偶看新闻五星红旗简谱歌谱:虚拟语气
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虚拟语气
一、考点聚焦
1、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
（1）表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be动词的过去式用were）”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形”。如：
If I were a boy, I would join the army.
If she had time, she should go with you.
（2）表示与过去的事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用“would / should / might / could + have +过去分词”。如：
If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the competition.
(3)表示与将来事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般过去时或should(were to) + 动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用would / should/could might + 动词原形。如:
If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.
（4）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：
If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.(从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在)
以下表格是虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中时，主句和从句谓语动词的形式：
条件状语从句
主 句
与过去事实相反
had + 过去分词
should /would/could/might + have + 过去分词
与现在事实相反
一般过去时 (be 用 were)
would/should/could/might + 动词原形
与将来事实相反
一般过去时或 should(were to) + 动词原形
Would/should/cold/might + 动词原形
有时侯在使用时可省略if,句子则可换成下列形式，即“were / had / should +主语”。如：
Were I a boy, I would join the army.
Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded.
Were it not for the expense, I would go to
2、虚拟语气用于名词性从句
（1）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。
①“wish + 宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。如：
I wish it were spring all the year round.
I wish I had known the answer.
I wish I could fly like a bird.
②在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词suggest、advise、propose、demand、require、insist request、command、order等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should + 动词原形或是动词原形。如：
She suggested we (should)leave here at once.
The doctor ordered she should be operated.
（2）虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。
作表示建议、要求、命令等的名词advise、idea、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中的谓语动词用“（should） + 动词原形”。如：
His suggestion that we (should)go to
My idea is that they (should)pay 100 dollars.
（3）虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。
在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should + 动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等。如：
It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day.
It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless.
It will be desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果说人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感，that从句也可用陈述句语气。如：
It is pity that you can’t swim.
3、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用
（1）虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：
He did it as if he were an expert.
Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.
（2）虚拟语气用于定语从句中。
这种从句常用于句型“It is (high)time (that) … ”中，定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)或should + 动词原形，意思是“(现在)该……”。如：
It’s time that I picked up my daughter.
It’s high time we were going.
（3）虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如：
If only I were a bird.
If only I had taken his advice.
（4）虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。
①情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。如：
It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
Would you be kind enough to close the door?
②用于一些习惯表达法中。如：
Would you like a cup of tea?
I would rather not tell you.
二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______. (NMET 95)
A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken
解析：答案为C。本题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题，as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致，不用虚拟语气，如果与事实相反，应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一部分浸在水中，铅笔看上去好像断了”。而实际上铅笔并未断，与事实相反，前半部分陈述是一般现在时，因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟，用were broken。
2. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ___________, she would have met my brother.(NMET 94)
A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come
解析：答案为D。本题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是：我在会议上没看到你姐姐，故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了”与事实相反，前面一句交代了虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟，所以if从句中用had+过去分词。
3. —If he ___________, he ________that food.
—Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.(NMET 93)
A.was warned; would not take
B.had been warned; would not have taken
C.would be warned; had not taken
D.would have been warned; had not taken
解析：答案为B。本题考查的是条件状语从句与主
虚拟语气语法附带练习题
虚拟语气表示用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
虚拟语气的重点是：虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气和表示愿望的虚拟形式等。
(一)虚拟语气的常见句型
(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气：
A用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式(be动词用were)。
B用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would,could,might+动词原形。
Cwish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：
had+动词过去分词或could,would+have+动词过去分词。
(2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。
(3)would(had)rather,would as soon,would sooner和would
prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：
I'd rather you posted the letter right away.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿呆得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
(4)It's (high,about) time that句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。
例如：It's very late.It's time we had to go.天太晚了，我们得走了。
(二)特殊形式的虚拟语气
(1)should(可省略)+动词原形用于如下结构中的that从句中。
A用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，例如：
He ordered that parking be prohibited on
他下令在(交通)高峰期间禁止在大街上停车。
Tom insisted that his Leadership be recognized by all the boys.
汤姆坚持让所有男孩接受他的领导。
这类动词还有：
ask要求advise建议arrange安排beg请求command命令decide决定demand要求desire渴望 determine决定insist坚持intend打算maintain坚持，主张move建议，动员propose提议object反对order命令prefer建议require需要request要求resolve下决心recommend推荐suggest建议stipulate约定，规定urge强调，促进vote公认，提议decree颁布(法令) pray请求
B用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，例如：
It is appropriate that some time be devoted to thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission. 拿出时间对阿波罗登月计划的结果做详细研究是恰当的。
This is their resolution that extracurriculum activities be made part of their school life.
这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。
这类形容词或分词有：
advisable合理的decided决定的crucial关键的appropriate恰当的determined决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的，基本的complied遵照anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的desirable合意的better较好的，更好insistent坚持的desired想要asked请求keen渴望的incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的natural自然的insisted坚持necessary必要的suggested建议urgent紧迫的ordered命令shocked震惊的vital极其重要的possible可能的strange奇怪的preferable好一点proposed提议requested要求的required要求的recommended推荐resolved决定的probable可能的pity可惜，憾事shame遗憾
C表示建议、要求、命令、请求等含义的名词引导表语从句和同位语从句，例如：
The motion is that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.
该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。
这类名词常见的有：
advice忠告decision决定demand要求desire要求、愿望insistence坚持motion提议necessity必要性order命令preference偏爱，选择proposal提议pray恳求recommendation推荐request要求requirement要求resolution决心suggestion劝告，忠告
(2)虚拟语气用于as if(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语
从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。
例如：She often laughs spontaneously,and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是多年的老朋友一样。She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。
(3)由连接词in case,so that,unless,lost,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might,would)+动词原形，
例如：She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.她在那个婴儿的身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
(三)含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄虚拟条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：
(1)介词或介词短语，如but for,but that,without,in case of,under,under more favourable condition等。
(2)连词，如：so that,unless, in case,supposing,lest,provided(倘若……)，for fear that(惟恐),insgroupsthat,on condition that,if only(要是……就好了)等。(注：lest,for fear that和in case引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)
例如：The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him.这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.
在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。
练习题，自测一下：
1. It's time that you _____ home and I'd rather you _______ again tomorrow.
A. would go ; would come B. went ; came
C. go ; are coming D. are going ; will come
2. He insisted that he ________ no help.
A. would need B. needed C. need D. Needs
3. I really wish such a noise ________ soon.
A. had stopped B. would stop C. stopped D. will stop
4. I ____ you a more valuable present for your birthday, but I was short of money at that time.
A. much have bought B. had bought C. would have bought D. would buy
5. If she could sew, she _______ herself a shirt.
A. had made B. will make C. would have made D. Made
6. _______ he come, the problem would be settled.
A. Would B. Should C. Shall D. If
7. I _______ to stay there for one more week, but I changed my mind.
A. would have hoped B. was hoping C. had hoped D. Hoped
8. It's necessary that each child _________ the rules.
A. must obey B. still obey C. obeys D. Obey
9. The officer gave the order that soldiers ______ to go out at night
A. mustn't be allowed B. not be allowed C. be not allowed D. shouldn't allow
10. His silence at the meeting suggested that he ______ to your plan.
A. shouldn't agree B. wouldn't agree C. hadn't agreed D. didn't agree
11. You ______ to the meeting yesterday . What was the reason for your absence?
A. had come B. came C. would have come D. should have come
12. He ______ the job well, but he _________ so careless.
A. hadn't done ; had been B. could have done ; was
C. could do ; was D. had done ; had been
13. There was plenty of time, she _______ have hurried.
A. wouldn't B. needn't C. couldn't D. mustn't
14. He didn't come yesterday, or you ________ him.
A. had seen B. might have seen C. were to see D. would see
15. Li Ning acted that way as though he _________ a foreigner.
A. were B. had been C. should be D. Is
16. "Have you visited the
A. had B. did C. have D. Will
17. ______ he would have succeeded in the examinations.
A. If he has worked hard B. If he works hard
C. If he worked hard D. Had he worked hard
18. What would you do if the war ____________.
A. would break out B. were to break out C. will break out D. is broken out
19. Our former maths teacher died of cancer last term, otherwise he _________ now.
A. would still be working B. would still have worked
C. should still work D. will still work
20. If it _______ so hard, we'd go to town.
A. isn't going to rain B. doesn't C. weren't raining D. isn't raining
21. Without your help, I _______ the exam last term.
A. failed in B. would have failed C. wouldn't pass D. would fail
22. But for the Party, he ______ of hunger 30 years ago.
A. died B. would die C. must have died D. would have died
23. The doctor did everything he could so that he _________ save the soldier's life.
A. might B. must C. had to D. was able to
参考答案
1-5 B B B C C 6-10 B A D B D 11-15 D B B B A 16-20 A D B A C 21-23 B D A
虚拟语气练习题及解答
1. Mr Li required the computer equipment referred ________ used in every classroom.
A. should be B. have to be
C. to be D. to being
2. —Yang Liwei has won great honour for our country.
—Who is Yang Liwei?
—What a question! It is surprising ________ the first spaceman in
A. you didn’t know our national hero B. to you not to know him
C. you should know nothing about D. you knew nothing about him
3. —What courses are you going to do next term?
—I don’t know. But it’s about time ________ on something.
A. I’d decide B. I decided
C. I decide D. I’m deciding
4. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material ________ to its burning temperature.
A. is heated B. will be heated
C. would be heater D. be heated
5. Robert wishes that he ________ business instead of history when he was in university.
A. studies B. studied
C. has studied D. had studied
6. My demand is that the information referred to in my report ________ to Mr. Brown without delay.
A. to be e-mailed B. e-mailed
C. be e-mailed D. being e-mailed
7. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ________ to the meeting.
A. would come B. came
C. would have come D. had come
8. Without electricity human life ________ quite different today.
A. is B. will be
C. would have been D. would be
9. If he had not gone out in the storm, he ________ alive now.
A will be B. would be
C. would have been D. is
10. If only I ________ how to operate an electronic computer as you do.
A. had known B. would know
C. should know D. knew
11. But for the party, he ________ of hunger fifteen years ago.
A. would have died B. would die
C. must have died D. must die
12. I would have come earlier, but I ________ that you were waiting for me.
A. didn’t know B. hadn’t know
C. would have known D. haven’t known
13. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students ________ two weeks to prepare for the exam.
A. give B. should give
C. be given D. would be given
14. Wang Ling, one of my friends, is very good at English. He speaks English as if he ________ an Englishman.
A. were B. would be
C. have been D. had been
15. We ________ our lives had it not been for the policeman.
A. would have lost B. should lose
C. might lose D. had lost
16. _______ more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
17. Were it not for the snowy weather, we ________ all right.
A. would be B. would have been
C. were D. may be
18. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ________ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
19. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ________ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored
C. would score D. would have scored
20. How I wish every family ________ a large house with a beautiful garden!
A. has B. had
C. will have D. had had
◎答案解析◎
1. C. 因为在表示“要求”的require, request, ask, demand等动词后的宾语从句的谓语要用“(should+)动词原形”，句中referred to是过去分词短语，作the computer equipment的定语，所以选C(from www.hxen.com)。
2. C. 因为在it is surprising后的that从句中，谓语要用“should +动词原形”，其中should含“竟然”之意，不可省略。
3. B. 因为It’s (high /about) time后面的从句的谓语动词通常用过去时态。
4. D. 因为requirement后的表语从句的谓语要用“(should +)动词原形”；material(材料)与heat(加热)是被动关系，用被动语态，所以是be heated。
5. D. 因为wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词要用过去式，此题的study business是与过去事实相反的情况，所以用had studied business(from www.hxen.com)。
6. C. 因为主语是demand时，其后的表语从句的谓语要用“(should +)动词原形”。
7. C. 因为句中otherwise (否则)表示与过去事实相反的情况，所以用would have done。
8. D. 因为介词短语without…表示与现在事实相反的情况，所以用would be。
9. B. 由had not gone可知，条件句是与过去事实相反的情况，而now提示我们，主句是与现在事实相反的情况，所以用would be。
10. D. 因为if only (要是…就要了) 其后的句子要用过去式表示虚拟语气，由as you do可知，是与现在事实相反，所以选knew。
11. A. 因为but for (要不是因为、如果没有) 通常要与虚拟语气连用，由fifteen years ago可知，这是与过去事实相反的情况，所以选would have died(from www.hxen.com)。
12. A. 因为would come earlier是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，而后面分句表示的是事实：当时我的确不知道…所以用一般过去时，选A。
13. C. 因为that从句是suggestion的同位语，应当用“(should+) 动词原形”表示虚拟语气，又因the students与give是被动关系，所以选be given。
14. A. 因为Wang Ling是中国人的名字，显然不是英国人，所以as if从句的谓语要用与现在事实相反的情况，所以用were。
15. A. 因为had it not been for the policeman = if it had not been for the policeman (如果没有警察) ，显然是与过去事实相反的情况，主句中的谓语应是would have lost。
16. B. 因为由主句谓语可判断，表示的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以虚拟条件句中的谓语应用过去完成时，Had the captain been = If the captain had been。
17. A. 由于从句谓语为一般过去时，表示的是对现在的虚拟，故主句谓语用过去将来时，表示。Were it not for the snowy weather=If it were not for the snowy weather.
18. B。这是个错综时间虚拟条件句：主句与现在事实相反，条件句与过去事实相反。句意为“如果我不是在七岁时就迷上了Melinda Cox 图书馆，我真不能想象我如今会在做什么”。
19. D。本题考查目标与1996上海同。由otherwise和hesitated可知，这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，谓语动词用 would+ have+ 过去分词构成(from www.hxen.com)。
20. B。wish 后面宾语从句的谓语总是用过去时态。此题是表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时。句意为“我多么希望每个家庭都有座有一个漂亮花园的大房子啊！”