歌曲回娘家意思:化学方程式汇总
来源:百度文库 编辑:偶看新闻 时间:2024/04/28 08:15:34
二、热化学方程式
B
B2H6(g) + 3O2(g) = B2O3(s) + 3H2O(l);△H = - 2165 kJ·mol-1
C
C(石墨,s) + O2(g) = CO2(g);△H = - 393.5 kJ·mol-1
C(金刚石,s) + O2(g) = CO2(g);△H = - 395.4 kJ·mol-1
C(金刚石,s) = C(石墨,s); △H= - 1.90 kJ·mol-1.
C(s) + H2O(g) = CO(g) + H2(g);△H = + 131.3 kJ·mol-1
C(s) + 1/2 O2(g) = CO(g);△H = - 110.5 kJ·mol-1
C(s) + O2(g) = CO2(g);△H = - 393.5 kJ·mol-1
CO (g) + 1/2O2 (g) == CO2 (g);△H = - 283 kJ·mol-1
CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) = C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(s);△H = - 127 kJ·mol-1
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) = CO2(g) + 2H2O(l);△H = - 890.3 kJ·mol-1
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) = 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l);△H = - 1411 kJ·mol-1
C2H2(g) + 5/2O2(g) = 2CO2(g) + H2O(l);△H = - 1300 kJ·mol-1
C3H8 (g) +5O2 (g) = 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l);△H = - 2220.0 kJ·mol-1
C8H18 (l) +25/2O2 (g) = 8CO2 (g) + 9H2O (l);△H = - 5518 kJ·mol-1
CH3OH (l) + 3/2O2(g) = CO2(g) + 2H2O(l);△H = - 725.8 kJ·mol-1
C2H5OH (l) + 3O2(g) = 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l);△H = - 1367 kJ·mol-1
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2(g) = 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l);△H = - 2800 kJ·mol-1
H
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) == 2HCl (g);△H = - 184.6 kJ·mol-1
2H2(g) + O2(g) = 2H2O(g);△H = - 483.6 mol·L-1
H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) = H2O (l);△H = - 241.8 kJ·mol-1
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) = 2H2O (l);△H = - 571.6 kJ·mol-1
H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) = H2O (l);△H = - 285.8 kJ·mol-1
2H2O(g) = 2H2(g) + O2(g);△H = + 483.6 kJ·mol-1
H2O(g) = H2(g) + 1/2O2(g);△H = + 241.8 kJ·mol-1
2H2O(l) = 2H2(g) + O2(g);△H = +571.6 kJ·mol-1
H2O(l) = H2(g) + 1/2O2(g);△H = +285.8 kJ·mol-1
H2O(l) == H2O(g);△H = + 44 kJ·mol-1
H2O(g) == H2O(l);△H = - 44 kJ·mol-1
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) == NaCl (aq) + H2O (l);△H = - 57.3 kJ·mol-1
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) == H2O (l);△H = - 57.3 kJ·mol-1
N
N2(g) + O2(g) = NO2(g);△H = + 180.7 kJ·mol-1
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g);△H = - 92.4 kJ·mol-1
4 NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g);△H = - 907 kJ·mol-1.
2NO(g) + O2(g) = 2NO2(g);△H = - 113 kJ·mol-1.
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) =2HNO3(l) + NO(g);△H = - 136 kJ·mol-1.
N2H4(g) + O2(g) = N2(g) + 2H2O(g);△H = - 534 kJ·mol-1
N2H4(l) + 2H2O2(l) = N2(g) + 4H2O(g);△H = - 641.6 kJ·mol-1
2N2H4(g) + 2NO2(g) = 3N2(g) + 4H2O(g);△H = - 1135.7 kJ·mol-1.
P
P4(白磷,s) = 4P(红磷,s);△H = - 66.8 kJ·mol-1.
S
S(g) + O2(g) SO2(g);△H = - 297 kJ·mol-1
FeS2(s) + 11/4O2(g) 1/2Fe2O3(s) + 2SO2(g);△H = - 853 kJ·mol-1
SO2(g) + 1/2O2(g) SO3(g);△H = - 98.3 kJ·mol-1
SO3(g) + H2O(l) = H2SO4(l);△H = - 130.3 kJ·mol-1
三、有机反应方程式
(一)、烷烃
CH4 +2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
CH4 + 2Cl2 CH2Cl2 + 2HCl
CH4 + 3Cl2 CHCl3+ 3HCl
CH4 + 4Cl2 CCl4 + 4HCl
CH4 C + 2H2
(二)、烯烃
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
CH2=CH2 + Br2 CH2BrCH2Br
CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH
CH2=CH2 +H2 CH3CH3
CH2=CH2 +HCl CH3CH2Cl
n CH2=CH2
CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2↑ + H2O
(三)、炔烃
CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2↑ + Ca(OH)2
2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O
CH≡CH + Br2 CHBr=CHBr
CHBr=CHBr + Br2 CHBr2CHBr2
CH≡CH +HCl H2C=CHCl
n H2C=CHCl
(四)、芳香烃
2C6H6+15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O
+ Br2 + HBr
+HO-NO2 + H2O
+ HO-SO3H + H2O
+ 3H2
+ 3HONO2 + 3H2O
(五)、石油
C16H34 C8H18 + C8H16
(六)、卤代烃
CH3CH2Br + H2O CH3CH2OH + HBr
CH3CH2Br +NaOH CH2=CH2 + NaBr + H2O
(七)、醇类
CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH
2CH3CH2OH + 2Na 2CH3CH2ONa + H2↑
2CH3CH2OH + O2 2CH3CHO + 2H2O
<1> 2Cu + O2 2 CuO
<2> CH3CH2OH + CuO CH3CHO + H2O + Cu
CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2↑ + H2O
CH3CH2OH CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + H2O
(八)、酚类
+ NaOH + H2O
+ H2O + H3O+
+ CO2 + H2O + NaHCO3
+3Br2 ↓ + 3HBr
(九)、醛类
CH3CHO + H2 CH3CH2OH
2CH3CHO + O2 2CH3COOH
CH3CHO + 2Ag(NH3)2OH CH3COONH4 + 2Ag↓ + 3NH3 + H2O
CH3CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 CH3COOH + Cu2O↓ + 2H2O
(十)、羧酸
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O
HCOOH + CH3OH HCOOCH3 + H2O
CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH
(十一)、糖类
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2(g) = 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l); △H= - 2800 kJ·mol-1
CH2OH(CHOH)4 + H2 CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH
CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + 2Ag(NH3)2OH CH2OH(CHOH)4COONH4 + 2Ag↓ + 3NH3 + H2O
CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH + Cu2O↓ + 2H2O
C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
C6H12O6 2CH3CHOHCOOH + 2CO2
C12H22O11(蔗糖) + H2O C6H12O6(葡萄糖) + C6H12O6(果糖)
C12H22O11(麦芽糖) + H2O 2C6H12O6(葡萄糖)
(C6H10O5)n (淀粉) + nH2O n C6H12O6(葡萄糖)
(C6H10O5)n (纤维素) + nH2O n C6H12O6(葡萄糖)
(十二)、油脂
(十三)、氨基酸
+ + H2O
+ + H2O
+ + H2O
+ + H2O
四、离子反应方程式
A
Al
2Al + 6H+ == 2Al3+ + 3H2↑
2Al + 2OH- + 2H2O == 2AlO2- + 3H2↑
Al3+ + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3H+
Al3+ + 3OH- == Al(OH)3↓
Al3+ + 4OH- == AlO2- + 2H2O
3Al3+ + 10OH- == 2Al(OH)3↓ + AlO2- + 2H2O(当n(AlCl3)/n(NaOH)= 3 :10时)
Al3+ + 3NH3.H2O == Al(OH)3↓+ 3NH4+
2Al3+ + 3CO32- + 3H2O == 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3CO2↑
Al3+ + 3HCO3- == Al(OH)3↓ + 3CO2↑
Al3+ + 3HS- + 3H2O == Al(OH)3↓ + 3H2S↑
2Al3+ + 3S2- + 6H2O == 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3H2S↑
Al3+ + 3AlO2- + 6H2O== 4Al(OH)3↓
2Al3+ + 3SiO32- == Al2(SiO3)2↓
AlO2- + 2H2O Al(OH)3 + OH-
AlO2- + H+ + H2O == Al(OH)3↓
AlO2- + 4H+ == Al3+ + 2H2O
9AlO2- + 30H+ == 2Al(OH)3↓ + 7Al3+ + 12H2O(当n(NaAlO2)/n(HCl)= 3 :10时)
3AlO2- + Fe3+ + 6H2O == Fe(OH)3↓+ 3Al(OH)3↓
AlO2- + NH4+ +H2O == Al(OH)3↓ + NH3↑
AlO2- + HCO3- + H2O == Al(OH)3↓+ CO32-
2AlO2- + CO2 + 3H2O ==2 Al(OH)3↓+ CO32-
AlO2- + CO2 + 2H2O == Al(OH)3↓+ HCO3-
Al2O3 + 6H+ == 2Al3+ + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2OH- == 2AlO2- + H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ == Al3+ + 2H2O
Al(OH)3 + 2OH- == AlO2- + 2H2O
Ag
Ag+ + H2O AgOH + H+
Ag+ + NH3.H2O == AgOH↓+ NH4+ ;
Ag+ + 2NH3.H2O == [Ag(NH3)2]+ + H2O
Ag+ + Cl- == AgCl↓
Ag+ + Br- == AgBr↓
Ag+ + I- == AgI↓
3Ag+ + PO43- == Ag3PO4↓
2Ag+ + CO32- == Ag2CO3↓
Ag2CO3 + 2H+ == 2Ag+ + CO2↑ + H2O
Ag3PO4 + 3H+ == 3Ag+ + H3PO4
2Ag[(NH3)2]+ + 2OH- + CH3CHO CH3COO- + NH4+ + 2Ag↓ + 3NH3 + H2O
2Ag[(NH3)2]+ + 2OH- + CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO CH2OH(CHOH)4COO- + NH4+ + 2Ag↓ + 3NH3 + H2O
As
As2O3 + 6Zn + 12H+ == AsH3 + 6Zn2+ + 3H2O
AsO33- + I2 + 2OH- == AsO43- + 2I- + H2O
H3AsO4 + 2I- + 2H+ == H3AsO3 + I2 + H2O
B
Ba
Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4↓
Ba2+ + CO32- = BaCO3↓
3Ba2+ + 2PO43- = Ba3(PO4)2↓
Ba2+ + 2OH- + CO2 == BaCO3↓ + H2O
Ba2+ + 2OH- + 2H+ + SO42- == BaSO4↓+ 2H2O( NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使溶液呈中性)
Ba2+ + OH- + H+ + SO42-== BaSO4↓+ H2O (NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使Ba2+全部沉淀)
BaCO3 + 2H+ == Ca2+ + CO2↑+ H2O
Br
2Br- + Cl2 = 2Cl- + Br2
Br2 + SO2 +2H2O == 2Br- + 2H+ + SO42-
4Br- + 2Fe2+ + 3Cl2 == 2Fe3+ + 2Br2 + 6Cl- (足量Cl2)
2Br- + 2Fe2+ + 2Cl2 == 2Fe3+ + Br2 + 4Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)= 1 :1时)
10Br- + 6Fe2+ + 8Cl2 == 6Fe3+ + 5Br2 + 16Cl- ( 当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)= 3 :4时)
C
C
CO32- + 2Ag+== Ag2CO3↓
CO32- + Ba2+== BaCO3↓
CO32- + Ca2+== CaCO3↓
CO32- + 2H+== CO2↑+ H2O
CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH-
3CO32- + 2Al3+ + 3H2O == 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3CO2↑
3CO32- + 2Fe3+ +3H2O == 2Fe(OH)3↓ + 3CO2↑
CO2 + 2AlO2- + 3H2O ==2 Al(OH)3↓+ CO32-
CO2 + AlO2- + 2H2O == Al(OH)3↓+ HCO3-
CO2 + OH- == HCO3-
CO2 + Ba2+ + 2OH-== BaCO3↓ + H2O
CO2 + 2OH- == CO32- + H2O
3CO2 + 5OH- == 2CO32- + HCO3- + 2H2O(当n(CO2)/n(NaOH)= 3 :5时)
CO2 + SiO32- + 2H2O == H4SiO4↓+ CO32-
Ca
Ca2+ + 2OH- + CO2 == CaCO3↓ + H2O
Ca2+ + 2OH- + SO2 == CaSO3↓ + H2O
Ca2+ + 2ClO- + SO2 + H2O == CaSO4↓ + HClO + H+ + Cl- (少量SO2)
Ca2+ + 2ClO- + 2SO2 + 4H2O ==CaSO4↓ + 2Cl- + 4H+ + SO42- (足量SO2)
Ca2+ + 2ClO- + CO2 + H2O == CaCO3↓ + 2HClO
CaCO3 + 2H+ == Ca2+ + CO2↑+ H2O
Cl
Cl2 + H2O == Cl- + H+ + HClO
Cl2 + 2OH- == Cl- + ClO- + H2O
Cl2 + 2OH- == Cl- + ClO- + H2O
Cl2 + 2I- == 2Cl- + I2
Cl2 + H2SO3 + H2O == 2Cl- + SO42- + 4H+
Cl2 + H2S == 2Cl- + 2H+ + S↓
Cl2 + 2Fe2+ == 2Fe3+ + 2Cl-(向FeBr2溶液中少量Cl2)
3Cl2 + 2Fe2+ + 4Br- == 2Fe3+ + 2Br2 + 6Cl-(足量Cl2)
2Cl2 + 2Fe2+ + 2Br- == 2Fe3+ + Br2 + 4Cl- (当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)= 1 :1时)
8Cl2 + 6Fe2+ + 10Br-== 6Fe3+ + 5Br2 + 16Cl- (当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)= 3 :4时)
Cl2 + 2I- == 2Cl- + I2
Cl2 + 2I- == I2 + 2Cl-(向FeI2溶液中通入少量Cl2)
3Cl2 + 2Fe2+ + 4I-== 2Fe3+ + 2I2 + 6Cl- (足量Cl2)
4Cl2 + 2Fe2+ + 6I- == 2Fe3+ + 3I2 + 8Cl- (当n(FeI2)/n(Cl2)= 3 :4时)
2Cl- + 4H+ + MnO2== Mn2+ + Cl2↑+ 2H2O
Cl- + Ag+ == AgCl↓
ClO- + H+ == HClO
ClO- + SO2 +H2O == 2H+ + Cl- + SO42-
ClO- + H2O HClO + OH-
CN
CN- + H2O HCN + OH-
Cr
Cr2O7- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ == 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Cu
Cu + 2Fe3+ == 2Fe2+ + Cu2+
3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ == 3Cu2+ + 2NO↑+ 4H2O
Cu2+ + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2H+
Cu2+ + 2NH3.H2O == Cu(OH)2↓+ 2NH4+
Cu2+ + 4NH3.H2O == [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 4H2O
Cu2+ + 2Na + 2H2O == 2Na+ + Cu(OH)2↓+ H2↑
Cu2+ + H2S == 2H+ + CuS↓
Cu2+ + Fe == Cu + Fe2+
Cu2+ + 2OH- == Cu(OH)2↓
CuO + 2H+ == Cu2+ + H2O
CxHyOz
C6H5O- + H2O C6H5OH + OH-
C6H5O- + CO2 == C6H5OH + HCO3-
6C6H5OH + Fe3+ == [Fe(C6H5O)6]3-(紫色溶液) + 6H+
CH3CHO + 2Ag[(NH3)2]+ + 2OH- CH3COO- + NH4+ + 2Ag↓ + 3NH3 + H2O
CH3CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 CH3COOH + Cu2O↓ + 2H2O
2CH3COOH + CaCO3 == 2CH3COO- + Ca2+ + CO2↑ + H2O
CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + 2Ag[(NH3)2]+ + 2OH- CH2OH(CHOH)4COO- + NH4+ + 2Ag↓ + 3NH3 + H2O
CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH + Cu2O↓ + 2H2O
5C2H4 + 12MnO4- + 36H+ == 12Mn2+ + 10CO2↑ + 28H2O
5C2O42- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ == 2Mn2+ + 10CO2↑ + 8H2O
F
F2
2F2 + 2H2O == 4HF + O2↑
Fe
Fe + 2H+ = Fe2+ + H2↑
Fe + Cu2+ = Fe2+ + Cu
Fe + 2Fe3+ == 3Fe2+
Fe2+ + 2OH- == Fe(OH)2↓
2Fe2+ + Cl2 == 2Fe3+ + 2Cl-
2Fe2+ + Br2 == 2Fe3+ + 2Br-
4Fe2+ + O2 + 4H+ = Fe3+ + 2H2O
12Fe2+ + 3O2 + 6H2O = 8Fe3+ + 4Fe(OH)3↓
2Fe2+ + H2O2 + 2H+ == 2Fe3+ + 2H2O
6Fe2+ + Cr2O7- + 14H+ == 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ == 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ 4H2O
3Fe2+ + NO3- + 4H+ == 3Fe3+ + NO↑ + 2H2O
Fe2+ + S2- == FeS↓
2Fe2+ + Cl2 == 2Fe3+ + 2Cl- (向FeBr2溶液中通入少量Cl2)
2Fe2+ + 4Br- + 3Cl2 == 2Fe3+ + 2Br2 + 6Cl- (足量Cl2)
2Fe2+ + 2Br- + 2Cl2 == 2Fe3+ + Br2 + 4Cl-( 当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)= 1 :1时)
6Fe2+ + 10Br- + 8Cl2 == 6Fe3+ + 5Br2 + 16Cl- (当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)= 3 :4时)
2Fe2+ + 4I- + 3Cl2 == 2Fe3+ + 2I2 + 6Cl- (向FeI2溶液中足量Cl2)
2Fe2+ + 6I- + 4Cl2 == 2Fe3+ + 3I2 + 8Cl- (当n(FeI2)/n(Cl2)= 3 :4时)
Fe3+ + 3OH- == Fe(OH)3↓
2Fe3+ + Cu == 2Fe2+ + Cu2+
2Fe3+ + Fe == 3Fe2+
2Fe3+ + Zn == 2Fe2+ + Zn2+
2Fe3+ + 3Zn == 2Fe + 3Zn2+
Fe3+ + 3HCO3- == Fe(OH)3↓ + 3CO2↑
Fe3+ + 3AlO2- + 6H2O == Fe(OH)3↓+ 3Al(OH)3↓
2Fe3+ + 3CO32- + 3H2O == 2Fe(OH)3↓ + 3CO2↑
2Fe3+ + H2S == 2Fe2+ + S↓+ 2H+
2Fe3+ + S2- == 2Fe2+ + S↓
2Fe3+ + 2I- == 2Fe2+ + I2
2Fe3+ + SO2 + 2H2O == 2Fe2+ + SO42- + 4H+
Fe3+ + 3SCN- == Fe(SCN)3(红色溶液)
Fe3+ + 6C6H5OH == [Fe(C6H5O)6]3-(紫色溶液) + 6H+
Fe3+ + 3H2O Fe(OH)3(胶体) + 3H+
FeO + 2H+ == Fe2+ + H2O
Fe2O3 + 6H+ == Fe3+ + 3H2O
Fe3O4 + 8H+ == Fe2+ + 2Fe3+ + 4H2O
FeS + 2H+ ==Fe2+ + H2S↑
H
H+
H+ + OH- = H2O
H2O
2H2O + 2Na = 2Na+ +2OH- + H2↑
2H2O + 2Na2O2 = 4Na+ +4OH- + O2↑
H2O + Na2O = 2Na+ +2OH-
H2O + Cl2 == Cl- + H+ + HClO
H2O2
H2O2 + 2I- + 2H+ = I2 + 2H2O
H2O2 + 2Fe2+ + 2H+ == 2Fe3+ + 2H2O
5H2O2 + 2MnO4- + 6H+ = 2Mn2+ + 5O2↑+ 8H2O
H2O2 + Cl2 = 2H+ + 2Cl- + O2↑
H2O2 + SO2 == 2H+ + SO42-
H2CO3系列
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
HCO3- H+ + CO32-
H2O + CO32- HCO3- + OH-
HCO3- + H2O H2CO3 + OH-
HCO3- + OH- == CO32- + H2O HCO3- + H+ == CO2↑ + H2O
3HCO3- + Al3+ == Al(OH)3↓ + 3CO2↑
3HCO3- + Fe3+ == Fe(OH)3↓ + 3CO2↑
2HCO3- + Ca2+ + 2OH- == CaCO3↓+2H2O + CO32-(向NaHCO3溶液中加入少量澄清石灰水)
HCO3- + Ca2+ + OH- == CaCO3↓ + H2O(足量澄清石灰水)
HCO3- + Ca2+ + OH- == CaCO3↓ + H2O (向Ca(HCO3)2溶液中加入少量NaOH溶液)
2HCO3- + Ca2+ + 2OH- == CaCO3↓+ 2H2O + CO32- (Ca(HCO3)2溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液)
HCO3- + OH- == CO32- + H2O (向NH4HCO3溶液中加入少量NaOH溶液)
HCO3- + NH4+ + 2OH- == CO32- + H2O + NH3.H2O (向NH4HCO3溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液)
2HCO3- + SO2 == SO32- + CO2↑ + H2O
HCO3- + AlO2- + H2O == Al(OH)3↓+ CO32-
H3PO4系列
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4-
H2PO4- H+ + HPO42-
HPO42- H+ + PO43-
H3PO4 + OH- = H2PO4- + H2O
H2PO4- + OH- = HPO42- + H2O
HPO42- + OH- = PO43- + H2O
PO43- + H2O HPO42- + OH-
HPO42- + H2O H2PO4- + OH-
H2PO4- + H2O H3PO4 + OH-
H+ + PO43- = HPO42-
H+ + HPO42-= H2PO4-
H+ + H2PO4- = H3PO4
H2S系列
H2S H+ + HS-
HS- H+ + S2-
H+ + S2- = HS-
H+ + HS- = H2S
H2O + S2- HS- + OH-
HS- + H2O H2S + OH-
H2S + OH- == HS- + H2O
HS- + OH- == S2- + H2O
H2S + Cl2 == 2Cl- + 2H+ + S↓
2H2S + SO2 == 3S↓ + 2H2O
2H2S + O2 == 2S↓ + 2H2O
H2S + Cu2+ == 2H+ + CuS↓
H2S + (CH3COO)2Pb== PbS↓ + 2CH3COOH
H2S + 2OH- == S2- + 2H2O
3HS- + Al3+ + 3H2O == Al(OH)3↓ + 3H2S↑
H2SO3系列
H2SO3 H+ + HSO3-
HSO3- H+ + SO32-
HSO3- + H2O H2SO3 + OH-
HSO3- + OH- == SO32- + H2O HSO3- + H+ == SO2↑ + H2O
H2SO3 + Cl2 + H2O == 2Cl- + SO42- + 4H+
I
2I- + 2Fe3+ == 2Fe2+ + I2
2I- + Cl2 == 2Cl- + I2
2I- + Br2 == 2Br- + I2
I- + Ag+ = AgI↓
2I- + H2O2 + 2H+ = I2 + 2H2O
5I- + IO- + 6H+ == 3I2 + 3H2O
I2 + 2OH- == I- + IO- + H2O
I2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O == 12H+ + 10Cl- + 2IO3-
L
2Li + 2H2O == 2Li+ + 2OH- + H2↑
Li2CO3 + 2H+ = 2Li+ + CO2↑+ H2O
M
Mg
Mg + 2H+ == Mg2+ + H2↑
Mg2+ + 2OH- = Mg(OH)2↓
Mg2+ + CO32- = MgCO3↓
MgCO3 + 2H+ = Mg2+ + CO2↑+ H2O
MgO + 2H+ == Mg2+ + H2O
Mg(OH)2 + 2H+ = Mg2+ + 2H2O
Mn
MnO2 + 2Cl- + 4H+ == Mn2+ + Cl2↑+ 2H2O
MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ == 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ 4H2O
2MnO4- + 5SO2 + 2H2O == 2Mn2+ + 5SO42- + 4H+
2KMnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+ == 2Mn2+ + 5O2↑ + 8H2O
12MnO4- + 5C2H4 + 36H+ == 12Mn2+ + 10CO2↑ + 28H2O
2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16H+ == 2Mn2+ + 10CO2↑ + 8H2O
N
Na
2Na + 2H2O == 2Na+ + 2OH- + H2↑
2Na + Cu2+ + 2H2O == 2Na+ + Cu(OH)2↓+ H2↑
NN3系列
NH4+ + H2O NH3.H2O + H+
2NH4+ + SiO32- + H2O == H4SiO4↓ + 2NH3↑
NH4+ + AlO2- + H2O == Al(OH)3↓ + NH3↑
NH4+ + HCO3- + 2OH- == CO32- + H2O + NH3.H2O(向NH4HCO3溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液)
NH3 + H2O NH3.H2O
NH3.H2O NH4+ + OH-
NH3.H2O + Ag+ == AgOH↓+ NH4+ ;2AgOH == Ag2O + H2O (AgNO3溶液中加入少量氨水)
2NH3.H2O + Ag+ == [Ag(NH3)2]+ + H2O (足量氨水):
2NH3.H2O + Cu2+ == Cu(OH)2↓+ 2NH4+ (向CuSO4溶液中加入少量氨水):
4NH3.H2O + Cu2+ == [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 4H2O (足量氨水):
2NH3.H2O + Zn2+ == Zn(OH)2↓+ 2NH4+ (向ZnCl2溶液中加入少量氨水)
4NH3.H2O + Zn2+ == [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 4H2O ( 足量氨水):
3NH3.H2O + Al3+ == Al(OH)3↓+ 3NH4+
NO2-、NO3-
2NO2- + 2I- + 4H+ == 2NO↑ + I2 + 2H2O
5NO2- + 2MnO4- + 6H+ == 2Mn2+ + 5NO3- + 3H2O
NO3- + 3Fe2+ + 4H+ == 3Fe3+ + NO↑ + 2H2O
2NO3- + 3SO2 + 2H2O == 3SO42- + 2NO↑ + 4H+
2NO3- + 3Cu + 8H+ == 3Cu2+ + 2NO↑+ 4H2O
O
OH- + H+ = H2O
OH- + CO2 == HCO3-
O2 + 2H2S == 2S↓+ 2H2O
O2 + 2S2- + 4H+ = S↓+ 2H2O
O2 + 2HS- + 2H+ = S↓+ 2H2O
O2 + 4Fe2+ + 4H+ = Fe3+ + 2H2O
3O2 + 12Fe2+ + 6H2O = 8Fe3+ + 4Fe(OH)3↓
O2 + 2SO32- == 2SO42-
O3 + 2I- + 2H+ == I2 + O2 + H2O
P
PO43- + 3Ag+ = Ag3PO4↓
2PO43- + 3Ba2+ = Ba3(PO4)2↓
2PO43- + 3Ca2+ = Ca3(PO4)2↓
2PO43- + 3Mg2+ = Mg3(PO4)2↓
PO43- + H+ = HPO42-
PO43- + 2H+ = H2PO4-
PO43- + 3H+ = H3PO4
Pb2+ + SO42- = PbSO4↓
Pb2+ + S2- = PbS↓
PbO2 + 2Cl- + 4H+ == Pb2+ + Cl2↑+ 2H2O
(CH3COO)2Pb + H2S== PbS↓ + 2CH3COOH
S
S
3S + 6OH- = 2S2- + SO32- + 3H2O
S2- + H2O HS- + OH-
3S2- + 2Al3+ + 6H2O == 2Al(OH)3↓ + 3H2S↑
S2- + 2Fe3+ == 2Fe2+ + S↓
SO2 + Ca2+ + 2ClO- + H2O == CaSO4↓ + HClO + H+ + Cl- (少量SO2)
2SO2 + Ca2+ + 2ClO- + 4H2O ==CaSO4↓ + 2Cl- + 4H+ + SO42- (足量SO2)
SO2 + 2Fe3+ + 2H2O == 2Fe2+ + SO42- + 4H+
SO2 + 2HCO3- == SO32- + CO2↑ + H2O
SO2 + 2OH- == SO32- + H2O
SO2 + OH- == HSO3-
SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O == 2Br- + 2H+ + SO42-
SO2 + I2 + 2H2O == 2I- + 2H+ + SO42-
SO2 + H2O2 == 2H+ + SO42-
3SO2 + 2NO3- + 2H2O == 3SO42- + 2NO↑ + 4H+
SO2 + ClO- + H2O == 2H+ + Cl- + SO42-
SO2 + 2H2S == 3S↓ + 2H2O
SO2 + H2O H2SO3
5SO2 + 2MnO4- + 2H2O == 2Mn2+ + 5SO42- + 4H+
SO32- + 2H+ == SO2↑+ H2O
SO32- + H2O HSO3- + OH-
SO42- + Ba2+ == BaSO4↓
SO42- + 2H+ + Ba2+ + 2OH- == BaSO4↓+ 2H2O( NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使溶液呈中性)
SO42- + H+ + Ba2+ + OH-== BaSO4↓+ H2O (NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使Ba2+全部沉淀)
S2O32- + 2H+ == S↓ + SO2↑ + H2O
Si
Si + 2OH- + H2O == SiO32- + 2H2↑
SiO2 + 2OH- == SiO32- + H2O
SiO32- + 2NH4+ + H2O == H4SiO4↓ + 2NH3↑
SiO32- + CO2 + 2H2O == H4SiO4↓+ CO32-
SiO32- + 2H+ + H2O == H4SiO4↓
3SiO32- + 2Fe3+ == Fe2(SiO3)2↓
3SiO32- + 2Al3+ == Al2(SiO3)2↓
Z
Zn + 2H+ == Zn2+ + H2↑
Zn + 2OH- == ZnO22- + H2↑
Zn + 2Fe3+ == 2Fe2+ + Zn2+ (少量Zn片)
3Zn + 2Fe3+ == 2Fe + 3Zn2+ (过量Zn片)
Zn2+ + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2H+
Zn2+ + 2OH- == Zn(OH)2↓
Zn2+ + 2NH3.H2O == Zn(OH)2↓+ 2NH4+ (少量氨水)
Zn2+ + 4NH3.H2O == [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 4H2O (足量氨水)
Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ = Zn2+ + 2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- = ZnO22- + 2H2O
ZnO + 2H+ = Zn2+ + H2O
ZnO + 2OH- = ZnO22- + H2O
五、电极反应方程式
(一)、原电池电极反应方程式
1.Cu─H2SO4─Zn原电池
正极: 2H+ + 2e- == H2↑
负极: Zn - 2e- == Zn2+
总反应式: Zn + 2H+ == Zn2+ + H2↑
2.Cu─FeCl3─C原电池
正极: 2Fe3+ + 2e- == 2Fe2+
负极: Cu - 2e- == Cu2+
总反应式: 2Fe3+ + Cu == 2Fe2+ + Cu2+
3.钢铁在潮湿的空气中发生吸氧腐蚀
正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e- == 4OH-
负极:2Fe - 4e- == 2Fe2+
总反应式:2Fe + O2 + 2H2O == 2Fe(OH)2↓
4.氢氧燃料电池(中性介质)
正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e- == 4OH-
负极:2H2 - 4e-== 4H+
总反应式:2H2 + O2 == 2H2O
5.氢氧燃料电池(酸性介质)
正极:O2 + 4H+ + 4e- == 2H2O
负极:2H2 - 4e-== 4H+
总反应式:2H2 + O2 == 2H2O
6.氢氧燃料电池(碱性介质)
正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e- == 4OH-
负极:2H2 - 4e- + 4OH- == 4H2O
总反应式:2H2 + O2 == 2H2O
7.铅蓄电池(放电)
正极 (PbO2) :PbO2 + 2e- + SO42- + 4H+ == PbSO4↓ + 2H2O
负极 (Pb) :Pb - 2e- + SO42- == PbSO4↓
总反应式:Pb + PbO2 + 4H+ + 2SO42- == 2PbSO4↓ + 2H2O
8.Al─NaOH─Mg原电池
正极:6H2O + 6e- == 3H2↑ + 6OH-
负极:2Al - 6e- + 8OH- == 2AlO2- + 4H2O
总反应式:2Al + 2OH- + 2H2O == 2AlO2- + 3H2↑
9.CH4燃料电池(碱性介质)
正极:2O2 + 4H2O + 8e- == 8OH-
负极:CH4 -8e- + 10OH- == CO32- + 7H2O
总反应式:CH4 + 2O2 + 2OH- == CO32- + 3H2O
10.熔融碳酸盐燃料电池
(Li2CO3和Na2CO3熔融盐作电解液,CO作燃料):
正极:O2 + 2CO2 + 4e- == 2CO32- (持续补充CO2气体)
负极:2CO + 2CO32- - 4e- == 4CO2
总反应式:2CO + O2 == 2CO2
11.银锌纽扣电池(碱性介质)
正极 (Ag2O) :Ag2O + H2O + 2e- == 2Ag + 2OH-
负极 (Zn) :Zn + 2OH- -2e- == ZnO + H2O
总反应式:Zn + Ag2O == ZnO + 2Ag
(二)、电解电极反应方程式
1.电解CuCl2溶液
阳极:2Cl- - 2e- == Cl2↑
阴极:Cu2+ + 2e- == Cu
总反应式:2Cl- + Cu2+ Cl2↑ + Cu
2.电解精炼铜
阳极(粗铜):Cu - 2e- == Cu2+
阴极 (纯铜) :Cu2+ + 2e- == Cu
总反应式:无
3.电镀铜
阳极(纯铜):Cu - 2e- == Cu2+
阴极(待镀金属,如Fe):Cu2+ + 2e- == Cu
总反应式:无
4.电解饱和食盐水
阳极:2Cl- - 2e- == Cl2↑
阴极:2H2O + 2e- == H2↑ + 2OH-
总反应式:2Cl- + 2H2O H2↑ + Cl2↑ + 2OH-
5.电解HCl溶液
阳极:2Cl- - 2e- == Cl2↑
阴极:2H+ + 2e- == H2↑
总反应式:2Cl- + 2H+ Cl2↑ + H2↑
6.电解NaOH溶液
阳极:4OH- - 4e- == O2↑ + 2H2O
阴极:4H2O + 4e- == 2H2↑ + 4OH-
总反应式:2H2O 2H2↑ + O2↑
7.电解H2SO4溶液
阳极:2H2O - 4e- == O2↑ + 4H+
阴极:4H+ +4e- == 2H2↑
总反应式:2H2O 2H2↑ + O2↑
8.电解KNO3溶液
阳极:2H2O - 4e- == O2↑ + 4H+
阴极:4H2O + 4e- == 2H2↑ + 4OH-
总反应式:2H2O 2H2↑ + O2↑
9.电解CuSO4溶液
阳极:2H2O - 4e- == O2↑ + 4H+
阴极:2Cu2+ + 4e- == 2Cu↓
总反应式:2Cu2+ + 2H2O 2Cu↓ + O2↑ + 4H+
10.电解AgNO3溶液
阳极:2H2O - 4e- == O2↑ + 4H+
阴极:4Ag+ + 4e- == 4Ag↓
总反应式:4Ag+ + 2H2O 4Ag↓ + O2↑ + 4H+
11.铅蓄电池充电
阳极:PbSO4 - 2e- + 2H2O == PbO2 + SO42- + 4H+
阴极:PbSO4 + 2e- == Pb + SO42-
总反应式:2PbSO4 + 2H2O Pb + PbO2 + 4H+ + 2SO42-