呼吸道在线医生:远程教育的界定（the definition of distance education）

A Continuing Education group at the University of Wisconsin-Extension provides this definition： Distance Education is a planned teaching/learning experience that uses a wide spectrum of technologies to reach learners at a distance and is designed to encourage learner interaction and certification of learning.

Wisconsin-Extension大学的继续教育团体提供了这样的定义：远程教育是一种有计划的教学活动，它运用各种技术手段将教学内容和教学经验传递给远方的学生,同时通过合理的设计鼓励学生进行双向交流，并对其学习进行鉴定。(http://www.uwex.edu/disted/definition.html) 

• The separation of teacher and learner during at least a majority of each instructional process.

• The use of educational media to unite teacher and learner and carry course content.

• The provision of two-way communication between teacher, tutor, or educational agency and learner.  

远程教育指的是一种不把学生和教师限制在同一物理位置的教学传递过程。从其历史发展来看，远程教育原来主要指函授学习。但现在，音频、视频和计算机技术已成为更加普遍的传送方式。 

远程学习和远程教育这两个概念经常可以互换。但这种说法并不十分准确，因为教育传播是由教育机构或教育者控制的，而学生只是负责学习。换句话说，远程学习是远程教育的结果。最近比较普及的其它一些术语还有分布式教育，这个术语或许代表了利用混合式的传递模式来达到教与学最优化的趋势。

远程教育的要素：

• 在教学过程的大多数情况下教师与学习者是分离的。

• 使用教学媒体连接教师和学习者并传送课程内容。

• 在授课教师、辅导员或教学媒体与学习者之间提供了双向交流方式。

（http://www.dlrn.org/library/dl/whatis.html ）

定义三：ITC Defines Distance Education

ITC is the Instructional Telecommunications Council. Their definition is： "The process of extending learning, or delivering instructional resource-sharing opportunities, to locations away from a classroom, building or site, to another classroom, building or site by using video, audio, computer, multimedia communications, or some combination of these with other traditional delivery methods."

ITC (美国教育传播学会)，他们的定义是这样的：“远程教育是一种扩展性的学习过程，或者说是一种提供教学资源共享机会的过程。即通过视频、音频、计算机、多媒体通讯技术以及这些技术与其他传统传送方式的组合使用，把教学资源从一个教室、教学楼或站点传送到另一个教室、教学楼或站点。”（http://www.uwex.edu/disted/definition.html）

定义四：

definition：Distance education is defined, for the purposes of accreditation review, as a formal educational process in which the majority of the instruction occurs when student and instructor are not in the same place. Instruction may be synchronous or asynchronous. Distance education may employ correspondence study, or audio, video, or computer technologies.

为了达到认证远程教育的目的，远程教育是这样界定的，是在大多数情况下学生和教师不在同一地点的正规的教育过程。教学形式可能是同步的也可能是非同步的，它将通过函授学习、音频、视频技术或计算机技术来实现。

（http://www.ncacihe.org/resources/guidelines/gdistance.html ）

定义五：

Definition of Distance Education

Distance education is the acquisition of knowledge and skills through mediated information and instruction, encompassing all technologies and other forms of learning at a distance. Normally, distance education is characterized by the following：

• Separation of place and/or time between instructor and learner, among learners, and/or between learners and learning resources. 

• Interaction between the learner and the instructor, among learners, and/or between learners and learning resources conducted through one or more media.  

• Processes may employ a multiple set of delivery methods in the learning experience, such as written correspondence study, interactive audio and/or video, computer, and other electronic technologies. Each of these may be used alone or in combinations. Use of electronic media is not necessarily required, technology is a tool to aid the delivery and provision of educational opportunities.

• Processes may be in "real time" interaction between learners and instructors, or "asynchronous" involving the access of instructors and materials by learners at any time.

远程教育是通过教育信息的传递而获得知识和技能的教学活动，它包括了各种通过技术学习和其他在远处学习的形式。一般来说，远程教育具有以下特征：

1.教师与学习者之间，学习者之间或学习者与教学资源之间在时间或空间上是分离的。

2.教师与学习者之间，学习者之间或学习者与教学资源之间通过一种或多种教学媒体发生交互作用。

3.在学习经验的交流过程中可以使用多种传送方式，如函授学习，视听技术，多媒体计算机技术及其他电子技术，每种技术都可单独或联合运用。需要指出的是，电子媒体的应用并不是必不可少的，它只是帮助传送和提供教学机会的工具。

4.学习者与教师之间的交流可以是实时的，也可以是非实时的，也就是说，学习者可以在任何时间与教师联系和使用媒体。

（http://www.iacet.org/distance/distance.htm#Definition ） 

定义六：

Distance education is planned learning that normally occurs in a different place from teaching and as a result requires special techniques of course 

design, special instructional techniques, special methods of communication by electronic and other technology, as well as special organizational and 

administrative arrangements. 

远程教育是一种有计划的学习，通常学和教的地点是分离的，因此它需要特殊是课程设计技

术、特殊的教学技术、特殊的传播技术（通过电子或其它技术）以及特殊的组织管理安排。

（http://www.outreach.psu.edu/de/what_is_de.html#definition） 

定义七：

Distance education is a formalized teaching system specifically designed to be carried out remotely. The students and the teacher are in different locations 

and lectures are transmitted through some type of technology such as closed-circuit or public television or an interactive Web site.

远程教育是一种经过特殊的设计、通过远距离实施的正规的教育系统。在远程教育中学生

和教师在不同的地点，它通过某种技术如闭路、公共电视或交互网站来传递教学内容。

（http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci509906,00.html ）

定义八：

　　"the family of instructional methods in which the teaching behaviours are executed apart from the learning behaviours ... so that communication between the learner and the teacher must be facilitated by print, electronic, mechanical, or other devices" (Moore, 1972: 76).

　　穆尔：宾夕法尼亚州立大学的教授

远程教育是教学方法的大全，在这个教学方法家庭中，教学行为与学习行为是分开实施的，因此学生和教师之间的交流必须通过印刷的、电子的、机械的或其他手段来促进。

　要素：教师与学生分离、使用技术媒体

（Michael Moore的定义）

定义九：（加州远程教学方案组的定义是）

The California Distance Learning Project (CDLP) uses this definition:

Distance Learning (DL) is an instructional delivery system  which connects learners with educational resources. DL provides educational access to learners not enrolled in educational institutions and can augment the learning opportunities of current students. The implementation of DL is a process which uses available resources and will evolve to incorporate emerging technologies.

Several key features define distance learning. They are:

1. the separation of teacher and learner during at least a majority of each instructional process;
2. the use of educational media to unite teacher and learner and carry course content;
3. the provision of two-way communication between teacher, tutor, or educational agency and learner;
4. separation of teacher and learner in space and/or time;
5. volitional control of learning by student rather than distance instructor. 

远程学习( DL) 是连接学习者与教育资源的教育传播系统。远程学习为不能入学的学习者提供受教育的机会，并且能增大当今学生的学习机会。DL 的实施是使用可得到的资源并且将逐步形成合并新兴技术的一个过程。

要素：１、至少在每个教学过程的大部分期间教师和学习者之间是分离

２、使用教育媒介连接教师和学习者并且传送课程内容

３、在教师，导师或者教育代理和学习者之间使用双向传播媒体

４、教师和学习者在空间和时间上的分离

５、由学习者而不是远程教育的老师控制学习的步调

定义十：
Distance education is planned learning that normally occurs in a different place from teaching and as a result requires special techniques of course design, special instructional techniques, special methods of communication by electronic and other technology, as well as special organizational and administrative arrangements. As defined by Michael Moore, director of The American Center for the Study of Distance Education, Penn State, from the text Distance Education: A Systems View, co-authored by Greg Kearsley [California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1996], 2.

At Penn State, the Department of Distance Education provides students around the world with:

·         the flexibility of challenging, often self-paced, learning anytime, anywhere;

• the competitive advantage that helps build security in an ever-changing global business environment;
• opportunities for career advancement through professional development courses and degree programs;
• outstanding learner support resources including advising, access to the University libraries, and technical support;
• a quality education that is at the core of Penn State tradition.

远程教育是一种通常教和学发生在不同地方的有计划的学习，因此需要课程的特殊设计，特殊的教学方法，特殊的沟通方法（通过电子的和其他的传播技术），还有特殊的组织和管理。正如美国远程教育研究中心（佩恩洲）的主席迈克尔·穆尔所定义，远程教育是一种系统观。[加州: Wadsworth 出版公司, 1996]。

要素：1、具有挑战的灵活性，可以在任何时间、任何地点学习

2、帮助在一种不断改变的全球化的生意环境里建造安全的竞争优势

3、通过专业训练课程和学位计划改善职业的机会

4、支持优秀学习者的资源包括建议、进入大学图书馆的机会和技术支持；

5、素质教育是佩恩洲传统教育的核心