香港机场买东西便宜吗:第01单元 句子、单词、短语及从句

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第01单元 句子、单词、短语及从句I.句子
  1 语法主要研究句子中词与词间的关系。一个句子可以陈述一个事实,如:We are happy.Lee is learning English.也可提出问题,如:Are you happy?Is he learning English?也可提出请求或发出命令,如:Let’s learn English.Be quiet!,也可表示惊叹情绪,如:How happy we are!How well she dances!
  根据上述4种作用,句子可以分为1)陈述句、2)疑问句、3)祈使句及4)感叹句。
  2 在一般情况下,句子由2部分组成:
  主语(某人或某物)+谓语(做某事或是什么)
  The man+wrote.那人写作。
  The old man sitting there+is my uncle.坐在那里的老人是我叔叔。
  The old man you met+seems very kind.你碰到的那个老人似乎很善良。
  The news+astonished me.这消息使我吃惊。
  The strange news+greatly astonished me.这条奇特的新闻使我大为吃惊。
  The strange news received last night+was a rumour.昨天晚上收到的消息是谣言。
  The strange news which we received last night+proves false.
  昨天晚上我们收到的奇怪消息原来是假的。
  Ⅱ.词类
  3 在英语语法中主要把词分为8大类:
  1.名词:表示人、物或地方等,如:John,teacher;table,pen;London;beauty.
  2.代词:用来代替名词,以避免重复某个名词,如:I,you,it,that,those,them.
  3.形容词:用来修饰或限制某个(些)名词,如:good(man),white(paper),every(book),much(water),(John is)hon-est,(He seems)lazy.被修饰或限制的名词,叫做主体词(head-word)。
  4.动词:表示行为或状态,如:speak,read,go,think,is,seem.
  5.介词:表示它后面的名词(或代词)跟它前面的动词、另一名词或形容词的关系。这些名词(或代词)称为介词的宾语。
  介词宾语和介词构成介词短语。
  He went to school.(介词to把名词school和动词went联系起来)
  He stood by me.
  He asked for it.
  The book on the desk is mine.(介词on把名词book和另一名词desk联系起来)
  He lives in a house on the mountain.他住在山上的一幢房子里。
  The bridge across this river is built by a Frenchman.河上的桥是一位法国人修建的。
  He is sure of it.他对此很有把握。(of联系it和sure.)
  It is good for you.这对你有好处。
  He is angry with Mary.他生玛丽的气。
  6.副词:修饰或限制动词、形容词或其他副词,乃至介词、连词及整个句子。
  He walked slowly.他走得很慢。
  He did it carefully.他干得很仔细。
  He is a very kind man.他是一个非常善良的人。
  John is truly honest.约翰的确很诚实。
  He arrived too late.他到得太晚了。
  He walked rather slowly.他走得相当慢。
  He sat far behind me.他坐在我后面挺远的地方。
  He arrived exactly at seven.他在7点整到达。
  He will come probably after we take lunch.他可能在我们吃午饭之后到达。
  He loves her just because she is pretty.他爱她只是因为她漂亮。
  Luckily,he got back his money.幸好他把钱要回来了。
  Historically,China is a great nation.从历史上看中国是个伟大的国家。
  7.连词:用来连接词、词组(短语)或句子,如:and,but,or,so;或把一个句子和一动词或名词联系起来,如:when,because,as,though,that.
  He visited Hong Kong and Singapore.(连词and把Hong Kong和Singapore连接起来)他访问了香港和新加坡。
  She is pretty but cruel.她很漂亮却很残忍。
  He does exercise in class or at home.他在课堂上或是在家里做练习。(or把in class和at home两个短语连接起来)
  She sat by me,reading novels but turning her eyes tochildren about her from time to time.她坐在我身旁看小说,但不时把眼睛转向她周围的孩子们。
  He works hard,so he will succeed.他很努力,所以他会成功。(so把he works hard和he will succeed连接起来)
  He says this and that,but he does not mean them.他说这说那,但这些都不是他的真心话。
  He was writing when it was rainning.下雨时他正在写作。(when把动词was raining和he was writing连接起来)
  He became a beggar because he had been a gambler.他成了乞丐因为他爱赌博。
  He went to school though he was sick.他虽病了,但他仍然上学。
  The news that the enemy had surrendered soon reached us.不久传来了敌人投降的消息。
  8.感叹词:用来表示说话时的感情,如Oh!,Alas!,My!上面只是对8大词类粗略的解释。另外冠词、数词也可算作两个词类,冠词只有a,an,the3个字,数词可归入形容词中。
  Ⅲ.词类的确定
  4 代词、介词、连词及感叹词比其他词类更易确定,因为每类仅几十个词。在多数情况下,无需看上下文即可确定he为代词,a-gainst为介词,because为连词,oh为感叹词。确定一个词的词类是掌握语法的第一步。为了确定每个词的词类,我们必须了解一个词在一个特定句子中的特定作用。同样一个词在两个或更多的句子中,可以有两个或更多不同的作用,因而就可属于两个或更多词类,如:
  You must answer me.(动词)
  Give me an answer.(名词)
  He went down.(副词)
  He went down the ladder.(介词)
  That is the right way.(形容词)
  He has guessed it right.(副词)
  He drank cold water.(形容词)
  He caught a cold.(名词)
  When did he do it?(副词)
  I was ill when he called.(连词)
  5 一个词有时略加改变即可转为另一词类,如:
  He is honest.(形容词)
  I doubt his honesty.(名词)
  He is a very proud businessman.(形容词)
  He spoke proudly to everyone.(副词)
  You have hurt his pride.(名词)
  He is a fool.(名词)
  You are talking with a foolish fellow.(形容词)
  He has done it foolishly.(副词)
  Ⅳ.短语
  6 作用和一个词相似的一组词(多数由两个以上的词组成)可称作短语。起名词作用的短语称为名词短语;起形容词作用的短语称为形容词短语;起副词作用的短语可称为副词短语;由此类推。
  The King of Terror(名词短语)will come sooner or later.
  比较:Death(名词)will come sooner or later.
  He is a man of wealth.(形容词短语)
  比较:He is a wealthy(形容词)man.
  He speaks English with fluency.(副词短语)
  =He speaks English fluently.(副词)
  He is fond of(动词短语)books.
  =He likes(动词)books.
  He stood in front of(介词短语)a tree.
  =He stood before(介词)a tree.
  Let me know in case(连词短语)he is ill.
  =Let me know if(连词)he is ill.
  但有时不可能找到与每个短语意思相等的单词。同时还有一些其他短语,如分词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语,在句子中有着不同的句法作用。分词短语可起形容词或副词的作用;不定式短语可起形容词、副词或名词的作用;动名词短语主要起名词的作用。介词短语可以起形容词或副词的作用。
  Ⅴ.成语
  7 一个词组有时可作为一个整体来使用,有其特别的意思,与一个单词相近,可称为习用语(Set Phrase)或成语(Idiom)。它的意思已不完全是所包含各词原来的意思,如 blue blood 不是表示“蓝色的血液”,而是指“贵族血统”,keep a good house不是表示“有好房子”,而是表示“善于款待客人”。另外,它包含的词不能随便改动,如take care of(照顾)不能改为take a care of,give care of,或do care of。又如look after(照看)不能改为look behind或watch af-ter。又如lose heart(灰心)不能改为miss heart,lose a heart。如作这样改动,意思就会改变或变得没有意义。
  Ⅵ.分句
  8 词组是比单词较大的单位。分句又是比词组更大的单位。分句是一个“大”句子中包含的一个“小”句子,有它自己的主语及谓语。它多由一个连词所引带或连接。下面第一个例句:
  I know that you are all right 是一个“大”句子,you are all right是包含在“大”句子中的“小”句子,由连词that引带。
  I know that you are all right.
  He will come though it rains.
  I was dining when he came.
  How he did it was unknown.
  The house where I live is small.
  9 如果有两个或更多“小”句子由and,but,or,so这类并列连词连接,这个“大”句子就称为并列句(Compound Sentence),“小”句子就称为分句(Coordinate Clause)。例如:
  I walked along,and he followed me.
  I talked to him,but he wouldn‘t listen to me.
  I must work,or I shall be starved,but I am so ill.
  She loves me,so I love her,but John loves her,too.
  10 如果分句起形容词的作用,修饰一名词或代词,这种分句就称为形容词从句(或定语从句),句子的其他部分称为主句(MainClause或Principal Clause)。例如:
  I know the man who killed the woman.(形容词从句,修饰man,I know the man为主句)
  He entered the room where many of his friends were waiting.
  (He entered the room 为主句,where引带的为形容词从句,从句修饰room)
  如果从句起副词的作用,修饰句子中的另一动词,这种分句称为副词从句(或状语从句),句子的另一部分称为主句。
  He stayed at home because he was ill.(副词从句,修饰stayed,He stayed at home为主句)
  He will come here if it doesn’t rain.(副词从句,修饰动词come,He will come here为主句)
  如果整个分句起名词的作用(用作主语、宾语、表语或同位语),这种从句称名词从句。
  That he has resigned(主语从句)is true.
  I know that he is honest.(宾语从句,作动词know的宾语)
  That depends on how he did it.(宾语从句,作介词on的宾语)
  11 形容词从句、副词从句、名词从句,统称为从属句(SubordinateClauses),简称从句。通常它都由从属连词(Subordinate Con-junctions)引带。凡包含从句的句子都称为复合句(ComplexSentences)。
  12 不包含从句或分句的句子称为简单句(Simple Sentences),如John came yesterday.He does not know anything about herdeath.
  Ⅶ.其他术语
  13 字句(Expressions)可能指一个词,一个短语,一个分句或整个句子。
  词组(Combinations)像是短语,但是并不表达词类,如Itwould seem,Such…as,in order that.
  名词短语和名词从句都起名词的作用,可称为名词等同语(Noun-Equivalents)。同样,形容词短语及形容词从句也可称为形容词等同语(Adjective-Equivalents),副词短语及副词从句可称为副词等同语(Adverb-Equivalents)。
  还有一些其他语法术语,如“单数”(Singular)可指“单数”或“单数的词”;“阳性”(Masculine)可以指“阳性”或“阳性的词”。“所有格”(Possessive)可指“所有格”或“所有格的词”;“疑问词”(Interrogative)可指“疑问代词”(Interrogative Pro-noun)或“疑问副词”(Interrogative Adverb)。又如“关系词”(Relative)可指“关系代词”(Relative Pronoun)或“关系副词”(Relative Adverb)。