and nuclear power (for renewable energy resources, see
section 88)
89.30.A- Fossil fuels
89.30.ag Coal
89.30.aj Oil, petroleum
89.30.an Natural gas
89.30.Gg Nuclear fission power (for fission reactors, see 28.41.-i and 28.50.-k
in nuclear physics)
89.30.Jj Nuclear fusion power (for fusion reactors, see 28.52.-s in nuclear
physics)
89.40.-a Transportation
89.40.Bb Land transportation
89.40.Cc Water transportation
89.40.Dd Air transporation
89.60.-k Environmental studies (for ecology, see 87.23.-n; for environmental
impacts of renewable energy, see 88.05.Np)
89.60.Ec Environmental safety (for air quality, see 92.60.Sz; for water quality,
see 92.40.kc, and 92.40.qc in Geophysics Appendix)
89.60.Fe Environmental regulations (see also 01.78.+p Science and government)
89.60.Gg Impact of natural and man-made disasters (for volcanic eruption effects
on the atmosphere, see 92.60.Zc; for landslides, see 92.40.Ha; for
floods, see 92.40.qp in Geophysics Appendix; for avalanches, see
92.40.vw in Geophysics Appendix; for global warming, see 92.70.Mn, for
sea level change, see 92.70.Jw; for cryospheric change, see 92.70.Ha)
89.65.-s Social and economic systems
89.65.Cd Demographic studies
89.65.Ef Social organizations; anthropology
89.65.Gh Economics; econophysics, financial markets, business and management
(for economic issues regarding production and use of renewable energy,
see 88.05.Lg)
89.65.Lm Urban planning and construction (for energy efficient buildings
utilizing solar power, see 88.40.M-)
89.70.-a Information and communication theory (for telecommunications, see
84.40.Ua; for optical communications, see 42.79.Sz; for quantum
information, see 03.67.-a; for applications to neuroscience, see
87.19.lo)
89.70.Cf Entropy and other measures of information
89.70.Eg Computational complexity
89.70.Hj Communication complexity
89.70.Kn Channel capacity and error-correcting codes
89.75.-k Complex systems (for complex chemical systems, see 82.40.Qt; for
biological complexity, see 87.18.-h)
89.75.Da Systems obeying scaling laws
89.75.Fb Structures and organization in complex systems
89.75.Hc Networks and genealogical trees
89.75.Kd Patterns
89.90.+n Other topics in areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics
(restricted to new topics in section 89)
90. GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, AND ASTROPHYSICS (for more detailed headings, see the
Geophysics Appendix)
91. Solid Earth physics
91.10.-v Geodesy and gravity (see also 91.50.Kx Gravity and isostasy—in Marine
geology and geophysics; 91.45.gh—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.10.By Mathematical geodesy; general theory
91.10.Da Cartography
91.10.Fc Space and satellite geodesy; applications of global positioning systems
91.10.Jf Topography; geometric observations
91.10.Kg Crustal movements and deformation
91.10.Lh Photogrammetry
91.10.Nj Rotational variations; polar wobble (see also 92.10.Iv Ocean influence
of Earth's rotation)
91.10.Op Gravity anomalies; time variable gravity
91.10.Pp Geodetic techniques; gravimetric measurements and instruments
91.10.Qm Harmonics of the gravity potential field; geopotential theory and
determination
... ... ... Rheology of lithosphere and mantle, see 91.32.De, 91.32.Gh
91.10.Sp Satellite orbits
91.10.Tq Earth tides
91.10.Vr Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/ hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions; mass
balance
91.10.Ws Reference systems
91.10.Xa Global change from geodesy
91.25.-r Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; geoelectricity (see also 91.50.Iv
Marine magnetics and electromagnetics)
91.25.Cw Origins and models of the magnetic field; dynamo theories
91.25.Dx Archeomagnetism
91.25.Ey Interactions between exterior sources and interior properties
91.25.F- Rock and mineral magnetism (see also 91.60.Pn Magnetic and electrical
properties—in Physical properties of rocks and minerals)
91.25.fa Biogenic magnetic minerals
91.25.fd Environmental magnetism
91.25.G- Spatial variations in geomagnetism
91.25.ga Harmonics and anomalies
91.25.gj Attributed to seafloor spreading
91.25.Le Time variations in geomagnetism
91.25.Mf Magnetic field reversals: process and timescale
91.25.Ng Paleomagnetism
91.25.Ph Magnetostratigraphy
91.25.Qi Geoelectricity, electromagnetic induction, and telluric currents
91.25.Rt Magnetic anomalies; modeling and interpretations
91.25.St Magnetic fabrics and anisotropy
91.25.Th Reference fields: regional; global
91.25.Ux Remagnetization
91.25.Wb Geomagnetic induction
91.25.Xg Geomagnetic excursion
91.25.Za Core processes
91.30.-f Seismology
91.30.Ab Theory and modeling, computational seismology
91.30.Bi Seismic sources (mechanisms, magnitude, moment frequency spectrum)
91.30.Cd Body wave propagation
91.30.Dk Seismicity (see also 91.45.gd—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.30.Fn Surface waves and free oscillations
91.30.Ga Subduction zones (see also 91.40.Rs—in Volcanology; 91.45.Hc—in
Tectonophysics; 91.50.Wy—in Marine geology and geophysics;
91.67.fc—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.30.Hc Mid-ocean ridges (see also 91.40.St—in Volcanology; 91.50.Rt—in
Marine geology and geophysics; 91.67.ff—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.30.Iv Transform faults
91.30.Jk Tomography in seismology (see also 91.35.Pn Tomography of the Earth's
interior)
91.30.Mv Strong motions and shock waves
91.30.Nw Tsunamis (see also 92.10.hl—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.30.Px Earthquakes
91.30.Rz Nuclear explosion seismology
91.30.Tb Volcano seismology
91.30.Uv Core and mantle seismology
91.30.Vc Continental crust seismology
91.30.Wx Lithosphere seismology (see also 91.45.gf—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.30.Ye Oceanic crust seismology
91.30.Za Paleoseismology
91.32.-m Rheology of the Earth
91.32.Ac General aspects
91.32.De Crust and lithosphere
91.32.Gh Mantle
91.32.Jk Friction of fault zones
91.35.-x Earth's interior structure and properties
91.35.Cb Models of interior structure
91.35.Dc Heat flow; geothermy (see also 91.50.Ln Heat flow (benthic)—in Marine
geology and geophysics; see also 88.10.-g Geothermal energy in
renewable energy resources and applications)
91.35.Ed Structure of the Earth's interior below the upper mantle
91.35.Gf Structure of the crust and upper mantle
91.35.Lj Composition and state of the Earth's interior (see also 91.67.gb—in
Geophysics Appendix)
... ... ... Geochronology, see 91.80.+d; and in Geophysics Appendix, see 91.80.-d)
91.35.Pn Tomography of the Earth's interior (see also 91.30.Jk Tomography in
seismology)
91.40.-k Volcanology (see also 91.30.Tb Volcano seismology)
91.40.Ac Geochemical modeling
91.40.Bp Tephrochronology; ash depositsand aerosols—in
Meteorology)
91.40.Ft Eruption mechanisms
91.40.Ge Hydrothermal systems (see also 91.67.Jk—in Geochemistry; 92.05.Lf—in
oceanography)
91.40.Hw Lava rheology and morphology
91.40.Jk Magma migration
91.40.La Physics and chemistry of magma bodies
91.40.Pc Thermodynamics in volcanology
91.40.Qa Reactions and phase equilibria (see also 91.67.De—in Geochemistry)
91.40.Rs Subduction zone processes (see also 91.30.Ga—in Seismology;
91.45.Hc—in Tectonophysics; 91.50.Wy—in Marine geology;
91.67.fc—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.40.St Mid-oceanic ridge processes (see also 91.30.Hc—in Seismology;
91.50.Rt—in Marine geology; 91.67.ff—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.40.Ta Intra-plate processes (see also 91.50.Tb—in Marine geology;
91.67.fh—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.40.Uc Volcanoclastic deposits
91.40.Vg Volcanic gases
91.40.Wx Calderas
91.40.Yt Remote sensing of volcanoes (see also 93.85.Pq)
91.40.Zz Volcano monitoring; volcanic hazards and risks
... ... ... Planetary volcanism, see 96.12.Xy
91.45.-c Tectonophysics
91.45.Bg Planetary interiors (see also 96.12.Pc—in Planetology of solid surface
planets; 96.15.Nd—in Planetology of fluid planets)
91.45.C- Continental tectonics
91.45.ca General aspects
91.45.cc Orogenic belts
91.45.cf Continental margins and continental cratons
91.45.ch Continental neotectonics
91.45.cj Extensional, tectonics (rift basins)
91.45.cn Strike-slip tectonics
91.45.D- Plate tectonics
91.45.dc Plate boundaries: general aspects
91.45.df Plate motions: general aspects
91.45.dg Plate motions: past
91.45.dk Plate motions: present and recent
91.45.Fj Convection currents and mantle plumes
91.45.G- Dynamics and mechanics of tectonics
91.45.gd Seismotectonics (see also 91.30.Dk Seismicity)
91.45.gf Lithospheric dynamics; flexure (see also 91.30.Wx Lithosphere
seismology; 91.32.De Crust and lithosphere, rheology of)
91.45.gh Gravity and tectonics
91.45.Hc Subduction and obduction zone processes (see also 91.30.Ga—in
Seismology; 91.40.Rs—in Volcanology)
91.45.Jg Hot spots, large igneous provinces, and flood basalt volcanism
91.45.Kn Core processes
91.45.Nc Evolution of the Earth
91.45.Qv Tomography of plate tectonics (see also 91.30.Jk—in Seismology)
91.45.Rg Heat generation and transport
... ... ... Folds and folding, see 91.55.Hj
... ... ... Fractures and faults, see 91.55.Jk
91.45.Wa Volcanic arcs
91.45.X- Stresses in tectonophysics
91.45.xa General aspects
91.45.xc Crust and lithosphere (see also 91.30.Wx Lithosphere seismology)
91.45.xf Deep-seated stresses
... ... ... Hydrothermal systems, see 91.40.Ge
... ... ... Planetary tectonics, see 96.12.Xy
... ... ... Pluton emplacement, see 91.55.Sn
... ... ... Rheology of the Earth, see 91.32.-m
91.50.-r Marine geology and geophysics
91.50.Ac Back-arc basin processes
91.50.Bd Continental shelf and slope processes
91.50.Cw Beach and coastal processes
91.50.Ey Seafloor morphology, geology, and geophysics (see also 92.10.Oc Benthic
boundary layers, ocean bottom processes—in oceanography)
91.50.Ga Bathymetry, seafloor topology
91.50.Hc Gas and hydrate systems (see also 92.20.Uv—in oceanography)
91.50.Iv Marine magnetics and electromagnetics
91.50.Jc Marine sediments, turbidity currents—processes and transport (see
also 91.65.Ti—in petrology; 91.67.Ty—in Geochemistry; 92.10.Wa and
92.20.Vn—in oceanography; 92.40.Gc—in hydrology; 91.80.Wx—in
Geophysics Appendix)
91.50.Kx Gravity and isostasy
91.50.Ln Heat flow (benthic)
91.50.Nc Littoral processes
91.50.Ps Marine hydrogeology
91.50.Qr Micropaleontology
91.50.Rt Mid-ocean ridge processes (see also 91.30.Hc—in Seismology;
91.40.St—in Volcanology; 91.67.ff—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.50.Sn Ocean drilling (see also 93.85.Tf Oil prospecting, pipelines, and
conduits)
91.50.Tb Oceanic hotspots and intra-plate volcanism (see also 91.40.Ta—in
Volcanology; 91.67.fh—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.50.Uv Oceanic plateaus and fracture zone processes
91.50.Vx Ophiolites
91.50.Wy Subduction zone processes
91.50.Xz Submarine landslides
91.50.Yf Submergence instruments, ROV, AUV, Submersibles, and ocean
observatories
91.55.-y Structural geology
91.55.Ax Mechanics, theory and modeling
91.55.Bc Continental neotectonics
91.55.De Diapir and diapirism
91.55.Fg Dynamics and mechanics of faulting (see also 91.32.Jk Friction of fault
zones, rheology of)
91.55.Hj Folds and folding
91.55.Jk Fractures and faults (see also 91.50.Uv Oceanic plateaus and fracture
zone processes)
91.55.Ln Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation
91.55.Mb High strain deformation zones
91.55.Nc Local crustal structure; regional crustal structure
91.55.Pq Melanges
91.55.Qr Mesoscopic fabrics
91.55.Sn Pluton emplacement
91.55.Tt Role of fluids
91.55.Uv Remote sensing in structural geology
... ... ... Rheology of the Earth, see 91.32.-m
91.60.-x Physical properties of rocks and minerals (for rheological properties
of geological materials, see 83.80.Nb)
91.60.Ba Elasticity, fracture, and flow
91.60.Dc Plasticity, diffusion, and creep
91.60.Ed Crystal structure and defects, microstructure
91.60.Fe Equations of state
91.60.Gf High-pressure behavior
91.60.Hg Phase changes
91.60.Ki Thermal properties
91.60.Lj Acoustic properties
91.60.Mk Optical properties
91.60.Np Permeability and porosity
91.60.Pn Magnetic and electrical properties (see also 91.25.F- Rock and mineral
magnetism)
... ... ... Environmental magnetism, see 91.25.fd
91.60.Qr Wave attenuation
91.60.Tn Transport properties
91.62.-g Biogeosciences (see also 91.67.Uv Organic and biogenic geochemistry;
91.80.Kc Chemical and biological geochronology; 92.20.J- Biology of the
ocean)
91.62.Bf Agricultural systems
91.62.De Anoxic and hypoxic environments (see also 92.20.Hs and 92.20.Ox—in
Chemical and biological oceanography)
91.62.Fc Astrobiology and extraterrestrial materials (see also 96.55.+z
Astrobiology and astrochemistry of the Solar system and interplanetary
space)
91.62.Gk Biodiversity
91.62.Jf Bioremediation
91.62.Kt Biogeochemical kinetics
91.62.La Carbon cycling, nitrogen cycling (see also 92.20.Xy—in Oceanography)
91.62.Mn Ecosystems, structure and dynamics, plant ecology
91.62.Np Evolutionary geobiology
91.62.Pq Geomicrobiology
91.62.Qs Nutrients and nutrient cycling
91.62.Rt Land pollution, soil pollution
91.62.Ty Natural hazards
91.62.Uv Life in extreme environments
91.62.Xy Biosphere/atmosphere interactions
91.65.-n Mineralogy and petrology
91.65.An Mineral and crystal chemistry
... ... ... Geochemical cycles, see 91.67.Nc
91.65.Cq Igneous petrology
91.65.Dt Isotopic composition (see also 91.67.Qr Radiogenic isotope
geochemistry; 91.67.Rx Stable isotope geochemistry)
91.65.Ej Extrusive structures and rocks
... ... ... Low temperature geochemistry, see 91.67.Vf
91.65.Gk Intrusive structures and rocks
... ... ... Organic geochemistry, see 91.67.Uv
91.65.Jn Layered magma chambers
91.65.Kf Metamorphic petrology
91.65.Lc Pressure-temperature-time paths
91.65.My Fluid flow
... ... ... Trace elements, see 91.67.Pq
91.65.Pj Ultra-high pressure metamorphism
91.65.Qr Ultra-high temperature metamorphism
91.65.Rg Mineral occurrences and deposits
91.65.Sn Meteorite mineralogy and petrology
91.65.Ti Sedimentary petrology (see also 91.50.Jc—in marine geology;
91.67.Ty—in Geochemistry; 92.10.Wa and 92.20.Vn—in oceanography;
92.40.Gc—in hydrology; 91.80.Wx—in Geophysics Appendix)
... ... ... Major element composition, see 91.67.Pq
91.67.-y Geochemistry (see also 92.20.Cm Chemistry of the ocean; 92.40.Bc
Chemistry of fresh water; 92.60.Ls Ion chemistry of the atmosphere;
91.62.Kt, 91.80.Kc, and 92.20.C- in Geophysics Appendix)
91.67.Bc Geochemical modeling
91.67.De Reactions and phase equilibria (see also 91.40.Qa—in Volcanology)
91.67.F- Geochemical processes
91.67.fc Subduction zone (see also 91.30.Ga—in Seismology; 91.45.Hc—in
Tectonophysics; 91.50.Wy—in Marine geology)
91.67.ff Mid-oceanic ridge (see also 91.30.Hc—in Seismology; 91.40.St—in
Volcanology; 91.50.Rt—in Marine geology)
91.67.fh Intra-plate (see also 91.40.Ta—in Volcanology; 91.50.Tb—in Marine
geology)
91.67.fk Alteration and weathering
91.67.fm Mantle
91.67.G- Chemical composition
91.67.gb Earth's core (see also 91.35.Lj)
91.67.gd Continental crust
91.67.gf Oceanic crust
91.67.gh Hydrosphere
91.67.gj Biosphere
91.67.gl Mantle
91.67.gn Meteorites
91.67.gp Aerosols and particles (see also 92.20.Bk—in oceanography;
92.30.Ef—in Paleoceanography; 92.60.Mt—in meteorology)
91.67.Jk Geochemistry of hydrothermal systems (see also 91.40.Ge—in
Volcanology; 92.05.Lf—in oceanography)
... ... ... Physics and chemistry of magma bodies, see 91.40.La
91.67.Nc Geochemical cycles (see also 92.20.Sg Biogeochemical cycles—in
oceanography; 92.60.hn—in meteorology; 92.30.Gh—in Geophysics
Appendix)
91.67.Pq Major and trace element geochemistry (see also 92.20.Wx Trace
elements—in chemical and biological oceanography)
91.67.Qr Radiogenic isotope geochemistry (see also 91.65.Dt Isotopic
composition—in Mineralogy and petrology; 92.20.Td Radioactivity and
radioisotopes—in oceanography)
91.67.Rx Stable isotope geochemistry (see also 91.65.Dt Isotopic
composition—in Mineralogy and petrology)
91.67.St Fluid and melt inclusion geochemistry
91.67.Ty Sedimentary geochemistry (see also 91.50.Jc—in marine geology;
91.65.Ti—in Mineralogy and petrology; 92.10.Wa and 92.20.Vn—in
oceanography; 92.40.Gc—in hydrology; 91.80.Wx—in Geophysics
Appendix)
91.67.Uv Organic and biogenic geochemistry
91.67.Vf Low-temperature geochemistry
91.70.-c Information related to geologic time
91.70.B- Cenozoic
91.70.bc Neogene
91.70.bg Paleogene
91.70.D- Mesozoic
91.70.db Cretaceous
91.70.de Jurassic
91.70.dg Triassic
91.70.F- Paleozoic
91.70.fb Permian
91.70.fd Carboniferous
91.70.ff Devonian
91.70.fh Silurian
91.70.fk Ordovician
91.70.fn Cambrian
91.70.H- Precambrian
91.70.hc Proterozoic
91.70.hf Archean
91.80.-d Geochronology (see also 92.30.Hj Dendrochronology—in
Paleoceanography)
91.80.Cb Quarternary geochronology
91.80.Ef Sidereal geochronology
91.80.Hj Radioisotope geochronology, isotopic disequilibrium dating
91.80.Kc Chemical and biological geochronology
91.80.Mn Geomorphological geochronology
91.80.Pq Correlative geochronology
91.80.Rx Thermochronology
91.80.St Tephrochronology (see also 91.40.Bp Tephrochronology; ash deposits—in
Volcanology)
91.80.Uv Cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating
91.80.Vw Extinct radionuclide geochronology
91.80.Wx Sedimentary geochronology (see also 91.50.Jc—in Marine geology;
91.65.Ti—in Mineralogy and petrology; 91.67.Ty—in Geochemistry;
92.10.Wa and 92.20.Vn—in oceanography; 92.40.Gc—in Hydrology)
91.90.+p Other topics in solid Earth physics (restricted to new topics in section
91)
92. Hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics
92.05.-x General aspects of oceanography
92.05.Bc Analytical modeling and laboratory experiments
92.05.Df Climate and inter-annual variability (see also 92.60.Ry Climatology,
climate change and variability—in meteorology; 92.70.Gt Climate
dynamics—in Global change)
92.05.Ek Long term variability; Heinrich events
92.05.Fg Diurnal, seasonal and annual cycles
92.05.Hj Physical and chemical properties of seawater (salinity, density,
temperature)
92.05.Jn Ocean energy extraction
92.05.Lf Hydrothermal systems (see also 91.40.Ge—in Volcanology; 91.67.Jk—in
Geochemistry)
92.10.-c Physical oceanography
92.10.A- Circulation and currents
92.10.ab General circulation
92.10.ad Deep water formation and circulation
92.10.af Thermohaline convection
92.10.ah Ocean currents; Eastern boundary currents, Western boundary currents
92.10.ak Eddies and mesoscale processes
92.10.am El Nino Southern Oscillation (see also 92.30.La—in Paleoceanography)
... ... ... Physical properties of seawater, see 92.05.Hj
... ... ... Capillary waves, see 92.10.hd—in Geophysics Appendix
92.10.Dh Deep ocean processes
92.10.Ei Coriolis effects
92.10.Fj Upper ocean and mixed layer processes
92.10.H- Ocean waves and oscillations
92.10.hb Surface waves and tides
92.10.hd Capillary waves
92.10.hf Planetary waves, Rossby waves
92.10.hh Kelvin waves
92.10.hj Internal and inertial waves
92.10.hk Seiches
92.10.hl Tsunamis (see also 91.30.Nw—in Seismology)
92.10.hp Sea level variations (see also 92.70.Jw Oceans, sea level change—in
Global change)
92.10.Iv Ocean influence of Earth's rotation
... ... ... Seiches, see 92.10.hk—in Geophysics Appendix
92.10.Kp Sea-air energy exchange processes (see also 92.60.Cc—in meteorology)
92.10.Lq Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes in oceanography
92.10.Ns Fine structure and microstructure in oceanography
92.10.Oc Benthic boundary layers, ocean bottom processes (see also 91.50.Ey Sea
floor, morphology, geology, and geophysics—in marine geology)
92.10.Rw Sea ice (mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes)
92.10.Sx Coastal, estuarine, and near shore processes (see also 91.50.Cw Beach
and coastal processes—in marine geology)
92.10.Ty Fronts and jets
92.10.Ua Overflows
92.10.Vz Underwater sound (see also 43.30.+m in acoustics; 43.30.-k in Acoustics
Appendix)
92.10.Wa Sediment transport (see also 91.50.Jc—in marine geology; 91.65.Ti—in
Mineralogy and petrology; 91.67.Ty—in Geochemistry; 92.20.Vn—in
chemical oceanography; 92.40.Gc—in Hydrology; 91.80.Wx—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.10.Xc Ocean fog
92.10.Yb Hydrography (for ocean parameter estimation by acoustical methods, see
43.30.Pc—in Acoustics Appendix)
92.10.Zf Upwelling and convergences (see also 92.30.Vn—in Geophysics Appendix)
... ... ... Marine geology and geophysics, see 91.50.-r
92.20.-h Chemical and biological oceanography
92.20.Bk Aerosols (see also 92.60.Mt—in meteorology; 91.67.gp and 92.30.Ef—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.20.C- Chemistry of the ocean
92.20.cb Chemical speciation and complexation, chemosynthesis
92.20.cd Chemical tracers
92.20.cf Marine organic chemistry
92.20.cg Marine inorganic chemistry
92.20.ch Photochemistry, photosynthesis
92.20.cj Oxidation and reduction reactions
92.20.cn Analytical chemistry
92.20.cp Natural products chemistry
... ... ... Ocean energy extraction, see 92.05.Jn
92.20.Hs Anoxic environments (see also 91.62.+g Biogeosciences; 91.62.De—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.20.Iv Benthic processes, sea-bottom processes (see also 91.50.Ey—in marine
geology; 92.10.Oc—in oceanography; 92.40.Gc—in hydrology)
92.20.J- Biology of the ocean (see also 91.62.-g Biogeosciences; 92.40.vu
Cryobiology (in Geophysics Appendix)
92.20.jb Bacteria, microbiology and microbial ecology (see also 91.62.Kt
geomicrobiology)
92.20.jd Symbiosis
92.20.jf Phytoplankton
92.20.jh Zooplankton
92.20.jj Sorptive scavenging
92.20.jm Population dynamics and ecology
92.20.jp Ecosysystems, structure, dynamics and modeling
92.20.jq Foodwebs: structure and dynamics
92.20.ju Nutrients and nutrient cycling
92.20.Ny Marine pollution
92.20.Ox Hypoxic environment (see also 91.62.De—in Geophysics Appendix)
... ... ... Bacteria, see 92.20.jb—in Geophysics Appendix
... ... ... Plankton, see 92.20.jf and 92.20.jh—in Geophysics Appendix
92.20.Sg Biogeochemical cycles (see also 91.67.Nc—in Geochemistry;
92.60.hn—in meteorology; 92.30.Gh—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.20.Td Radioactivity and radioisotopes (see also 91.65.Dt Isotopic
composition—in Mineralogy and petrology; 91.67.Qr Radiogenic isotope
geochemistry)
92.20.Uv Gases in chemical oceanography (see also 91.50.Hc Gas and hydrate
systems—in marine geology)
92.20.Vn Sedimentation (see also 91.50.Jc—in marine geology; 91.65.Ti—in
petrology; 91.67.Ty—in Geochemistry; 92.10.Wa—in oceanography;
92.40.Gc—in hydrology; 91.80.Wx—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.20.Wx Trace elements (see also 91.67.Pq Major and trace element geochemistry)
92.20.Xy Carbon cycling (see also 91.62.La—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.30.-m Paleoceanography
92.30.Bc Abrupt climate change, stadial-interstadial transitions (see also
92.60.Ry—in meteorology; 92.70.Gt and 92.70.Kb—in Global change)
92.30.De Anthropogenic effects (see also 92.40.Aa —in Hydrology)
92.30.Ef Atmospheric transport and circulation, aerosols (see also 91.67.gp—in
Geochemistry; 92.20.Bk—in oceanography; 92.30.Ef—in
Paleoceanography; 92.60.hk and 92.60.Mt—in meteorology)
92.30.Gh Biogeochemical cycles (see also 91.67.Nc—in Geochemistry;
92.20.Sg—in oceanography; 92.60.hn—in meteorology)
92.30.Hj Corals
92.30.Iv Continental climate records
92.30.Jh Dendrochronology
92.30.La El Nino Southern Oscillation (see also 92.10.am—in
oceanography)92.30.Mc Glacial and interglacial oceanography, ice
cores (see also 92.40.vv in Geophysics Appendix)
92.30.Np Greenhouse gases (see also 92.70.Mn Impacts of global change; global
warming)
92.30.Pq Insolation forcing
92.30.Qr Micropaleontology
92.30.Rx Paleoecology
92.30.St Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum
92.30.Tq Sea surface temperature
92.30.Uv Thermohaline convection
92.30.Vn Upwelling (see also 92.10.Zf—in oceanography)
92.30.Wx Palynology, pollen, spores and other palynomorphs, living or fossil
92.30.Xy Speleothems, stalagmites, stalactites
92.40.-t Hydrology and glaciology; cryosphere (see also 92.70.Ha—in Global
change)
92.40.Aa Anthropogenic effects (see also 92.30.De—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.40.Bc Chemistry of fresh water
92.40.Cy Modeling; general theory
92.40.De Drought
92.40.E- Precipitation (see also 92.60.jf—in meteorology)
92.40.ed Snow
92.40.eg Rain, hail
92.40.Gc Erosion and sedimentation; sediment transport (see also 91.50.Jc—in
marine geology; 91.65.Ti—in Mineralogy and petrology; 91.67.Ty—in
Geochemistry; 92.10.Wa and 92.20.Vn—in oceanography; 91.80.Wx—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.40.Ha Debris flow and landslides
92.40.Iv Desertification
92.40.Je Evapotranspiration (see also 92.60.jc Evaporation—in Geophysics
Appendix)
92.40.K- Ground water
92.40.kc Ground water quality
92.40.ke Ground water transport
92.40.kh Aquifers
92.40.kj Groundwater/surface water interactions
92.40.km Groundwater hydrology
92.40.kp Groundwater hydraulics
92.40.Lg Soil moisture and temperature
... ... ... Limnology, see 92.40.qj—in Geophysics Appendix
92.40.Oj Eco-hydrology; plant ecology
92.40.P- Geomorphology
92.40.pg Fluvial
92.40.pj Hillslope
92.40.Q- Surface water, water resources
92.40.qc Surface water quality
92.40.qf Water supply, reservoirs
92.40.qh Rivers
92.40.qj Lakes, limnology
92.40.qn Ponds
92.40.qp Floods, runoff, and stream flow
92.40.V- Glaciology (see also 92.30.Mc—in Paleoceanography)
92.40.vk Glaciers
92.40.vr Icebergs
92.40.vs Permafrost, frozen ground
92.40.vt Tundra
92.40.vu Cryobiology
92.40.vv Ice cores, ice sheets, ice shelves
92.40.vw Snow melt, avalanches
92.40.vx Sea ice
92.40.We Hydrologic cycles and budgets
92.40.Xx Irrigation; dams
92.40.Yy Wetlands
92.40.Zg Hydrometeorology, hydroclimatology
92.60.-e Properties and dynamics of the atmosphere; meteorology (see also
92.40.Zg Hydrometeorology, hydroclimatology)
92.60.Aa Modeling and model calibration (see also 92.70.Np Global climate
modeling)
92.60.Bh General circulation
92.60.Cc Ocean/atmosphere interactions, air/sea constituent fluxes (see also
92.10.Kp—in oceanography)
92.60.Fm Boundary layer structure and processes
92.60.Gn Winds and their effects
92.60.H- Atmospheric composition, structure, and properties
92.60.ha Exospheric composition and chemistry
92.60.hb Thermospheric composition and chemistry, energy deposition
92.60.hc Mesospheric composition, energy deposition, constituent transport and
chemistry
92.60.hd Stratospheric composition and chemistry
92.60.hf Tropospheric composition and chemistry, constituent transport and
chemistry
92.60.hg Constituent sources and sinks
92.60.hh Acoustic gravity waves, tides, and compressional waves
92.60.hk Convection, turbulence, and diffusion (see also 92.30.Ef—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.60.hn Geochemical cycles (see also 91.67.Nc—in Geochemistry; 92.20.Sg—in
oceanography; 92.30.Gh—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.60.hv Pressure, density, and temperature
92.60.hw Airglow and aurorae (see also 94.20.Ac Auroral ionosphere; 94.30.Aa
Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere)
92.60.hx Other upper atmospheric phenomena: red sprites; blue jets; atmospheric
gamma ray and intense VHF emissions
92.60.Iv Paleoclimatology (see also 92.70.Gt Climate dynamics—in Global
change)
92.60.J- Water in the atmosphere
92.60.jc Evaporation (see also 92.40.Je Evapotranspiration—in Hydrology)
92.60.jf Precipitation (see also 92.40.E- in Hydrology)
92.60.jk Humidity
92.60.Kc Land/atmosphere interactions
92.60.Ls Ion chemistry of the atmosphere
92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols (see also 92.20.Bk—in oceanography; 91.67.gp
and 92.30.Ef—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.60.N- Cloud physics and chemistry
92.60.nc Cloud optics
92.60.nf Cloud/radiation interaction
92.60.Ox Tropical meteorology
92.60.Pw Atmospheric electricity, lightning
92.60.Qx Storms
92.60.Ry Climatology, climate change and variability (see also 92.70.Gt and
92.70.Kb—in Global change; 92.30.Bc—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution (see also 07.88.+y Instruments for
environmental pollution measurements)
92.60.Ta Electromagnetic wave propagation
92.60.Uy Polar meteorology
92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation
92.60.Wc Weather analysis and prediction
92.60.Xg Stratosphere/troposphere interactions
92.60.Zc Volcanic effects
92.70.-j Global change
92.70.Aa Abrupt/rapid climate change
92.70.Bc Land/atmosphere interactions
92.70.Cp Atmosphere
92.70.Er Biogeochemical processes
92.70.Gt Climate dynamics (see also 92.60.Ry—in meteorology; 92.30.Bc—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.70.Ha Cryospheric change
92.70.Iv Geomorphology and weathering (see also 92.40.Gc Erosion and
sedimentation; sediment transport; 92.40.Pb—in hydrology; 92.40.P- in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.70.Jw Oceans, sea level change (see also 92.10.hp—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.70.Kb Regional climate change (see also 92.60.Ry—in meteorology;
92.30.Bc—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.70.Ly Water cycles
92.70.Mn Impacts of global change; global warming (see also 92.30.Np—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.70.Np Global climate modeling
92.70.Pq Earth system modeling
92.70.Qr Solar variability impact
92.70.St Land cover change
92.90.+x Other topics in hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics (restricted to
new topics in section 92)
93. Geophysical observations, instrumentation, and techniques
93.30.-w Information related to geographical regions
93.30.Bz Africa
93.30.Ca Antarctica
93.30.Db Asia
93.30.Fd Australia
93.30.Ge Europe
93.30.Hf North America
93.30.Jg South America
93.30.Kh Large islands (e.g., Greenland)
93.30.Li Arctic Ocean
93.30.Mj Atlantic Ocean
93.30.Nk Indian Ocean
93.30.Pm Pacific Ocean
93.30.Qn Southern Ocean
93.30.Rp Regional seas
93.30.Sq Polar regions
93.30.Tr Temperate regions
93.30.Vs Tropical regions
93.55.+z International organizations, national and international programs
... ... ... Data acquisition and storage, see 93.85.Bc
93.85.-q Instruments and techniques for geophysical research: Exploration
geophysics (see also 91.50.Ga Bathymetry, seafloor topology; 91.50.Yf
Submergence instruments, ROV, AUV, submersibles, and ocean
observatories—in marine geology; 92.10.Yb Hydrography—in
oceanography)
93.85.Bc Computational methods and data processing, data acquisition and storage
93.85.De Exploration of continental structures
93.85.Fg Downhole methods
93.85.Hj Gravity methods
93.85.Jk Magnetic and electrical methods
93.85.Ly Exploration of oceanic structures
93.85.Np Radioactivity methods
93.85.Pq Remote sensing in exploration geophysics (see also 91.40.Yt—in
Volcanology; 91.55.Uv—in Structural geology)
93.85.Rt Seismic methods
93.85.Tf Oil prospecting, pipelines, and conduits (see also 91.50.Sn Ocean
drilling)
93.90.+y Other topics in geophysical observations, instrumentation, and
techniques (restricted to new topics in section 93)
94. Physics of the ionosphere and magnetosphere
94.05.-a Space plasma physics (see also 96.50.-e Interplanetary physics)
94.05.Bf Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols
94.05.Dd Radiation processes
94.05.Fg Solitons and solitary waves
94.05.Hk Spacecraft/atmosphere interactions
94.05.Jq Spacecraft sheaths, wakes, and charging
94.05.Lk Turbulence
94.05.Pt Wave/wave, wave/particle interactions
94.05.Rx Experimental techniques and laboratory studies (see also 52.72.+v—in
physics of plasmas)
94.05.S- Space weather
94.05.sj Space radiation environment
94.05.sk Impacts on humans
94.05.sp Solar effects
94.05.sq Engineering for hazard mitigation
94.05.st Satellite drag
94.05.sx Forecasting
... ... ... Physics of the neutral atmosphere, see 92.60.-e
94.05.sy Impacts on technological systems
94.20.-y Physics of the ionosphere (for ionospheres of the planets, see 96.12.ji
and 96.15.hk; for radiowave propagation, see 41.20.Jb—in
electromagnetism)
94.20.Ac Auroral ionosphere (see also 92.60.hw Airglow and aurorae—in
meteorology; 94.30.Aa Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere)
94.20.Bb Wave propagation (see also 94.30.Tz—in Physics of the magnetosphere)
94.20.Cf Ionospheric modeling and forecasting
94.20.D- Ionospheric structure, composition
94.20.de D region
94.20.dg E region
94.20.dj F region
94.20.dk Polar cap ionosphere
94.20.dl Topside region
94.20.dm Mid-latitude ionosphere
94.20.dt Equatorial ionosphere
94.20.dv Ion chemistry and composition; ionization mechanisms
94.20.Fg Plasma temperature and density
... ... ... Plasmasphere, see 94.30.cv
94.20.Qq Particle precipitation (see also 94.30.Ny—in Physics of the
magnetosphere)
... ... ... Interactions between waves and particles, see 94.20.W-
94.20.Ss Electric fields; current system
94.20.Tt Ionospheric soundings; active experiments
94.20.Vv Ionospheric disturbances, irregularities, and storms
94.20.W- Ionospheric dynamics and interactions
94.20.wc Plasma motion; plasma convection; particle acceleration
94.20.wf Plasma waves and instabilities
94.20.wg Ionosphere/atmospheric interactions
94.20.wh Ionosphere/magnetosphere interactions
94.20.wj Wave/particle interactions
94.20.wl Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols
94.20.wq Solar radiation and cosmic ray effects
94.20.ws Electromagnetic wave propagation
94.20.Xa Meteor-trail physics
94.30.-d Physics of the magnetosphere
94.30.Aa Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere (see also 94.20.Ac Auroral
ionosphere)
94.30.Bg Magnetospheric modeling and forecasting
94.30.C- Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics
94.30.cb Inner magnetosphere
94.30.cf Outer magnetosphere
94.30.cg Magnetospheric cusp
94.30.ch Magnetopause
94.30.cj Magnetosheath
94.30.cl Magnetotail
94.30.cp Magnetic reconnection
94.30.cq MHD waves, plasma waves, and instabilities
94.30.cs Plasma motion; plasma convection
94.30.ct Plasma sheet
94.30.cv Plasmasphere
94.30.cx Polar cap phenomena
94.30.Hn Energetic trapped particles
94.30.Kq Electric fields, field-aligned currents and current systems, and ring
currents
94.30.Lr Magnetic storms, substorms
94.30.Ms Magnetic pulsations
94.30.Ny Energetic particle precipitation (see also 94.20.Qq—in Physics of the
ionosphere)
94.30.Tz Electromagnetic wave propagation (see also 94.20.Bb—in Physics of the
ionosphere)
94.30.V- Magnetosphere interactions
94.30.vb Magnetosphere/ionosphere interactions (see also 94.20.wj—in Physics
of the ionosphere)
94.30.vd Magnetosphere interactions with satellites and rings
94.30.vf Solar wind/magnetosphere interactions
94.30.vh Interactions with interplanetary space
94.30.Xy Radiation belts
94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and
magnetosphere
94.90.+m Other topics in space plasma physics, physics of the ionosphere and
magnetosphere (restricted to new topics in section 94)
96. Solar system; planetology
96.10.+i General; solar nebula; cosmogony
96.12.-a Planetology of solid surface planets (see also 96.15.-g Planetology of
fluid planets; 96.30.Bc Comparative planetology)
96.12.Bc Origin and evolution
96.12.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
96.12.Fe Gravitational fields
96.12.Hg Magnetic field and magnetism
96.12.J- Atmospheres
96.12.ja Aurorae and airglow
96.12.jc Composition and chemistry
96.12.je Evolution
96.12.jg Structure and dynamics
96.12.ji Ionospheres
96.12.jk Magnetospheres
96.12.jm Meteorology
96.12.K- Surfaces
96.12.ka Hydrology and fluvial processes
96.12.kc Surface materials and properties
96.12.ke Impact phenomena, cratering
96.12.kg Erosion, weathering
96.12.ki Glaciation
96.12.Ma Composition
96.12.Pc Interiors
96.12.Qr Polar regions
96.12.St Heat flow
96.12.Uv Rings and dust
96.12.Wx Interactions with particles and fields
96.12.Xy Tectonics, volcanism
96.15.-g Planetology of fluid planets (see also 96.12.-a Planetology of solid
surface planets; 96.30.Bc Comparative planetology)
96.15.Bc Origin and evolution
96.15.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
96.15.Ef Gravitational fields
96.15.Gh Magnetic field and magnetism
96.15.H- Atmospheres
96.15.hb Aurorae
96.15.he Composition and chemistry
96.15.hg Evolution
96.15.hj Structure and dynamics
96.15.hk Ionospheres
96.15.hm Magnetospheres
96.15.hp Meteorology
96.15.Kc Composition
96.15.Lb Surfaces
96.15.Nd Interiors
96.15.Pf Physical properties of materials
96.15.Qr Impact phenomena
96.15.St Tori and exospheres
96.15.Uv Rings and dust
96.15.Vx Interactions with particles and fields
96.15.Wx Tidal forces
96.15.Xy Polar regions
96.20.-n Moon
96.20.Br Origin and evolution
96.20.Dt Features, landmarks, mineralogy, and petrology
96.20.Jz Gravitational field, selenodesy, and magnetic fields
96.20.Ka Impacts, cratering
96.25.-f Planetology of comets and small bodies
96.25.Bd Origin and evolution
96.25.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
96.25.F- Atmospheres
96.25.fa Aurorae, airglow and x-ray emission
96.25.fc Composition and chemistry
96.25.ff Evolution
96.25.fh Structure and dynamics
96.25.H- Composition
96.25.hc Dust, erosion, and weathering
96.25.hf Ice
96.25.hj Surfaces and interiors
96.25.hn Physical and chemical properties of materials
96.25.J- Ionospheres
96.25.jf Composition and chemistry
96.25.jh Evolution
96.25.jk Structure and dynamics
96.25.Ln Magnetic fields and magnetism
96.25.Nc Gravitational fields
96.25.Pq Impact phenomena
96.25.Qr Interactions with solar wind plasma and fields
96.25.St Plasma and MHD instabilities
96.25.Tg Radiation and spectra
96.25.Vt Satellites
96.25.Xz Volcanism
96.30.-t Solar system objects
96.30.Bc Comparative planetology (see also 96.12.-a Planetology of solid surface
planets; 96.15.-g Planetology of fluid planets)
96.30.C- Comets (see also 96.25.-f Planetology of comets and small bodies)
96.30.cb Dust tails and trails
96.30.cd Interiors
96.30.Dz Mercury
96.30.Ea Venus
96.30.Gc Mars
96.30.Hf Martian satellites
96.30.Iz Dwarf Planets
96.30.Ja Dwarf planet satellites
96.30.Kf Jupiter
96.30.L- Jovian satellites
96.30.lb Io
96.30.ld Europa
96.30.lf Ganymede
96.30.lh Callisto
96.30.Mh Saturn
96.30.N- Saturnian satellites
96.30.nd Titan
96.30.Pj Uranus
96.30.Qk Uranian satellites
96.30.Rm Neptune
96.30.Sn Pluto
96.30.Td Neptunian satellites
96.30.Up Plutonian satellites
96.30.V- Dust, extraterrestrial materials
96.30.vx Interplanetary material
96.30.vy Interstellar material
96.30.Wr Planetary rings
96.30.Xa Kuiper belt, trans-Neptunian objects
96.30.Ys Asteroids, meteoroids
96.30.Za Meteors, meteorites and tektites (see also 91.65.Sn Meteorite
mineralogy and petrology; 94.20.Xa Meteor-trail physics; 91.67.gn—in
Geophysics Appendix)
... ... ... Planetary, asteroid, cometary, and satellite characteristics and
properties, see 96.12.-a, 96.15.-g, and 96.25.-f
... ... ... Cosmic rays, see 96.50.S-
96.50.-e Interplanetary physics (see also 94.05.-a Space plasma physics)
96.50.Bh Interplanetary magnetic fields
96.50.Ci Solar wind plasma; sources of solar wind
96.50.Dj Interplanetary dust and gas
96.50.Ek Heliopause and solar wind termination
96.50.Fm Planetary bow shocks; interplanetary shocks
... ... ... Comets, see 96.30.Cw; 96.30C- (in Geophysics Appendix)
96.50.Hp Oort cloud
... ... ... Kuiper belt, see 96.30.Xa
... ... ... Meteors, meteoroids, and meteor streams, see 96.30.Za
... ... ... Meteorites, micrometeorites, and tektites, see 96.30.Za
96.50.Pw Particle acceleration
96.50.Qx Corotating streams
96.50.Ry Discontinuities
96.50.S- Cosmic rays (see also 94.20.wq Solar radiation and cosmic ray effects)
96.50.sb Composition, energy spectra and interactions
96.50.sd Extensive air showers
96.50.sf Interactions with terrestrial matter
96.50.sh Interplanetary propagation and effects
96.50.Tf MHD waves; plasma waves, turbulence
96.50.Uv Ejecta, driver gases, and magnetic clouds
96.50.Vg Energetic particles
96.50.Wx Solar cycle variations
96.50.Xy Heliosphere/interstellar medium interactions
96.50.Ya Pickup ions
96.50.Zc Neutral particles
96.55.+z Astrobiology and astrochemistry of the Solar system and interplanetary
space (see also 91.62.Fc—in Geophysics Appendix)
96.60.-j Solar physics
96.60.Bn Diameter, rotation, and mass
96.60.Fs Composition
96.60.Hv Electric and magnetic fields, solar magnetism
96.60.Iv Magnetic reconnection
96.60.Jw Solar interior
96.60.Ly Helioseismology, pulsations, and shock waves
96.60.Mz Photosphere
96.60.Na Chromosphere
96.60.P- Corona
96.60.pc Coronal holes
96.60.pf Coronal loops, streamers
96.60.ph Coronal mass ejection
96.60.Q- Solar activity (see also 92.70.Qr—in Global change)
96.60.qd Sun spots, solar cycles
96.60.qe Flares
96.60.qf Prominence eruptions
96.60.T- Solar electromagnetic emission
96.60.tg Radio emission
96.60.th Visible emission
96.60.tj Ultraviolet emission
96.60.tk X-ray and gamma-ray emission
96.60.Ub Solar irradiance
96.60.Vg Particle emission, solar wind (see also 94.30.vf—in Geophysics
Appendix; 26.65.+t Solar neutrinos in nuclear astrophysics)
96.60.Xy Transition region
96.90.+c Other topics on the Solar system and planetology (restricted to new
topics in section 96)
NANOSCALE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SUPPLEMENT
Collection of Applicable Terms from PACS 2008
In the list below, black type indicates terms chosen for the Nanoscale Science and
Technology Supplement. Terms in gray type show the placement of the chosen terms
within the overall scheme.
00. GENERAL
03. Quantum mechanics, field theories, and special relativity
03.67.-a Quantum information
03.67.Ac Quantum algorithms, protocols, and simulations
03.67.Bg Entanglement production and manipulation
03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography and communication security
03.67.Hk Quantum communication
03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations
03.67.Mn Entanglement measures, witnesses, and other characterizations
03.67.Pp Quantum error correction and other methods for protection against
decoherence
07. Instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics
and astronomy
07.10.-h Mechanical instruments and equipment
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
07.79.-v Scanning probe microscopes and components
07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
07.79.Pk Magnetic force microscopes
07.79.Sp Friction force microscopes
30. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
37. Mechanical control of atoms, molecules, and ions
37.25.+k Atom interferometry techniques
40. ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND
FLUID DYNAMICS
42. Optics
91.40.Dr Atmospheric effects (see also 92.60.Mt Particlesand aerosols—in
Meteorology)
91.40.Ft Eruption mechanisms
91.40.Ge Hydrothermal systems (see also 91.67.Jk—in Geochemistry; 92.05.Lf—in
oceanography)
91.40.Hw Lava rheology and morphology
91.40.Jk Magma migration
91.40.La Physics and chemistry of magma bodies
91.40.Pc Thermodynamics in volcanology
91.40.Qa Reactions and phase equilibria (see also 91.67.De—in Geochemistry)
91.40.Rs Subduction zone processes (see also 91.30.Ga—in Seismology;
91.45.Hc—in Tectonophysics; 91.50.Wy—in Marine geology;
91.67.fc—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.40.St Mid-oceanic ridge processes (see also 91.30.Hc—in Seismology;
91.50.Rt—in Marine geology; 91.67.ff—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.40.Ta Intra-plate processes (see also 91.50.Tb—in Marine geology;
91.67.fh—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.40.Uc Volcanoclastic deposits
91.40.Vg Volcanic gases
91.40.Wx Calderas
91.40.Yt Remote sensing of volcanoes (see also 93.85.Pq)
91.40.Zz Volcano monitoring; volcanic hazards and risks
... ... ... Planetary volcanism, see 96.12.Xy
91.45.-c Tectonophysics
91.45.Bg Planetary interiors (see also 96.12.Pc—in Planetology of solid surface
planets; 96.15.Nd—in Planetology of fluid planets)
91.45.C- Continental tectonics
91.45.ca General aspects
91.45.cc Orogenic belts
91.45.cf Continental margins and continental cratons
91.45.ch Continental neotectonics
91.45.cj Extensional, tectonics (rift basins)
91.45.cn Strike-slip tectonics
91.45.D- Plate tectonics
91.45.dc Plate boundaries: general aspects
91.45.df Plate motions: general aspects
91.45.dg Plate motions: past
91.45.dk Plate motions: present and recent
91.45.Fj Convection currents and mantle plumes
91.45.G- Dynamics and mechanics of tectonics
91.45.gd Seismotectonics (see also 91.30.Dk Seismicity)
91.45.gf Lithospheric dynamics; flexure (see also 91.30.Wx Lithosphere
seismology; 91.32.De Crust and lithosphere, rheology of)
91.45.gh Gravity and tectonics
91.45.Hc Subduction and obduction zone processes (see also 91.30.Ga—in
Seismology; 91.40.Rs—in Volcanology)
91.45.Jg Hot spots, large igneous provinces, and flood basalt volcanism
91.45.Kn Core processes
91.45.Nc Evolution of the Earth
91.45.Qv Tomography of plate tectonics (see also 91.30.Jk—in Seismology)
91.45.Rg Heat generation and transport
... ... ... Folds and folding, see 91.55.Hj
... ... ... Fractures and faults, see 91.55.Jk
91.45.Wa Volcanic arcs
91.45.X- Stresses in tectonophysics
91.45.xa General aspects
91.45.xc Crust and lithosphere (see also 91.30.Wx Lithosphere seismology)
91.45.xf Deep-seated stresses
... ... ... Hydrothermal systems, see 91.40.Ge
... ... ... Planetary tectonics, see 96.12.Xy
... ... ... Pluton emplacement, see 91.55.Sn
... ... ... Rheology of the Earth, see 91.32.-m
91.50.-r Marine geology and geophysics
91.50.Ac Back-arc basin processes
91.50.Bd Continental shelf and slope processes
91.50.Cw Beach and coastal processes
91.50.Ey Seafloor morphology, geology, and geophysics (see also 92.10.Oc Benthic
boundary layers, ocean bottom processes—in oceanography)
91.50.Ga Bathymetry, seafloor topology
91.50.Hc Gas and hydrate systems (see also 92.20.Uv—in oceanography)
91.50.Iv Marine magnetics and electromagnetics
91.50.Jc Marine sediments, turbidity currents—processes and transport (see
also 91.65.Ti—in petrology; 91.67.Ty—in Geochemistry; 92.10.Wa and
92.20.Vn—in oceanography; 92.40.Gc—in hydrology; 91.80.Wx—in
Geophysics Appendix)
91.50.Kx Gravity and isostasy
91.50.Ln Heat flow (benthic)
91.50.Nc Littoral processes
91.50.Ps Marine hydrogeology
91.50.Qr Micropaleontology
91.50.Rt Mid-ocean ridge processes (see also 91.30.Hc—in Seismology;
91.40.St—in Volcanology; 91.67.ff—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.50.Sn Ocean drilling (see also 93.85.Tf Oil prospecting, pipelines, and
conduits)
91.50.Tb Oceanic hotspots and intra-plate volcanism (see also 91.40.Ta—in
Volcanology; 91.67.fh—in Geophysics Appendix)
91.50.Uv Oceanic plateaus and fracture zone processes
91.50.Vx Ophiolites
91.50.Wy Subduction zone processes
91.50.Xz Submarine landslides
91.50.Yf Submergence instruments, ROV, AUV, Submersibles, and ocean
observatories
91.55.-y Structural geology
91.55.Ax Mechanics, theory and modeling
91.55.Bc Continental neotectonics
91.55.De Diapir and diapirism
91.55.Fg Dynamics and mechanics of faulting (see also 91.32.Jk Friction of fault
zones, rheology of)
91.55.Hj Folds and folding
91.55.Jk Fractures and faults (see also 91.50.Uv Oceanic plateaus and fracture
zone processes)
91.55.Ln Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation
91.55.Mb High strain deformation zones
91.55.Nc Local crustal structure; regional crustal structure
91.55.Pq Melanges
91.55.Qr Mesoscopic fabrics
91.55.Sn Pluton emplacement
91.55.Tt Role of fluids
91.55.Uv Remote sensing in structural geology
... ... ... Rheology of the Earth, see 91.32.-m
91.60.-x Physical properties of rocks and minerals (for rheological properties
of geological materials, see 83.80.Nb)
91.60.Ba Elasticity, fracture, and flow
91.60.Dc Plasticity, diffusion, and creep
91.60.Ed Crystal structure and defects, microstructure
91.60.Fe Equations of state
91.60.Gf High-pressure behavior
91.60.Hg Phase changes
91.60.Ki Thermal properties
91.60.Lj Acoustic properties
91.60.Mk Optical properties
91.60.Np Permeability and porosity
91.60.Pn Magnetic and electrical properties (see also 91.25.F- Rock and mineral
magnetism)
... ... ... Environmental magnetism, see 91.25.fd
91.60.Qr Wave attenuation
91.60.Tn Transport properties
91.62.-g Biogeosciences (see also 91.67.Uv Organic and biogenic geochemistry;
91.80.Kc Chemical and biological geochronology; 92.20.J- Biology of the
ocean)
91.62.Bf Agricultural systems
91.62.De Anoxic and hypoxic environments (see also 92.20.Hs and 92.20.Ox—in
Chemical and biological oceanography)
91.62.Fc Astrobiology and extraterrestrial materials (see also 96.55.+z
Astrobiology and astrochemistry of the Solar system and interplanetary
space)
91.62.Gk Biodiversity
91.62.Jf Bioremediation
91.62.Kt Biogeochemical kinetics
91.62.La Carbon cycling, nitrogen cycling (see also 92.20.Xy—in Oceanography)
91.62.Mn Ecosystems, structure and dynamics, plant ecology
91.62.Np Evolutionary geobiology
91.62.Pq Geomicrobiology
91.62.Qs Nutrients and nutrient cycling
91.62.Rt Land pollution, soil pollution
91.62.Ty Natural hazards
91.62.Uv Life in extreme environments
91.62.Xy Biosphere/atmosphere interactions
91.65.-n Mineralogy and petrology
91.65.An Mineral and crystal chemistry
... ... ... Geochemical cycles, see 91.67.Nc
91.65.Cq Igneous petrology
91.65.Dt Isotopic composition (see also 91.67.Qr Radiogenic isotope
geochemistry; 91.67.Rx Stable isotope geochemistry)
91.65.Ej Extrusive structures and rocks
... ... ... Low temperature geochemistry, see 91.67.Vf
91.65.Gk Intrusive structures and rocks
... ... ... Organic geochemistry, see 91.67.Uv
91.65.Jn Layered magma chambers
91.65.Kf Metamorphic petrology
91.65.Lc Pressure-temperature-time paths
91.65.My Fluid flow
... ... ... Trace elements, see 91.67.Pq
91.65.Pj Ultra-high pressure metamorphism
91.65.Qr Ultra-high temperature metamorphism
91.65.Rg Mineral occurrences and deposits
91.65.Sn Meteorite mineralogy and petrology
91.65.Ti Sedimentary petrology (see also 91.50.Jc—in marine geology;
91.67.Ty—in Geochemistry; 92.10.Wa and 92.20.Vn—in oceanography;
92.40.Gc—in hydrology; 91.80.Wx—in Geophysics Appendix)
... ... ... Major element composition, see 91.67.Pq
91.67.-y Geochemistry (see also 92.20.Cm Chemistry of the ocean; 92.40.Bc
Chemistry of fresh water; 92.60.Ls Ion chemistry of the atmosphere;
91.62.Kt, 91.80.Kc, and 92.20.C- in Geophysics Appendix)
91.67.Bc Geochemical modeling
91.67.De Reactions and phase equilibria (see also 91.40.Qa—in Volcanology)
91.67.F- Geochemical processes
91.67.fc Subduction zone (see also 91.30.Ga—in Seismology; 91.45.Hc—in
Tectonophysics; 91.50.Wy—in Marine geology)
91.67.ff Mid-oceanic ridge (see also 91.30.Hc—in Seismology; 91.40.St—in
Volcanology; 91.50.Rt—in Marine geology)
91.67.fh Intra-plate (see also 91.40.Ta—in Volcanology; 91.50.Tb—in Marine
geology)
91.67.fk Alteration and weathering
91.67.fm Mantle
91.67.G- Chemical composition
91.67.gb Earth's core (see also 91.35.Lj)
91.67.gd Continental crust
91.67.gf Oceanic crust
91.67.gh Hydrosphere
91.67.gj Biosphere
91.67.gl Mantle
91.67.gn Meteorites
91.67.gp Aerosols and particles (see also 92.20.Bk—in oceanography;
92.30.Ef—in Paleoceanography; 92.60.Mt—in meteorology)
91.67.Jk Geochemistry of hydrothermal systems (see also 91.40.Ge—in
Volcanology; 92.05.Lf—in oceanography)
... ... ... Physics and chemistry of magma bodies, see 91.40.La
91.67.Nc Geochemical cycles (see also 92.20.Sg Biogeochemical cycles—in
oceanography; 92.60.hn—in meteorology; 92.30.Gh—in Geophysics
Appendix)
91.67.Pq Major and trace element geochemistry (see also 92.20.Wx Trace
elements—in chemical and biological oceanography)
91.67.Qr Radiogenic isotope geochemistry (see also 91.65.Dt Isotopic
composition—in Mineralogy and petrology; 92.20.Td Radioactivity and
radioisotopes—in oceanography)
91.67.Rx Stable isotope geochemistry (see also 91.65.Dt Isotopic
composition—in Mineralogy and petrology)
91.67.St Fluid and melt inclusion geochemistry
91.67.Ty Sedimentary geochemistry (see also 91.50.Jc—in marine geology;
91.65.Ti—in Mineralogy and petrology; 92.10.Wa and 92.20.Vn—in
oceanography; 92.40.Gc—in hydrology; 91.80.Wx—in Geophysics
Appendix)
91.67.Uv Organic and biogenic geochemistry
91.67.Vf Low-temperature geochemistry
91.70.-c Information related to geologic time
91.70.B- Cenozoic
91.70.bc Neogene
91.70.bg Paleogene
91.70.D- Mesozoic
91.70.db Cretaceous
91.70.de Jurassic
91.70.dg Triassic
91.70.F- Paleozoic
91.70.fb Permian
91.70.fd Carboniferous
91.70.ff Devonian
91.70.fh Silurian
91.70.fk Ordovician
91.70.fn Cambrian
91.70.H- Precambrian
91.70.hc Proterozoic
91.70.hf Archean
91.80.-d Geochronology (see also 92.30.Hj Dendrochronology—in
Paleoceanography)
91.80.Cb Quarternary geochronology
91.80.Ef Sidereal geochronology
91.80.Hj Radioisotope geochronology, isotopic disequilibrium dating
91.80.Kc Chemical and biological geochronology
91.80.Mn Geomorphological geochronology
91.80.Pq Correlative geochronology
91.80.Rx Thermochronology
91.80.St Tephrochronology (see also 91.40.Bp Tephrochronology; ash deposits—in
Volcanology)
91.80.Uv Cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating
91.80.Vw Extinct radionuclide geochronology
91.80.Wx Sedimentary geochronology (see also 91.50.Jc—in Marine geology;
91.65.Ti—in Mineralogy and petrology; 91.67.Ty—in Geochemistry;
92.10.Wa and 92.20.Vn—in oceanography; 92.40.Gc—in Hydrology)
91.90.+p Other topics in solid Earth physics (restricted to new topics in section
91)
92. Hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics
92.05.-x General aspects of oceanography
92.05.Bc Analytical modeling and laboratory experiments
92.05.Df Climate and inter-annual variability (see also 92.60.Ry Climatology,
climate change and variability—in meteorology; 92.70.Gt Climate
dynamics—in Global change)
92.05.Ek Long term variability; Heinrich events
92.05.Fg Diurnal, seasonal and annual cycles
92.05.Hj Physical and chemical properties of seawater (salinity, density,
temperature)
92.05.Jn Ocean energy extraction
92.05.Lf Hydrothermal systems (see also 91.40.Ge—in Volcanology; 91.67.Jk—in
Geochemistry)
92.10.-c Physical oceanography
92.10.A- Circulation and currents
92.10.ab General circulation
92.10.ad Deep water formation and circulation
92.10.af Thermohaline convection
92.10.ah Ocean currents; Eastern boundary currents, Western boundary currents
92.10.ak Eddies and mesoscale processes
92.10.am El Nino Southern Oscillation (see also 92.30.La—in Paleoceanography)
... ... ... Physical properties of seawater, see 92.05.Hj
... ... ... Capillary waves, see 92.10.hd—in Geophysics Appendix
92.10.Dh Deep ocean processes
92.10.Ei Coriolis effects
92.10.Fj Upper ocean and mixed layer processes
92.10.H- Ocean waves and oscillations
92.10.hb Surface waves and tides
92.10.hd Capillary waves
92.10.hf Planetary waves, Rossby waves
92.10.hh Kelvin waves
92.10.hj Internal and inertial waves
92.10.hk Seiches
92.10.hl Tsunamis (see also 91.30.Nw—in Seismology)
92.10.hp Sea level variations (see also 92.70.Jw Oceans, sea level change—in
Global change)
92.10.Iv Ocean influence of Earth's rotation
... ... ... Seiches, see 92.10.hk—in Geophysics Appendix
92.10.Kp Sea-air energy exchange processes (see also 92.60.Cc—in meteorology)
92.10.Lq Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes in oceanography
92.10.Ns Fine structure and microstructure in oceanography
92.10.Oc Benthic boundary layers, ocean bottom processes (see also 91.50.Ey Sea
floor, morphology, geology, and geophysics—in marine geology)
92.10.Rw Sea ice (mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes)
92.10.Sx Coastal, estuarine, and near shore processes (see also 91.50.Cw Beach
and coastal processes—in marine geology)
92.10.Ty Fronts and jets
92.10.Ua Overflows
92.10.Vz Underwater sound (see also 43.30.+m in acoustics; 43.30.-k in Acoustics
Appendix)
92.10.Wa Sediment transport (see also 91.50.Jc—in marine geology; 91.65.Ti—in
Mineralogy and petrology; 91.67.Ty—in Geochemistry; 92.20.Vn—in
chemical oceanography; 92.40.Gc—in Hydrology; 91.80.Wx—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.10.Xc Ocean fog
92.10.Yb Hydrography (for ocean parameter estimation by acoustical methods, see
43.30.Pc—in Acoustics Appendix)
92.10.Zf Upwelling and convergences (see also 92.30.Vn—in Geophysics Appendix)
... ... ... Marine geology and geophysics, see 91.50.-r
92.20.-h Chemical and biological oceanography
92.20.Bk Aerosols (see also 92.60.Mt—in meteorology; 91.67.gp and 92.30.Ef—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.20.C- Chemistry of the ocean
92.20.cb Chemical speciation and complexation, chemosynthesis
92.20.cd Chemical tracers
92.20.cf Marine organic chemistry
92.20.cg Marine inorganic chemistry
92.20.ch Photochemistry, photosynthesis
92.20.cj Oxidation and reduction reactions
92.20.cn Analytical chemistry
92.20.cp Natural products chemistry
... ... ... Ocean energy extraction, see 92.05.Jn
92.20.Hs Anoxic environments (see also 91.62.+g Biogeosciences; 91.62.De—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.20.Iv Benthic processes, sea-bottom processes (see also 91.50.Ey—in marine
geology; 92.10.Oc—in oceanography; 92.40.Gc—in hydrology)
92.20.J- Biology of the ocean (see also 91.62.-g Biogeosciences; 92.40.vu
Cryobiology (in Geophysics Appendix)
92.20.jb Bacteria, microbiology and microbial ecology (see also 91.62.Kt
geomicrobiology)
92.20.jd Symbiosis
92.20.jf Phytoplankton
92.20.jh Zooplankton
92.20.jj Sorptive scavenging
92.20.jm Population dynamics and ecology
92.20.jp Ecosysystems, structure, dynamics and modeling
92.20.jq Foodwebs: structure and dynamics
92.20.ju Nutrients and nutrient cycling
92.20.Ny Marine pollution
92.20.Ox Hypoxic environment (see also 91.62.De—in Geophysics Appendix)
... ... ... Bacteria, see 92.20.jb—in Geophysics Appendix
... ... ... Plankton, see 92.20.jf and 92.20.jh—in Geophysics Appendix
92.20.Sg Biogeochemical cycles (see also 91.67.Nc—in Geochemistry;
92.60.hn—in meteorology; 92.30.Gh—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.20.Td Radioactivity and radioisotopes (see also 91.65.Dt Isotopic
composition—in Mineralogy and petrology; 91.67.Qr Radiogenic isotope
geochemistry)
92.20.Uv Gases in chemical oceanography (see also 91.50.Hc Gas and hydrate
systems—in marine geology)
92.20.Vn Sedimentation (see also 91.50.Jc—in marine geology; 91.65.Ti—in
petrology; 91.67.Ty—in Geochemistry; 92.10.Wa—in oceanography;
92.40.Gc—in hydrology; 91.80.Wx—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.20.Wx Trace elements (see also 91.67.Pq Major and trace element geochemistry)
92.20.Xy Carbon cycling (see also 91.62.La—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.30.-m Paleoceanography
92.30.Bc Abrupt climate change, stadial-interstadial transitions (see also
92.60.Ry—in meteorology; 92.70.Gt and 92.70.Kb—in Global change)
92.30.De Anthropogenic effects (see also 92.40.Aa —in Hydrology)
92.30.Ef Atmospheric transport and circulation, aerosols (see also 91.67.gp—in
Geochemistry; 92.20.Bk—in oceanography; 92.30.Ef—in
Paleoceanography; 92.60.hk and 92.60.Mt—in meteorology)
92.30.Gh Biogeochemical cycles (see also 91.67.Nc—in Geochemistry;
92.20.Sg—in oceanography; 92.60.hn—in meteorology)
92.30.Hj Corals
92.30.Iv Continental climate records
92.30.Jh Dendrochronology
92.30.La El Nino Southern Oscillation (see also 92.10.am—in
oceanography)92.30.Mc Glacial and interglacial oceanography, ice
cores (see also 92.40.vv in Geophysics Appendix)
92.30.Np Greenhouse gases (see also 92.70.Mn Impacts of global change; global
warming)
92.30.Pq Insolation forcing
92.30.Qr Micropaleontology
92.30.Rx Paleoecology
92.30.St Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum
92.30.Tq Sea surface temperature
92.30.Uv Thermohaline convection
92.30.Vn Upwelling (see also 92.10.Zf—in oceanography)
92.30.Wx Palynology, pollen, spores and other palynomorphs, living or fossil
92.30.Xy Speleothems, stalagmites, stalactites
92.40.-t Hydrology and glaciology; cryosphere (see also 92.70.Ha—in Global
change)
92.40.Aa Anthropogenic effects (see also 92.30.De—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.40.Bc Chemistry of fresh water
92.40.Cy Modeling; general theory
92.40.De Drought
92.40.E- Precipitation (see also 92.60.jf—in meteorology)
92.40.ed Snow
92.40.eg Rain, hail
92.40.Gc Erosion and sedimentation; sediment transport (see also 91.50.Jc—in
marine geology; 91.65.Ti—in Mineralogy and petrology; 91.67.Ty—in
Geochemistry; 92.10.Wa and 92.20.Vn—in oceanography; 91.80.Wx—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.40.Ha Debris flow and landslides
92.40.Iv Desertification
92.40.Je Evapotranspiration (see also 92.60.jc Evaporation—in Geophysics
Appendix)
92.40.K- Ground water
92.40.kc Ground water quality
92.40.ke Ground water transport
92.40.kh Aquifers
92.40.kj Groundwater/surface water interactions
92.40.km Groundwater hydrology
92.40.kp Groundwater hydraulics
92.40.Lg Soil moisture and temperature
... ... ... Limnology, see 92.40.qj—in Geophysics Appendix
92.40.Oj Eco-hydrology; plant ecology
92.40.P- Geomorphology
92.40.pg Fluvial
92.40.pj Hillslope
92.40.Q- Surface water, water resources
92.40.qc Surface water quality
92.40.qf Water supply, reservoirs
92.40.qh Rivers
92.40.qj Lakes, limnology
92.40.qn Ponds
92.40.qp Floods, runoff, and stream flow
92.40.V- Glaciology (see also 92.30.Mc—in Paleoceanography)
92.40.vk Glaciers
92.40.vr Icebergs
92.40.vs Permafrost, frozen ground
92.40.vt Tundra
92.40.vu Cryobiology
92.40.vv Ice cores, ice sheets, ice shelves
92.40.vw Snow melt, avalanches
92.40.vx Sea ice
92.40.We Hydrologic cycles and budgets
92.40.Xx Irrigation; dams
92.40.Yy Wetlands
92.40.Zg Hydrometeorology, hydroclimatology
92.60.-e Properties and dynamics of the atmosphere; meteorology (see also
92.40.Zg Hydrometeorology, hydroclimatology)
92.60.Aa Modeling and model calibration (see also 92.70.Np Global climate
modeling)
92.60.Bh General circulation
92.60.Cc Ocean/atmosphere interactions, air/sea constituent fluxes (see also
92.10.Kp—in oceanography)
92.60.Fm Boundary layer structure and processes
92.60.Gn Winds and their effects
92.60.H- Atmospheric composition, structure, and properties
92.60.ha Exospheric composition and chemistry
92.60.hb Thermospheric composition and chemistry, energy deposition
92.60.hc Mesospheric composition, energy deposition, constituent transport and
chemistry
92.60.hd Stratospheric composition and chemistry
92.60.hf Tropospheric composition and chemistry, constituent transport and
chemistry
92.60.hg Constituent sources and sinks
92.60.hh Acoustic gravity waves, tides, and compressional waves
92.60.hk Convection, turbulence, and diffusion (see also 92.30.Ef—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.60.hn Geochemical cycles (see also 91.67.Nc—in Geochemistry; 92.20.Sg—in
oceanography; 92.30.Gh—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.60.hv Pressure, density, and temperature
92.60.hw Airglow and aurorae (see also 94.20.Ac Auroral ionosphere; 94.30.Aa
Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere)
92.60.hx Other upper atmospheric phenomena: red sprites; blue jets; atmospheric
gamma ray and intense VHF emissions
92.60.Iv Paleoclimatology (see also 92.70.Gt Climate dynamics—in Global
change)
92.60.J- Water in the atmosphere
92.60.jc Evaporation (see also 92.40.Je Evapotranspiration—in Hydrology)
92.60.jf Precipitation (see also 92.40.E- in Hydrology)
92.60.jk Humidity
92.60.Kc Land/atmosphere interactions
92.60.Ls Ion chemistry of the atmosphere
92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols (see also 92.20.Bk—in oceanography; 91.67.gp
and 92.30.Ef—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.60.N- Cloud physics and chemistry
92.60.nc Cloud optics
92.60.nf Cloud/radiation interaction
92.60.Ox Tropical meteorology
92.60.Pw Atmospheric electricity, lightning
92.60.Qx Storms
92.60.Ry Climatology, climate change and variability (see also 92.70.Gt and
92.70.Kb—in Global change; 92.30.Bc—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution (see also 07.88.+y Instruments for
environmental pollution measurements)
92.60.Ta Electromagnetic wave propagation
92.60.Uy Polar meteorology
92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation
92.60.Wc Weather analysis and prediction
92.60.Xg Stratosphere/troposphere interactions
92.60.Zc Volcanic effects
92.70.-j Global change
92.70.Aa Abrupt/rapid climate change
92.70.Bc Land/atmosphere interactions
92.70.Cp Atmosphere
92.70.Er Biogeochemical processes
92.70.Gt Climate dynamics (see also 92.60.Ry—in meteorology; 92.30.Bc—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.70.Ha Cryospheric change
92.70.Iv Geomorphology and weathering (see also 92.40.Gc Erosion and
sedimentation; sediment transport; 92.40.Pb—in hydrology; 92.40.P- in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.70.Jw Oceans, sea level change (see also 92.10.hp—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.70.Kb Regional climate change (see also 92.60.Ry—in meteorology;
92.30.Bc—in Geophysics Appendix)
92.70.Ly Water cycles
92.70.Mn Impacts of global change; global warming (see also 92.30.Np—in
Geophysics Appendix)
92.70.Np Global climate modeling
92.70.Pq Earth system modeling
92.70.Qr Solar variability impact
92.70.St Land cover change
92.90.+x Other topics in hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics (restricted to
new topics in section 92)
93. Geophysical observations, instrumentation, and techniques
93.30.-w Information related to geographical regions
93.30.Bz Africa
93.30.Ca Antarctica
93.30.Db Asia
93.30.Fd Australia
93.30.Ge Europe
93.30.Hf North America
93.30.Jg South America
93.30.Kh Large islands (e.g., Greenland)
93.30.Li Arctic Ocean
93.30.Mj Atlantic Ocean
93.30.Nk Indian Ocean
93.30.Pm Pacific Ocean
93.30.Qn Southern Ocean
93.30.Rp Regional seas
93.30.Sq Polar regions
93.30.Tr Temperate regions
93.30.Vs Tropical regions
93.55.+z International organizations, national and international programs
... ... ... Data acquisition and storage, see 93.85.Bc
93.85.-q Instruments and techniques for geophysical research: Exploration
geophysics (see also 91.50.Ga Bathymetry, seafloor topology; 91.50.Yf
Submergence instruments, ROV, AUV, submersibles, and ocean
observatories—in marine geology; 92.10.Yb Hydrography—in
oceanography)
93.85.Bc Computational methods and data processing, data acquisition and storage
93.85.De Exploration of continental structures
93.85.Fg Downhole methods
93.85.Hj Gravity methods
93.85.Jk Magnetic and electrical methods
93.85.Ly Exploration of oceanic structures
93.85.Np Radioactivity methods
93.85.Pq Remote sensing in exploration geophysics (see also 91.40.Yt—in
Volcanology; 91.55.Uv—in Structural geology)
93.85.Rt Seismic methods
93.85.Tf Oil prospecting, pipelines, and conduits (see also 91.50.Sn Ocean
drilling)
93.90.+y Other topics in geophysical observations, instrumentation, and
techniques (restricted to new topics in section 93)
94. Physics of the ionosphere and magnetosphere
94.05.-a Space plasma physics (see also 96.50.-e Interplanetary physics)
94.05.Bf Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols
94.05.Dd Radiation processes
94.05.Fg Solitons and solitary waves
94.05.Hk Spacecraft/atmosphere interactions
94.05.Jq Spacecraft sheaths, wakes, and charging
94.05.Lk Turbulence
94.05.Pt Wave/wave, wave/particle interactions
94.05.Rx Experimental techniques and laboratory studies (see also 52.72.+v—in
physics of plasmas)
94.05.S- Space weather
94.05.sj Space radiation environment
94.05.sk Impacts on humans
94.05.sp Solar effects
94.05.sq Engineering for hazard mitigation
94.05.st Satellite drag
94.05.sx Forecasting
... ... ... Physics of the neutral atmosphere, see 92.60.-e
94.05.sy Impacts on technological systems
94.20.-y Physics of the ionosphere (for ionospheres of the planets, see 96.12.ji
and 96.15.hk; for radiowave propagation, see 41.20.Jb—in
electromagnetism)
94.20.Ac Auroral ionosphere (see also 92.60.hw Airglow and aurorae—in
meteorology; 94.30.Aa Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere)
94.20.Bb Wave propagation (see also 94.30.Tz—in Physics of the magnetosphere)
94.20.Cf Ionospheric modeling and forecasting
94.20.D- Ionospheric structure, composition
94.20.de D region
94.20.dg E region
94.20.dj F region
94.20.dk Polar cap ionosphere
94.20.dl Topside region
94.20.dm Mid-latitude ionosphere
94.20.dt Equatorial ionosphere
94.20.dv Ion chemistry and composition; ionization mechanisms
94.20.Fg Plasma temperature and density
... ... ... Plasmasphere, see 94.30.cv
94.20.Qq Particle precipitation (see also 94.30.Ny—in Physics of the
magnetosphere)
... ... ... Interactions between waves and particles, see 94.20.W-
94.20.Ss Electric fields; current system
94.20.Tt Ionospheric soundings; active experiments
94.20.Vv Ionospheric disturbances, irregularities, and storms
94.20.W- Ionospheric dynamics and interactions
94.20.wc Plasma motion; plasma convection; particle acceleration
94.20.wf Plasma waves and instabilities
94.20.wg Ionosphere/atmospheric interactions
94.20.wh Ionosphere/magnetosphere interactions
94.20.wj Wave/particle interactions
94.20.wl Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols
94.20.wq Solar radiation and cosmic ray effects
94.20.ws Electromagnetic wave propagation
94.20.Xa Meteor-trail physics
94.30.-d Physics of the magnetosphere
94.30.Aa Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere (see also 94.20.Ac Auroral
ionosphere)
94.30.Bg Magnetospheric modeling and forecasting
94.30.C- Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics
94.30.cb Inner magnetosphere
94.30.cf Outer magnetosphere
94.30.cg Magnetospheric cusp
94.30.ch Magnetopause
94.30.cj Magnetosheath
94.30.cl Magnetotail
94.30.cp Magnetic reconnection
94.30.cq MHD waves, plasma waves, and instabilities
94.30.cs Plasma motion; plasma convection
94.30.ct Plasma sheet
94.30.cv Plasmasphere
94.30.cx Polar cap phenomena
94.30.Hn Energetic trapped particles
94.30.Kq Electric fields, field-aligned currents and current systems, and ring
currents
94.30.Lr Magnetic storms, substorms
94.30.Ms Magnetic pulsations
94.30.Ny Energetic particle precipitation (see also 94.20.Qq—in Physics of the
ionosphere)
94.30.Tz Electromagnetic wave propagation (see also 94.20.Bb—in Physics of the
ionosphere)
94.30.V- Magnetosphere interactions
94.30.vb Magnetosphere/ionosphere interactions (see also 94.20.wj—in Physics
of the ionosphere)
94.30.vd Magnetosphere interactions with satellites and rings
94.30.vf Solar wind/magnetosphere interactions
94.30.vh Interactions with interplanetary space
94.30.Xy Radiation belts
94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and
magnetosphere
94.90.+m Other topics in space plasma physics, physics of the ionosphere and
magnetosphere (restricted to new topics in section 94)
96. Solar system; planetology
96.10.+i General; solar nebula; cosmogony
96.12.-a Planetology of solid surface planets (see also 96.15.-g Planetology of
fluid planets; 96.30.Bc Comparative planetology)
96.12.Bc Origin and evolution
96.12.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
96.12.Fe Gravitational fields
96.12.Hg Magnetic field and magnetism
96.12.J- Atmospheres
96.12.ja Aurorae and airglow
96.12.jc Composition and chemistry
96.12.je Evolution
96.12.jg Structure and dynamics
96.12.ji Ionospheres
96.12.jk Magnetospheres
96.12.jm Meteorology
96.12.K- Surfaces
96.12.ka Hydrology and fluvial processes
96.12.kc Surface materials and properties
96.12.ke Impact phenomena, cratering
96.12.kg Erosion, weathering
96.12.ki Glaciation
96.12.Ma Composition
96.12.Pc Interiors
96.12.Qr Polar regions
96.12.St Heat flow
96.12.Uv Rings and dust
96.12.Wx Interactions with particles and fields
96.12.Xy Tectonics, volcanism
96.15.-g Planetology of fluid planets (see also 96.12.-a Planetology of solid
surface planets; 96.30.Bc Comparative planetology)
96.15.Bc Origin and evolution
96.15.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
96.15.Ef Gravitational fields
96.15.Gh Magnetic field and magnetism
96.15.H- Atmospheres
96.15.hb Aurorae
96.15.he Composition and chemistry
96.15.hg Evolution
96.15.hj Structure and dynamics
96.15.hk Ionospheres
96.15.hm Magnetospheres
96.15.hp Meteorology
96.15.Kc Composition
96.15.Lb Surfaces
96.15.Nd Interiors
96.15.Pf Physical properties of materials
96.15.Qr Impact phenomena
96.15.St Tori and exospheres
96.15.Uv Rings and dust
96.15.Vx Interactions with particles and fields
96.15.Wx Tidal forces
96.15.Xy Polar regions
96.20.-n Moon
96.20.Br Origin and evolution
96.20.Dt Features, landmarks, mineralogy, and petrology
96.20.Jz Gravitational field, selenodesy, and magnetic fields
96.20.Ka Impacts, cratering
96.25.-f Planetology of comets and small bodies
96.25.Bd Origin and evolution
96.25.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
96.25.F- Atmospheres
96.25.fa Aurorae, airglow and x-ray emission
96.25.fc Composition and chemistry
96.25.ff Evolution
96.25.fh Structure and dynamics
96.25.H- Composition
96.25.hc Dust, erosion, and weathering
96.25.hf Ice
96.25.hj Surfaces and interiors
96.25.hn Physical and chemical properties of materials
96.25.J- Ionospheres
96.25.jf Composition and chemistry
96.25.jh Evolution
96.25.jk Structure and dynamics
96.25.Ln Magnetic fields and magnetism
96.25.Nc Gravitational fields
96.25.Pq Impact phenomena
96.25.Qr Interactions with solar wind plasma and fields
96.25.St Plasma and MHD instabilities
96.25.Tg Radiation and spectra
96.25.Vt Satellites
96.25.Xz Volcanism
96.30.-t Solar system objects
96.30.Bc Comparative planetology (see also 96.12.-a Planetology of solid surface
planets; 96.15.-g Planetology of fluid planets)
96.30.C- Comets (see also 96.25.-f Planetology of comets and small bodies)
96.30.cb Dust tails and trails
96.30.cd Interiors
96.30.Dz Mercury
96.30.Ea Venus
96.30.Gc Mars
96.30.Hf Martian satellites
96.30.Iz Dwarf Planets
96.30.Ja Dwarf planet satellites
96.30.Kf Jupiter
96.30.L- Jovian satellites
96.30.lb Io
96.30.ld Europa
96.30.lf Ganymede
96.30.lh Callisto
96.30.Mh Saturn
96.30.N- Saturnian satellites
96.30.nd Titan
96.30.Pj Uranus
96.30.Qk Uranian satellites
96.30.Rm Neptune
96.30.Sn Pluto
96.30.Td Neptunian satellites
96.30.Up Plutonian satellites
96.30.V- Dust, extraterrestrial materials
96.30.vx Interplanetary material
96.30.vy Interstellar material
96.30.Wr Planetary rings
96.30.Xa Kuiper belt, trans-Neptunian objects
96.30.Ys Asteroids, meteoroids
96.30.Za Meteors, meteorites and tektites (see also 91.65.Sn Meteorite
mineralogy and petrology; 94.20.Xa Meteor-trail physics; 91.67.gn—in
Geophysics Appendix)
... ... ... Planetary, asteroid, cometary, and satellite characteristics and
properties, see 96.12.-a, 96.15.-g, and 96.25.-f
... ... ... Cosmic rays, see 96.50.S-
96.50.-e Interplanetary physics (see also 94.05.-a Space plasma physics)
96.50.Bh Interplanetary magnetic fields
96.50.Ci Solar wind plasma; sources of solar wind
96.50.Dj Interplanetary dust and gas
96.50.Ek Heliopause and solar wind termination
96.50.Fm Planetary bow shocks; interplanetary shocks
... ... ... Comets, see 96.30.Cw; 96.30C- (in Geophysics Appendix)
96.50.Hp Oort cloud
... ... ... Kuiper belt, see 96.30.Xa
... ... ... Meteors, meteoroids, and meteor streams, see 96.30.Za
... ... ... Meteorites, micrometeorites, and tektites, see 96.30.Za
96.50.Pw Particle acceleration
96.50.Qx Corotating streams
96.50.Ry Discontinuities
96.50.S- Cosmic rays (see also 94.20.wq Solar radiation and cosmic ray effects)
96.50.sb Composition, energy spectra and interactions
96.50.sd Extensive air showers
96.50.sf Interactions with terrestrial matter
96.50.sh Interplanetary propagation and effects
96.50.Tf MHD waves; plasma waves, turbulence
96.50.Uv Ejecta, driver gases, and magnetic clouds
96.50.Vg Energetic particles
96.50.Wx Solar cycle variations
96.50.Xy Heliosphere/interstellar medium interactions
96.50.Ya Pickup ions
96.50.Zc Neutral particles
96.55.+z Astrobiology and astrochemistry of the Solar system and interplanetary
space (see also 91.62.Fc—in Geophysics Appendix)
96.60.-j Solar physics
96.60.Bn Diameter, rotation, and mass
96.60.Fs Composition
96.60.Hv Electric and magnetic fields, solar magnetism
96.60.Iv Magnetic reconnection
96.60.Jw Solar interior
96.60.Ly Helioseismology, pulsations, and shock waves
96.60.Mz Photosphere
96.60.Na Chromosphere
96.60.P- Corona
96.60.pc Coronal holes
96.60.pf Coronal loops, streamers
96.60.ph Coronal mass ejection
96.60.Q- Solar activity (see also 92.70.Qr—in Global change)
96.60.qd Sun spots, solar cycles
96.60.qe Flares
96.60.qf Prominence eruptions
96.60.T- Solar electromagnetic emission
96.60.tg Radio emission
96.60.th Visible emission
96.60.tj Ultraviolet emission
96.60.tk X-ray and gamma-ray emission
96.60.Ub Solar irradiance
96.60.Vg Particle emission, solar wind (see also 94.30.vf—in Geophysics
Appendix; 26.65.+t Solar neutrinos in nuclear astrophysics)
96.60.Xy Transition region
96.90.+c Other topics on the Solar system and planetology (restricted to new
topics in section 96)
NANOSCALE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SUPPLEMENT
Collection of Applicable Terms from PACS 2008
In the list below, black type indicates terms chosen for the Nanoscale Science and
Technology Supplement. Terms in gray type show the placement of the chosen terms
within the overall scheme.
00. GENERAL
03. Quantum mechanics, field theories, and special relativity
03.67.-a Quantum information
03.67.Ac Quantum algorithms, protocols, and simulations
03.67.Bg Entanglement production and manipulation
03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography and communication security
03.67.Hk Quantum communication
03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations
03.67.Mn Entanglement measures, witnesses, and other characterizations
03.67.Pp Quantum error correction and other methods for protection against
decoherence
07. Instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics
and astronomy
07.10.-h Mechanical instruments and equipment
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
07.79.-v Scanning probe microscopes and components
07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
07.79.Pk Magnetic force microscopes
07.79.Sp Friction force microscopes
30. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
37. Mechanical control of atoms, molecules, and ions
37.25.+k Atom interferometry techniques
40. ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND
FLUID DYNAMICS
42. Optics
42.50.-p Quantum optics
42.50.Ex Optical implementations of quantum information processing and transfer
42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on material media, microstructures and
particles
42.70.-a Optical materials
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
47. Fluid dynamics
47.61.-k Micro- and nano- scale flow phenomena
47.61.Cb Non-continuum effects
47.61.Fg Flows in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and
nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)
47.61.Jd Multiphase flows
47.61.Ne Micromixing
60. CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
61. Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
61.46.Bc Structure of clusters (e.g., metcars; not fragments of crystals; free
or loosely aggregated or loosely attached to a substrate)
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots
but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached,
quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum
wires)
61.46.Np Structure of nanotubes (hollow nanowires)
61.48.-c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular
structures
61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related
systems
61.48.Gh Structure of graphene
62. Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter
62.23.-c Structural classes of nanoscale systems
62.23.Eg Nanodots
62.23.Hj Nanowires
62.23.Kn Nanosheets
62.23.Pq Composites (nanosystems embedded in a larger structure)
62.23.St Complex nanostructures, including patterned or assembled structures
62.25.-g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
62.25.De Low-frequency properties: response coefficients
62.25.Fg High-frequency properties, responses to resonant or transient
(time-dependent) fields
62.25.Jk Mechanical modes of vibration
62.25.Mn Fracture/brittleness
63. Lattice dynamics
63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and
nanoscale materials
63.22.Dc Free films
63.22.Gh Nanotubes and nanowires
63.22.Kn Clusters and nanocrystals
63.22.Np Layered systems
63.22.Rc Phonons in graphene
64. Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions
64.70.-p Specific phase transitions
64.70.Nd Structural transitions in nanoscale materials
64.75.-g Phase equilibria
64.75.Jk Phase separation and segregation in nanoscale systems
65. Thermal properties of condensed matter
65.80.-g Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, nanotubes, and
other related systems
65.80.Ck Thermal properties of graphene
66. Nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter
66.30.-h Diffusion in solids
66.30.Pa Diffusion in nanoscale solids
68. Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and nanosystems (structure and
nonelectronic properties)
68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: structure and energetics
68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
68.35.bp Fullerenes
68.37.-d Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films
68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)68.37.Ma Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)
68.37.Nq Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM)
68.37.Og High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
68.37.Rt Magnetic force microscopy (MFM)
68.37.Tj Acoustic force microscopy
68.37.Uv Near-field scanning microscopy and spectroscopy
68.37.Vj Field emission and field-ion microscopy
68.37.Xy Scanning Auger microscopy, photoelectron microscopy
68.37.Yz X-ray microscopy
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
68.55.ap Fullerenes
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems:
structure and nonelectronic properties
68.65.Fg Quantum wells
68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
68.65.Pq Graphene films
70. CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL
PROPERTIES
71. Electronic structure of bulk materials
71.20.-b Electron density of states and band structure of crystalline solids
71.20.Tx Fullerenes and related materials; intercalation compounds
72. Electronic transport in condensed matter
72.25.-b Spin polarized transport
72.25.Ba Spin polarized transport in metals
72.25.Dc Spin polarized transport in semiconductors
72.25.Fe Optical creation of spin polarized carriers
72.25.Hg Electrical injection of spin polarized carriers
72.25.Mk Spin transport through interfaces
72.25.Pn Current-driven spin pumping
72.25.Rb Spin relaxation and scattering
72.80.-r Conductivity of specific materials
72.80.Rj Fullerenes and related materials
72.80.Vp Electronic transport in graphene
73. Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin
films, and low-dimensional structures
73.21.-b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum
wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems
73.21.Fg Quantum wells
73.21.Hb Quantum wires
73.21.La Quantum dots
73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
73.22.Dj Single particle states
73.22.Gk Broken symmetry phases
73.22.Lp Collective excitations
73.22.Pr Electronic structure of graphene
73.61.-r Electrical properties of specific thin films
73.61.Wp Fullerenes and related materials
73.63.-b Electronic transport in nanoscale materials and structures
73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials
73.63.Fg Nanotubes
73.63.Hs Quantum wells
73.63.Kv Quantum dots
73.63.Nm Quantum wires
73.63.Rt Nanoscale contacts
74. Superconductivity
74.70.-b Superconducting materials other than cuprates
74.70.Wz Carbon-based superconductors
74.78.-w Superconducting films and low-dimensional structures
74.78.Na Mesoscopic and nanoscale systems
75. Magnetic properties and materials
75.50.-y Studies of specific magnetic materials
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.50.Xx Molecular magnets
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
75.75.Cd Fabrication of magnetic nanostructures
75.75.Fk Domain structures in nanoparticles
75.75.Jn Dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles
75.75.Lf Electronic structure of magnetic nanoparticles
78. Optical properties, condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of
radiation and particles with condensed matter
78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra
78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials
78.40.-q Absorption and reflection spectra: visible and ultraviolet
78.40.Ri Fullerenes and related materials
78.66.-w Optical properties of specific thin films
78.66.Tr Fullerenes and related materials
78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale
materials and structures
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
78.67.Ch Nanotubes
78.67.De Quantum wells
78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.67.Lt Quantum wires
78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
78.67.Qa Nanorods
78.67.Rb Nanoporous materials
78.67.Sc Nanoaggregates; nanocomposites
78.67.Tf Nanodroplets
78.67.Uh Nanowires
78.67.Ve Nanomicelles
78.67.Wj Optical properties of graphene
79. Electron and ion emission by liquids and solids; impact phenomena
79.60.-i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures
80. INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
81. Materials science
81.05.-t Specific materials: fabrication, treatment, testing, and analysis
81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
81.05.ub Fullerenes and related materials
81.05.ue Graphene
81.05.uj Diamond/nanocarbon composites
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
81.07.Gf Nanowires
81.07.Lk Nanocontacts
81.07.Nb Molecular nanostructures
81.07.Oj Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)
81.07.Pr Organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures
81.07.St Quantum wells
81.07.Ta Quantum dots
81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.07.Wx Nanopowders
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.16.Fg Supramolecular and biochemical assembly
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
81.16.Mk Laser-assisted deposition
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
81.16.Pr Micro- and nano-oxidation
81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.16.Ta Atom manipulation
82. Physical chemistry and chemical physics
82.35.-x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization
82.35.Np Nanoparticles in polymers
82.37.-j Single molecule kinetics
82.37.Gk STM and AFM manipulations of a single molecule
82.37.Rs Single molecule manipulation of proteins and other biological molecules
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis
82.45.Yz Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry
82.60.-s Chemical thermodynamics
82.60.Qr Thermodynamics of nanoparticles
82.70.-y Disperse systems; complex fluids
82.70.Dd Colloids
85. Electronic and magnetic devices; microelectronics
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
85.35.Ds Quantum interference devices
85.35.Gv Single electron devices
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices
85.75.-d Magnetoelectronics; spintronics: devices exploiting spin polarized
transport or integrated magnetic fields
85.75.Bb Magnetic memory using giant magnetoresistance
85.75.Dd Magnetic memory using magnetic tunnel junctions
85.75.Ff Reprogrammable magnetic logic
85.75.Hh Spin polarized field effect transistors
85.75.Mm Spin polarized resonant tunnel junctions
85.75.Nn Hybrid Hall devices
85.75.Ss Magnetic field sensors using spin polarized transport
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
87. Biological and medical physics
87.64.-t Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in biophysics and medical
physics
87.64.Dz Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy
87.64.Ee Electron microscopy
87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
87.80.Ek Mechanical and micromechanical techniques
87.80.Fe Micromanipulation of biological structures
87.80.Nj Single-molecule techniques
87.85.-d Biomedical engineering
87.85.D- Applied neuroscience
87.85.dh Cells on a chip
87.85.J- Biomaterials
87.85.jf Bio-based materials
87.85.Ox Biomedical instrumentation and transducers, including
micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
87.85.Qr Nanotechnologies-design
87.85.Rs Nanotechnologies-applications
87.85.Uv Micromanipulators
87.85.Va Micromachining
88. Renewable energy resources and applications
88.30.R- Hydrogen storage
88.30.rh Carbon nanotubes