得到专栏mp3百度云:阅读技巧讲与练

长句突破与特殊文体阅读技巧

一．长句突破技巧：

1．阅读理解长句有什么特点？

一般来讲，造成长句的原因有三点： (1) 句中修饰语过多, 主语加长，介词短语、分词短语（包括现在分词和过去分词）位于句首做状语，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式。分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分，而且还要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系，理解就困难了。 (2) 并列成分多，并列句连用使得句子变长, 主、谓、宾、定、状都可以并列，但是无论句式如何变化，英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。如：It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or her. 此句中有三个when引导的时间状语从句，使得由不定式做主语，it做形式主语的句型结构变得复杂起来。(3) 语言结构层次多，一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种具有包含关系的句式（如主语从句、定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。如：There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech "Information Age" demands people who are flexible (灵活的) and who have good communication skills(04北京). 此句中的原因状语从句中，又包含两个并列的定语从句。

2．如何突破阅读理解长句呢？

长句突破技巧与口诀：

遇到长句找主句，

从句短语看关系，

插入部分先排除，

弄清主句再处理。

在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法：

(1) 分析句子的主干成分：找出整个句子的主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子的结构。

 (2) 分析从句和短语的功能：看其是否为名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句等），还是状语从句，是表示时间、原因或结果，还是表示条件、让步等。

(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系：如定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。

(5) 注意插入语等其他成分，看句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。

如：Finally, although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job, recent graduates report that they don’t regret their choice of study (04北京). 此句主句中的主语为recent graduates，谓语为report，宾语为that引导的宾语从句。Although引导让步状语从句，从句中may find为谓语，其后接to不定式引导的宾语, 用it作形式宾语，状语从句中还包含一个比较级结构。

长句突破范例1：

2007天津高考阅读：

A

The city of Rome has passed a new law to prevent cruelty to animals. All goldfish bowls are no longer allowed and dog owners must walk their dogs.

This comes after a national law was passed to give prison sentences to people who desert cats or dogs.

“The civilization of a city can be measured by this,” said Monica Cirinna, the councilor(议员) behind the new law.

“It’s good to do whatever we can for our animals who in exchange for a little love fill our existence with their attention,” she told a Rome newspaper.

The newspaper reported that round bowls don’t give enough oxygen for fish and may make them go blind.

“Rome has tried to protect fish more than anywhere else in the world. It stands out for recognizing that fish are interesting animals who deserve(值得) our respect and compassion every bit as much as dogs and cats and other animals,” said Karin Robertson, a director of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. （分析结构）

Last year a law was passed in Italy that gives people who desert pets big fines(罚款) and prison sentences. Since then local governments have added their own animal protection rules. （分析结构）

The northern city of Turin passed a law in April to give pet owners fines of up to $ 598 if they do not walk their dogs three times a day.

The new law in Rome also says that owners mustn’t leave their dogs in hot cars or cut their dog’s tails to make them look lovelier. The law also gives legal recognition to the “cat ladies” who feed homeless cats. The cats live all over the city from ancient ruins to modern office car parks.

38．The underlined word “compassion” in Paragraph 6 is the closest in meaning to _______.

       A．pity            B．praise        C．support         D．popularity

解析： 1. 主句是：Last year a law was passed in Italy，that引导的从句是什么从句，它的先行词是哪一个？who引导的又是什么从句？give people后的间接宾语是哪一个？

长句突破范例2：

2008北京高考阅读C篇：

Dear Hamilton,

    We are fortunate that in such a large, high-pressure office we all get along so well. You are one of the people who keep the social temperature at such a comfortable setting. I don’t know anyone in the office who is better liked than you.

    You can perhaps help with this. The collection of contributions towards gifts for employees’ personal-life events is becoming a little troubling. Certainly, the group sending of a gift is reasonable now and then. In the past month, however, there have been collections for two baby shower gifts, one wedding shower gift, two wedding gifts, one funeral（葬礼）remembrance, four birthday gifts, and three graduation gifts.

   It’s not only the collected-from who are growing uncomfortable (and poor), but the collected-for feel uneasy receiving gifts from people who don’t know them outside the office, who wouldn’t even recognize their graduating children, their marrying daughters and sons, or their dead relatives. （分析结构）

    This is basically a kind gesture (and one that people think well of you for), but the practice seems to have become too wide-ranging and feels improper in today’s office setting.

    Thank you for understanding.

64. Hamilton is expected to _______.

A. show more kindness.

B. discontinue the present practice

C. quit being the organizer for gift giving

D. know more about co-workers’ families

65. This is basically a letter of ________.

A. apology    B. sympathy      C. appreciation   D. dissatisfaction

分析：

1. 句子结构，首先要知道not…but…是什么意思？

2. 主句是什么？It’s not only the collected-from…but the collected-for

3. who引导的是什么从句？修饰谁？

二．特殊文体阅读技巧

高考阅读材料的题材涉及内容广泛，包括社会、生活、历史、地理、政治、经济、人物传记、科普知识等；体裁多样，包括议论文、说明文、记叙文、应用文等，如报纸、杂志、信件、资料、说明书、时刻表、布告、广告、报告以及文学作品等。各种不同题材或体裁的文章，其要传达的信息重点各有侧重，所以在考察考生所设立的题目形式也有所偏重，考生在答题或阅读时，也要相应用不同的技巧。

1.    广告说明类

广告说明的目的在于把自己的产品或服务推荐给他人，所以它必定要在其中说明产品或服务的特点、优势以及受服务者要注意的事项。

出题者也往往围绕这些要素来设题目，如某则广告说明的目的是什么、服务的对象是谁、标题是什么等等，更多的是对文章细节的扑捉和理解,这就要求我们细心，只要做到这一点并掌握一些做题技巧，我们就有可能取得全胜。

做此类题的最大特点是先看题，再在文章中寻找答案。为什么呢？

1）. 广告不像议论文，要求我们去读原文，把因果关系弄清楚；也不像记叙文，需要花时间把时间顺序和空间顺序弄清楚；

2）.广告的特点是信息量大，我们不必先读文章，把大量信息记下来，而是先看题目要求，对照题目要求到原文寻找答案。

例：2007全国高考卷D篇：

D

Holidays

Holiday News

   Vacancies (空位) now and in the school holidays at a country hotel in Devon. This comfortable, friendly home-from-home lies near the beautiful quiet countryside, but just a drive away from the sea. The food is simple but good. Children and pets are welcome. Reduced prices for low season. （68）

68. What can you do if you like to go on holidays with pets?

A. Choose the holiday in Devon.                            B. Go to the Snowdonla Centre.

C. Join the World Sea Trip of 2008.                D. Visit Acapulco and Hawaii.

69. In what way is the Snowdonia Centre different from the other two holidays?

A. It provides chances of family gatherings.     B. It provides customers with good food.

C. It offers a sports lesson.                   D. It offers comfortable rooms.

70. What is special about the World Sea Trip of 2008?

A. You can have free meals on deck every day.

B. You can sleep on a ship and tour many places.

C. You will have chances to watch and act in a play.

D. You have to do your own packing and unpacking.

71. At the Snowdonia Centre, the beginners’ costs of 157 do not cover           .

A .food                  B .rooms       C. body exercises      D. walking shoes

68. A 考查细节。从第一段最后一句Reduced prices for low season.确定答案。

69. C 段落理解。从第二个方框中的叙述可轻松确定正确答案。

70. B 考查细节。从第三个方框中的You just go to bed in one country and….确定答案。

71. D 考查细节。在第二个方框中有明确信息。

2．新闻报道类

新闻讲求时效性、新闻性和独特性，其紧跟时代脉搏，突出社会特点，语言鲜活，寓有鲜明的时代特色。这类文章的特点：

1）、主题突出。文章的导语是对整篇文章的高度概括。

2）、要点鲜明。大多新闻是记叙文，五个 “W”（when, where, who, what, how）一目了然。考题会在这几个“W”之间的联系展开，进行推理，或对细节的理解。

3）、此类文章有较为固定的写作格式，文章开头往往有报道的时间或地点，第一句话是文章的导语，据此我们可以了解文章的大概内容和主题。

4）、新闻涉及社会、科学、经济等领域，用词比较新颖，我们平时要对这类新词多加留心，注意积累。

例：2000年全国卷A篇

New York, 10 November---5:27 pm, yesterday. Biggest power failure in the city’s history.

*Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. Martin Saltzman spent three hours between the 21st and 22nd floors of the Empire State Building. “There were twelve of us. But no one panicked. We passed the time telling stories and playing word games. One man wanted to smoke but we didn’t let him. Firemen finally got us out.”（51）

*“It was the best night we’ve ever had,” said Angela Carraro, who runs an Italian restaurant on 42nd Street. “We had lots of candles on the tables and the waiters were carrying candles on their trays. The place was full---and all night, in fact, for after we had closed, we let the people stay on and spend the night here.”（52）

*The zoos had their problems like everyone else. Keepers worked through the night. They used blankets to keep flying squirrels and small monkeys warm. While zoos had problems keeping warm, supermarkets had problems keeping cool.“All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted,” said the manager of a store in downtown Manhattan.“They were worth $50 000.”

*The big electric clock in the lobby(大厅)of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in downtown Manhattan started ticking(滴答)again at 5:25 this morning. It was almost on time.

注：这是一则新闻阅读，新闻报道了在New York十一月九号下午5:27分全市大停电之后所发生的故事。在阅读时要紧抓所报道的具体事件以及它们的新闻价值。记者在报道时一般不加评论，新闻价值需要读者从新闻的本身去揣摩和体会。

51.Throughout the period of darkness, Martin Saltzman and the eleven others were _______.

A.nervous               B.excited               C.calm                  D.frightened

解析：这是一道细节题。从Martin Saltzman所说的话“But no one panicked. We passed the time telling stories and playing word games.”可知，他们都很镇定。答案C。

52.In what way was the night of November 9 the best night for Angela Carraro?

A. She had a taste of adventure.

B. Burning candles brightened the place.

C. Business was better than usual.

D. Many people stayed the night in her restaurant.

解析：这是一道根据细节作出推断的题目。从Angela Carraro所说的话“The place was full---and all night, in fact, for after we had closed, we let the people stay on and spend the night here.” 可知，她饭店里生意比平时更好。答案C。

53. How long did the power failure last?

A. Nearly 12 hours.                              B. More than 12 hours.

C. Nearly 24 hours.                              D. More than 24 hours.

解析：这是一道计算题。从头天的5:27到第二天的5:25接近12小时。答案A。

3．科普知识类

科技文章的阅读方法可以采取先看问题再阅读文章的方法，因为科技文章不一定好懂，但设问并不太难，阅读问题后可大致了解文章的大意，再根据要求看原文。

例：福建2007高考卷C篇：

C

Scientists have found what look like caves on Mars (火星), and say they could be protecting life from the planet’s terrible environment.

seven mysterious black dots on the pictures sent back by

NASA’s Mars Odyssey orbiter. Each as large as a football

field, they may be openings into natural caves below the

Martian surface.

“If there is life on Mars, there is a good chance you’d

find it in caves,” said Jut Wynne, one of the researchers who

noticed the features while working on a US Geological Survey

Mars Cave Detection Program.

Jonathan Clarke, a geologist with the Mars Society of

Australia, yesterday described the discovery as exciting.

One photo taken at night by an infrared imager (红外线成像器) showed one hole

to be unusually warm, suggesting hot air trapped during the day is flowing out.

I said: ‘Wow, that’s a cave’, Dr. Clarke said excitedly. “People have been looking for these for a long time; now we have found them.”

He agreed such caves would be perfect places to hunt for life escaping from the bitterly cold, radiation – soaked (充满辐射的), dry surface.

“Tiny drops of water could collect inside,” he said. “If there are gases coming out, they could provide energy for a whole range of bacteria. A cave is also a protection from radiation; the surface of Mars is exposed to high levels of space radiation.”

The caves probably formed when tube – shaped lava flows (管状岩浆流) spread across the planet long ago. The outside of the tubes cooled, forming solid walls, while something hotter inside allowed the remaining lava to flow out, forming caves.

64．What does the passage mainly talk about?

       A．How the caves were formed on Mars.

       B．How scientists found these caves on Mars.

       C．Caves on Mars may be full of hot air or a sign of life.

       D．Scientists have completely recognized the surface of Mars.

65．We can learn from the passage that          .

       A．water has already been found on Mars

       B．the scientists found all the caves at night

       C．it is certain that there is life in these caves

       D．the surface of Mars is bitterly cold, radiation – soaked and dry

66．According to the passage, Dr. Clarke was so excited because          .

       A．such caves could provide energy for life

       B．they had finally found the caves on Mars

       C．such caves would be perfect places to hunt for life

       D．scientists had long been looking for these caves

67．Necessary conditions for life on Mars mentioned in the passage may include         .

       A．lava and energy

       B．water and radiation from space

       C．gases and lava

       D．water and protection from radiation

[文章大意]这篇科技文章介绍人们在观察火星时发现火星上有一些岩洞，并发现其中有的岩洞内较为暖和，这给科学家和天文学家以极大的信念，认为火星适应生命的存在成为可能。

64、C主旨大意题。先从第一段和最后一段去找。根据第1段 Scientists have found what look like caves on Mars…及第5段…showed one hole to be unusually warm, suggesting hot air trapped…可知本文谈到了人们发现火星上存在岩洞，而其中有暖和的热空气，这意味着有生命的迹象。

65、D考查主旨大意。此题可放在最后去做。根据第7段…the bitterly cold, radiation- soaked, dry surface, 说明火星上非常寒冷、干燥且充满辐射。

66、B细节题。先找Dr. Clarke出现在哪里。根据第6段Doctor  said  excitedly, “People have been looking for this for a long time; now we have found it,” 说明他很激动是因为人们发现了长时间就一直想发现的东西。

67、D细节题。首先根据常识猜测，有生命的地方必须有水，再根据第8段 Tiny drops of water could collect inside…A cave is also a protection from radiation说明火星上若要存在生命的话，有水和摆脱辐射是必要的。