南宁到黎塘高铁:初中英语语法总结(三)

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11 用于现在完成时的句型

  1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:

  It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。

  This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。

  注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.

  2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:

  This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

  典型例题

  (1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

  A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming

  答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。

  (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

  A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come

  答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。

  注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

  (错)I have received his letter for a month.

  (对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

  11.12 比较since和for

  Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:

  I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。

  I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。

  注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

  I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)

  I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)

  注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。

  1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.

  2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.

  显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.

  11.13 since的四种用法

  1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past

  six)。例如:

  I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。

  2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:

  I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。

  3) since +从句。例如:

  Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。

  Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。

  4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:

  It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。

  11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词

  1) 用于完成时的区别

  延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:

  He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)

  I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

  2) 用于till / until从句的差异

  延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:

  He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。

  He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。

  典型例题

  1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.

  A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet

  答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several

  times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。

  2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

  ---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.

  A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be

  答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
 17 将来完成时

  1) 构成will have done

  2) 概念

  a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:

  They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。

  b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:

  You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。

  11.18 现在进行时

  现在进行时的基本用法:

  a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。

  b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:

  Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)

  c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:

  The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。

  It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。

  d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:

  You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。

  典型例题

  My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.

  A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.

  答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

  11.19 不用进行时的动词

  1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,

  contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。

  This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。

  2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。

  He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。

  3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:

  I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。

  4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:

  You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。

  11.20 过去进行时

  1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。

  2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。

  3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:

  My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。

  It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。

  When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。

  典型例题

  1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.

  A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes

  答案C.

  割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。

  2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.

  A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell

  答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。
 3.1人称代词的用法

  1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:

  John waited a while but eventually he went home.

  约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。

  3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换

  1) 宾格代替主格

  a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。

  ---- I like English.   --我喜欢英语。

  ---- Me too.       --我也喜欢。

  ---- Have more wine?   --再来点酒喝吗?

  ---- Not me.       --我可不要了。

  b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。

  He is taller than I/me.

  He is taller than I am.

  2) 主格代替宾格

  a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。

  b. 在电话用语中常用主格。

  ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。

  ---- This is she.       --我就是玛丽。

  注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。

  I thought it was she.   我以为是她。      (主格----主格)

  I thought it to be her.             (宾格----宾格)

  I was taken to be she.  我被当成了她。    (主格----主格)

  They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。   (宾格----宾格)

  3.3 代词的指代问题

  1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。

  Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?

  2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。

  Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。

  3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。

  3.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序

  1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:

  第二人称 -> 第三人称 -> 第一人称

  you -> he/she; it -> I

  You, he and I should return on time.

  2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:

  第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称

  we -> you   -> They

  注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。

  a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,

  It was I and John that made her angry.

  是我和约翰惹她生气了。

  b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称, 如:I and you try to finish it.

  c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,

  d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

  物主代词

  1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:

  John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.

  约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。

  物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。

  名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构,例如:

  Jack's cap  意为   The cap is Jack's.

  His cap   意为   The cap is his.

  在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:

  When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.

  约翰一到就直接去银行了。

  双重所有格

  物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。

  公式为:

  a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如:

  a friend of mine.

  each brother of his.

  3.7 反身代词

  1) 列表

  I     you     you     she    he

  myself   yourself      yourselves    herself    himself

  we     they     it    one

  ourselves themselves  itself  oneself)做宾语

  a. 有些动词需有反身代词

  absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave

  We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。

  Please help yourself to some fish.  请你随便吃点鱼。

  b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词

  take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.

  I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。

  注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。

  Please sit down. 请坐。

  3) 作表语; 同位语

  be oneself: I am not myself today.  我今天不舒服。

  The thing itself is not important.  事情本身并不重要。

  4) 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:

  No one but myself (me) is hurt.

  注意:

  a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。

  (错) Myself drove the car.

  (对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。

  b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。

  Charles and myself saw it.

  5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。

  You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。

  指示代词

  1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:

  单数          复数

  限定词:This girl is Mary.  Those men are my   teachers.

  代词: This is Mary.     Those are my     teachers.

  3.15 one/another/the other

  one… the other 只有两个

  some… the others  有三个以上

  one… another,another…

  some… others,others…

  others = other people/things

  the others = the rest 剩余的全部

  1) 泛指另一个用another。

  2) 一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。

  3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。

  4) 一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。

  5) 泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。