建管委王百通:SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法

SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法
要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文）

引言部分

（1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等

（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语老表达

（3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等

方法部分

（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等

（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等

（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等

结果部分

（1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等

（2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce, conclude等

讨论部分

（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe等

（2）说明论证，常用词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等

（3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。

摘要引言部分案例     词汇review

        Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC

        Title: THE NEURAL BASIS OF DRUG CRAVING - AN INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION

        Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 《脑研究评论》荷兰  SCI被引用1774

We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例    词汇summarize

Author(s): Barnett, RM; Carone, CD;   被引用1571

Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physics

Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:《物理学评论，D辑》美国

      引言部分 回顾研究背景常用词汇summarize

 Abstract: This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review.

SCI摘要引言部分案例   attention

SCI摘要方法部分案例　consider

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例        词汇outline

        Author(s): TIERNEY, L                                 SCI引用728次

        Title: MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS               引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇outline

        Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994

        《统计学纪事》美国

        Abstract: Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm. In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample size and allocation.

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例        回顾研究背景present

Author(s): LYNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG   SC I被引用661

Title: ANALYSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERS

Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994《分子生态学》英国

Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest. The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated.

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例        词汇describe

        Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR

        Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER

        Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993《普通精神病学纪要》美国

          引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇describe     被引用926

        Abstract: In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts. Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment.

摘要引言部分案例

         （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例      attempt说明写作目的

        Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM

        Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage

        Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995   《美国统计学会志》  被引用429次

        Abstract: We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. The thresholding is adaptive: A threshold level is assigned to each dyadic resolution level by the principle of minimizing the Stein unbiased estimate of risk (Sure) for threshold estimates. The computational effort of the overall procedure is order N.log(N) as a function of the sample size N. SureShrink is smoothness adaptive: If the unknown function contains jumps, then the reconstruction (essentially) does also; if the unknown function has a smooth piece, then the reconstruction is (essentially) as smooth as the mother wavelet will allow. The procedure is in a sense optimally smoothness adaptive: It is near minimax simultaneously over a whole interval of the Besov scale; the size of this interval depends on the choice of mother wavelet. We know from a previous paper by the authors that traditional smoothing methods-kernels, splines, and orthogonal series estimates-even with optimal choices of the smoothing parameter, would be unable to perform in a near-minimax way over many spaces in the Besov scale. Examples of SureShrink are given. The advantages of the method are particularly evident when the underlying function has jump discontinuities on a smooth background

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例       To investigate说明写作目的

        Author(s): OLTVAI, ZN; MILLIMAN, CL; KORSMEYER, SJ

        Title: BCL-2 HETERODIMERIZES IN-VIVO WITH A CONSERVED HOMOLOG, BAX, THAT ACCELERATES PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH

        Source: CELL, 74 (4): 609-619 AUG 27 1993     被引用3233

        Abstract: Bcl-2 protein is able to repress a number of apoptotic death programs. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. We identified an associated 21 kd protein partner, Bax, that has extensive amino acid homology with Bcl-2, focused within highly conserved domains I and II. Bax is encoded by six exons and demonstrates a complex pattern of alternative RNA splicing that predicts a 21 kd membrane (alpha) and two forms of cytosolic protein (beta and gamma). Bax homodimerizes and forms heterodimers with Bcl-2 in vivo. Overexpressed Bax accelerates apoptotic death induced by cytokine deprivation in an IL-3-dependent cell line. Overexpressed Bax also counters the death repressor activity of Bcl-2. These data suggest a model in which the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax determines survival or death following an apoptotic stimulus.

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例    purposes说明写作目的

        Author(s): ROGERS, FJ; IGLESIAS, CA

        Title: RADIATIVE ATOMIC ROSSELAND MEAN OPACITY TABLES

        Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 79 (2): 507-568 APR 1992   《天体物理学杂志增刊》美国     SCI被引用512

        Abstract: For more than two decades the astrophysics community has depended on opacity tables produced at Los Alamos. In the present work we offer new radiative Rosseland mean opacity tables calculated with the OPAL code developed independently at LLNL. We give extensive results for the recent Anders-Grevesse mixture which allow accurate interpolation in temperature, density, hydrogen mass fraction, as well as metal mass fraction. The tables are organized differently from previous work. Instead of rows and columns of constant temperature and density, we use temperature and follow tracks of constant R, where R = density/(temperature)3. The range of R and temperature are such as to cover typical stellar conditions from the interior through the envelope and the hotter atmospheres. Cool atmospheres are not considered since photoabsorption by molecules is neglected. Only radiative processes are taken into account so that electron conduction is not included. For comparison purposes we present some opacity tables for the Ross-Aller and Cox-Tabor metal abundances. Although in many regions the OPAL opacities are similar to previous work, large differences are reported. For example, factors of 2-3 opacity enhancements are found in stellar envelop conditions.

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例     aim说明写作目的

        Author(s): EDVARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL; NISSEN, PE; TOMKIN, J

        Title: THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

        Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993      《天文学与天体物理学》    被引用934

        Abstract: With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived abundances of 0, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, Zr, Ba and Nd, as well as individual photometric ages, for 189 nearby field F and G disk dwarfs. The galactic orbital properties of all stars have been derived from accurate kinematic data, enabling estimates to be made of the distances from the galactic center of the stars‘ birthplaces.  结构式摘要

        Our extensive high resolution, high S/N, spectroscopic observations of carefully selected northern and southern stars provide accurate equivalent widths of up to 86 unblended absorption lines per star between 5000 and 9000 angstrom. The abundance analysis was made with greatly improved theoretical LTE model atmospheres. Through the inclusion of a great number of iron-peak element absorption lines the model fluxes reproduce the observed UV and visual fluxes with good accuracy. A new theoretical calibration of T(eff) as a function of Stromgren b - y for solar-type dwarfs has been established. The new models and T(eff) scale are shown to yield good agreement between photometric and spectroscopic measurements of effective temperatures and surface gravities, but the photometrically derived very high overall metallicities for the most metal rich stars are not supported by the spectroscopic analysis of weak spectral lines.

          Author(s): PAYNE, MC; TETER, MP; ALLAN, DC; ARIAS, TA; JOANNOPOULOS, JD

          Title: ITERATIVE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR ABINITIO TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS - MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AND CONJUGATE GRADIENTS

          Source: REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, 64 (4): 1045-1097 OCT 1992    《现代物理学评论》美国   American Physical Society   SCI被引用2654

        Abstract: This article describes recent technical developments that have made the total-energy pseudopotential the most powerful ab initio quantum-mechanical modeling method presently available. In addition to presenting technical details of the pseudopotential method, the article aims to heighten awareness of the capabilities of the method in order to stimulate its application to as wide a range of problems in as many scientific disciplines as possible.

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例   includes介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围

        Author(s): MARCHESINI, G; WEBBER, BR; ABBIENDI, G; KNOWLES, IG; SEYMOUR, MH; STANCO, L

        Title: HERWIG 5.1 - A MONTE-CARLO EVENT GENERATOR FOR SIMULATING HADRON EMISSION REACTIONS WITH INTERFERING GLUONS  SCI被引用955次

        Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 67 (3): 465-508 JAN 1992:《计算机物理学通讯》荷兰 Elsevier

        Abstract: HERWIG is a general-purpose particle-physics event generator, which includes the simulation of hard lepton-lepton, lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron scattering and soft hadron-hadron collisions in one package. It uses the parton-shower approach for initial-state and final-state QCD radiation, including colour coherence effects and azimuthal correlations both within and between jets. This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. This includes details of the input and control parameters used by the program, and the output data provided by it. Sample output from a typical simulation is given and annotated.

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 presents介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围

        Author(s): IDSO, KE; IDSO, SB

        Title: PLANT-RESPONSES TO ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT IN THE FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS - A REVIEW OF THE PAST 10 YEARS RESEARCH

        Source: AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 69 (3-4): 153-203 JUL 1994 《农业和林业气象学》荷兰  Elsevier  被引用225

        Abstract: This paper presents a detailed analysis of several hundred plant carbon exchange rate (CER) and dry weight (DW) responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment determined over the past 10 years. It demonstrates that the percentage increase in plant growth produced by raising the air's CO2 content is generally not reduced by less than optimal levels of light, water or soil nutrients, nor by high temperatures, salinity or gaseous air pollution. More often than not, in fact, the data show the relative growth-enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment to be greatest when resource limitations and environmental stresses are most severe.

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasizing

        Author(s): BESAG, J; GREEN, P; HIGDON, D; MENGERSEN, K

        Title: BAYESIAN COMPUTATION AND STOCHASTIC-SYSTEMS

        Source: STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 10 (1): 3-41 FEB 1995《统计科学》美国

          SCI被引用296次

        Abstract: Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been used extensively in statistical physics over the last 40 years, in spatial statistics for the past 20 and in Bayesian image analysis over the last decade. In the last five years, MCMC has been introduced into significance testing, general Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation. This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the Bayesian paradigm, conditional probability and the intimate relationship with Markov random fields in spatial statistics. Hastings algorithms are discussed, including Gibbs, Metropolis and some other variations. Pairwise difference priors are described and are used subsequently in three Bayesian applications, in each of which there is a pronounced spatial or temporal aspect to the modeling. The examples involve logistic regression in the presence of unobserved covariates and ordinal factors; the analysis of agricultural field experiments, with adjustment for fertility gradients; and processing of low-resolution medical images obtained by a gamma camera. Additional methodological issues arise in each of these applications and in the Appendices. The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of posterior probabilities and concurs with others in its view that MCMC facilitates a fundamental breakthrough in applied Bayesian modeling.

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例    介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focuses

          Author(s): HUNT, KJ; SBARBARO, D; ZBIKOWSKI, R; GAWTHROP, PJ

          Title: NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CONTROL-SYSTEMS - A SURVEY

          Source: AUTOMATICA, 28 (6): 1083-1112 NOV 1992《自动学》荷兰 Elsevier

          SCI被引用427次

        Abstract: This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks in the realm of modelling, identification and control of nonlinear systems. The basic ideas and techniques of artificial neural networks are presented in language and notation familiar to control engineers. Applications of a variety of neural network architectures in control are surveyed. We explore the links between the fields of control science and neural networks in a unified presentation and identify key areas for future research.

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例   介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focus

        Author(s): Stuiver, M; Reimer, PJ; Bard, E; Beck, JW;

        Title: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP

        Source: RADIOCARBON, 40 (3): 1041-1083 1998《放射性碳》美国     SCI被引用2131次

        Abstract: The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000-0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The C-14 age-cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Delta(14)C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured C-14 ages and the errors therein, regional C-14 age differences, tree-coral C-14 age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs. single-year C-14 results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000-11,000 cal sp interval, are reflected in the Delta(14)C values of INTCAL98.

SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例      介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasis

          Author(s): LEBRETON, JD; BURNHAM, KP; CLOBERT, J; ANDERSON, DR

          Title: MODELING SURVIVAL AND TESTING BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES USING MARKED ANIMALS - A UNIFIED APPROACH WITH CASE-STUDIES

          Source: ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS, 62 (1): 67-118 MAR 1992

          《生态学论丛》美国    

        Abstract: The understanding of the dynamics of animal populations and of related ecological and evolutionary issues frequently depends on a direct analysis of life history parameters. For instance, examination of trade-offs between reproduction and survival usually rely on individually marked animals, for which the exact time of death is most often unknown, because marked individuals cannot be followed closely through time. Thus, the quantitative analysis of survival studies and experiments must be based on capture-recapture (or resighting) models which consider, besides the parameters of primary interest, recapture or resighting rates that are nuisance parameters. 结构式摘要

        This paper synthesizes, using a common framework, these recent developments together with new ones, with an emphasis on flexibility in modeling, model selection, and the analysis of multiple data sets. The effects on survival and capture rates of time, age, and categorical variables characterizing the individuals (e.g., sex) can be considered, as well as interactions between such effects. This "analysis of variance" philosophy emphasizes the structure of the survival and capture process rather than the technical characteristics of any particular model. The flexible array of models encompassed in this synthesis uses a common notation. As a result of the great level of flexibility and relevance achieved, the focus is changed from fitting a particular model to model building and model selection.

SCI摘要方法部分案例

          方法部分

          （1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test， study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等

          （2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等

          （3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等

SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例    discusses介绍研究或试验过程

        Author(s): LIANG, KY; ZEGER, SL; QAQISH, B

        Title: MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION-ANALYSES FOR CATEGORICAL-DATA

        Source: JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-METHODOLOGICAL, 54 (1): 3-40 1992《皇家统计学会志，B辑：统计方法论》

          SCI被引用298

        Abstract: It is common to observe a vector of discrete and/or continuous responses in scientific problems where the objective is to characterize the dependence of each response on explanatory variables and to account for the association between the outcomes. The response vector can comprise repeated observations on one variable, as in longitudinal studies or genetic studies of families, or can include observations for different variables. This paper discusses a class of models for the marginal expectations of each response and for pairwise associations. The marginal models are contrasted with log-linear models. Two generalized estimating equation approaches are compared for parameter estimation. The first focuses on the regression parameters; the second simultaneously estimates the regression and association parameters. The robustness and efficiency of each is discussed. The methods are illustrated with analyses of two data sets from public health research

SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例  介绍研究或试验过程examines

        Author(s): Huo, QS; Margolese, DI; Stucky, GD

        Title: Surfactant control of phases in the synthesis of mesoporous silica-based materials

        Source: CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 8 (5): 1147-1160 MAY 1996

          SCI被引用643次    《材料的化学性质》美国

        Abstract: The low-temperature formation of liquid-crystal-like arrays made up of molecular complexes formed between molecular inorganic species and amphiphilic organic molecules is a convenient approach for the synthesis of mesostructure materials. This paper examines how the molecular shapes of covalent organosilanes, quaternary ammonium surfactants, and mixed surfactants in various reaction conditions can be used to synthesize silica-based mesophase configurations, MCM-41 (2d hexagonal, p6m), MCM-48 (cubic Ia3d), MCM-50 (lamellar), SBA-1 (cubic Pm3n), SBA-2 (3d hexagonal P6(3)/mmc), and SBA-3 (hexagonal p6m from acidic synthesis media). The structural function of surfactants in mesophase formation can to a first approximation be related to that of classical surfactants in water or other solvents with parallel roles for organic additives. The effective surfactant ion pair packing parameter, g = V/alpha(0)l, remains a useful molecular structure-directing index to characterize the geometry of the mesophase products, and phase transitions may be viewed as a variation of g in the liquid-crystal-Like solid phase. Solvent and cosolvent structure direction can be effectively used by varying polarity, hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and functionalizing the surfactant molecule, for example with hydroxy group or variable charge. Surfactants and synthesis conditions can be chosen and controlled to obtain predicted silica-based mesophase products. A room-temperature synthesis of the bicontinuous cubic phase, MCM-48, is presented. A low-temperature (100 degrees C) and low-pH (7-10) treatment approach that can be used to give MCM-41 with high-quality, large pores (up to 60 Angstrom), and pore volumes as large as 1.6 cm(3)/g is described.

Estimates  介绍研究或试验过程 SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例  

        Author(s): KESSLER, RC; MCGONAGLE, KA; ZHAO, SY; NELSON, CB; HUGHES, M; ESHLEMAN, S; WITTCHEN, HU; KENDLER, KS

        Title: LIFETIME AND 12-MONTH PREVALENCE OF DSM-III-R PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS IN THE UNITED-STATES - RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL-COMORBIDITY-SURVEY

        Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 51 (1): 8-19 JAN 1994

        《普通精神病学纪要》美国     SCI被引用4350次

        Abstract: Background: This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States. Methods: The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Nearly 50% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the 14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders. Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment, and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12 months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status. Conclusions: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders, the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%. These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to professional help-seeking

SCI高被引摘要方法部分案例          说明研究或试验方法measure

        Author(s): Schlegel, DJ; Finkbeiner, DP; Davis, M

        Title: Maps of dust infrared emission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic microwave background radiation foregrounds

        Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 500 (2): 525-553 Part 1 JUN 20 1998     SCI被引用2972 次 《天体物理学杂志》美国

        The primary use of these maps is likely to be as a new estimator of Galactic extinction. To calibrate our maps, we assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 mu m emission. We find consistent calibration using the B-R color distribution of a sample of the 106 brightest cluster ellipticals, as well as a sample of 384 ellipticals with B-V and Mg line strength measurements. For the latter sample, we use the correlation of intrinsic B-V versus Mg, index to tighten the power of the test greatly. We demonstrate that the new maps are twice as accurate as the older Burstein-Heiles reddening estimates in regions of low and moderate reddening. The maps are expected to be significantly more accurate in regions of high reddening. These dust maps will also be useful for estimating millimeter emission that contaminates cosmic microwave background radiation experiments and for estimating soft X-ray absorption. We describe how to access our maps readily for general use.

SCI高被引摘要结果部分案例 

application  介绍应用、用途

        Author(s): MALLAT, S; ZHONG, S

        Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNALS FROM MULTISCALE EDGES

        Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, 14 (7): 710-732 JUL 1992

          SCI被引用508次     《IEEE模式分析与机器智能汇刊》美国

        Abstract: A multiscale Canny edge detection is equivalent to finding the local maxima of a wavelet transform. We study the properties of multiscale edges through the wavelet theory. For pattern recognition, one often needs to discriminate different types of edges. We show that the evolution of wavelet local maxima across scales characterize the local shape of irregular structures. Numerical descriptors of edge types are derived. The completeness of a multiscale edge representation is also studied. We describe an algorithm that reconstructs a close approximation of 1-D and 2-D signals from their multiscale edges. For images, the reconstruction errors are below our visual sensitivity. As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30.

apply  介绍应用、用途

            Author(s): BELL, AJ; SEJNOWSKI, TJ

        Title: AN INFORMATION MAXIMIZATION APPROACH TO BLIND SEPARATION AND BLIND DECONVOLUTION

        Source: NEURAL COMPUTATION, 7 (6): 1129-1159 NOV 1995

          SCI被引用923 《神经计算》美国

        Abstract: We derive a new self-organizing learning algorithm that maximizes the information transferred in a network of nonlinear units. The algorithm does not assume any knowledge of the input distributions, and is defined here for the zero-noise limit. Under these conditions, information maximization has extra properties not found in the linear case (Linsker 1989). The nonlinearities in the transfer function are able to pick up higher-order moments of the input distributions and perform something akin to true redundancy reduction between units in the output representation. This enables the network to separate statistically independent components in the inputs: a higher-order generalization of principal components analysis. We apply the network to the source separation (or cocktail party) problem, successfully separating unknown mixtures of up to 10 speakers. We also show that a variant on the network architecture is able to perform blind deconvolution (cancellation of unknown echoes and reverberation in a speech signal). Finally, we derive dependencies of information transfer on time delays. We suggest that information maximization provides a unifying framework for problems in ''blind'' signal processing.

Summary  介绍结论

        Author(s): SJOSTRAND, T

        Title: HIGH-ENERGY-PHYSICS EVENT GENERATION WITH PYTHIA-5.7 AND JETSET-7.4

        Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 82 (1): 74-89 AUG 1994

          SCI被引用1735  《计算机物理学通讯》荷兰

        Abstract: PYTHIA and JETSETare the two main components of the ''Lund Monte Carlo'' program suite. They can be used to generate high-energy-physics ''events'', i.e. sets of outgoing particles produced in the interactions between two incoming particles. Ideally these events should have the same average behaviour and the same fluctuations as real data. The underlying physics is not understood well enough to give an exact description, the programs therefore contain a combination of analytical results and various models. Several event classes are considered, within and beyond the standard model. We give a summary of the main physics component of the current versions, PYTHIA 5.7 and JETSET 7.4: hard-scattering matrix elements, parton distributions, initial- and final-state radiation, multiple interactions, beam remnants. fragmentation and decays. A brief outline is also given of some programming aspects. A detailed physics description and manual is available as a separate publication

 present  展示研究结果

        Author(s): Perdew, JP; Burke, K; Ernzerhof, M

        Title: Generalized gradient approximation made simple

        Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 77 (18): 3865-3868 OCT 28 1996《物理评论快报》美国

          SCI被引用4810

        Abstract: Generalized gradient approximations (GGA's) for the exchange-correlation energy improve upon the local spin density (LSD) description of atoms, molecules, and solids. We present a simple derivation of a simple GGA, in which all parameters (other than those in LSD) are fundamental constants. Only general features of the detailed construction underlying the Perdew-Wang 1991 (PW91) GGA are invoked. Improvements over PW91 include an accurate description of the linear response of the uniform electron gas, correct behavior under uniform scaling, and a smoother potential.

SCI高被引摘要讨论部分案例  

present陈述论文的论点和作者的观点

        Author(s): CORNELL, WD; CIEPLAK, P; BAYLY, CI; GOULD, IR; Title: A 2ND GENERATION FORCE-FIELD FOR THE SIMULATION OF PROTEINS, NUCLEIC-ACIDS, AND ORGANIC-MOLECULES

        Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 117 (19): 5179-5197 MAY 17 1995被引用3354  《美国化学会志》

        Abstract: We present the derivation of a new molecular mechanical force field for simulating the structures, conformational energies, and interaction energies of proteins, nucleic acids, and many related organic molecules in condensed phases. This effective two-body force field is the successor to the Weiner et al, force field and was developed with some of the same philosophies, such as the use of a simple diagonal potential function and electrostatic potential fit atom centered charges. The need for a 10-12 function for representing hydrogen bonds is no longer necessary due to the improved performance of the new charge model and new van der Waals parameters. These new charges are determined using a 6-31G basis set and restrained electrostatic potential (RESP) fitting and have been shown to reproduce interaction energies, free energies of solvation, and conformational energies of simple small molecules to a good degree of accuracy. Furthermore, the new RESP charges exhibit less variability as a function of the molecular conformation used in the charge determination. The new van der Waals parameters have been derived from liquid simulations and include hydrogen parameters which take into account the effects of any geminal electronegative atoms. The bonded parameters developed by Weiner et al. were modified as necessary to reproduce experimental vibrational frequencies and structures. Most of the simple dihedral parameters have been retained from Weiner et. al., but a complex set of phi and psi parameters which do a good job of reproducing the energies of the low-energy conformations of glycyl and alanyl dipeptides has been developed for the peptide backbone.

Suggest  陈述论文的论点和作者的观点

        Author(s): KELCE, WR; STONE, CR; LAWS, SC; GRAY, LE;

        Title: PERSISTENT DDT METABOLITE P,P'-DDE IS A POTENT ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST

        Source: NATURE, 375 (6532): 581-585 JUN 15 1995《自然》英国

          SCI被引用650

        Abstract: THE increase in the number of reports of abnormalities in male sex development in wildlife and humans coincided with the introduction of 'oestrogenic' chemicals such as DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) into the environment, Although these phenotypic alterations are thought to be mediated by the oestrogen receptor, they are also consistent with inhibition of androgen receptor-mediated events, Here we report that the major and persistent DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), has little ability to bind the oestrogen receptor, but inhibits androgen binding to the androgen receptor, androgen-induced transcriptional activity, and androgen action in developing, pubertal and adult male rats, The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p,p'-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor

expect陈述论文的论点和作者的观点

          Author(s): EDVARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL; Title: THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS     SCI被引用934     《天文学与天体物理学》法国

          Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993

        Individual ages were derived from fits in the T(eff) - log g plane of these somewhat evolved dwarfs to isochrones by VandenBerg (1985). We expect the uncertainties in the relative ages to be about 25%, although the absolute errors may be larger.

        Distances, proper motions and radial velocities were translated to galactic U, V and W velocity components which in turn were independently used by M. Grenon and J. Sommer-Larsen to calculate stellar orbital parameters, which agree within 5%. Following Grenon, the mean galactocentric distances were used as estimates of stellar birth places to investigate abundance gradients in the disk at different epochs

suggest    推荐和建议 

        Author(s): MOFFITT, TE

        Title: ADOLESCENCE-LIMITED AND LIFE-COURSE-PERSISTENT ANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR - A DEVELOPMENTAL TAXONOMY

        Source: PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW, 100 (4): 674-701 OCT 1993《心理学评论》美国  SCI被引用1340

        Abstract: A dual taxonomy is presented to reconcile 2 incongruous facts about antisocial behavior (a) It shows impressive continuity over age, but (b) its prevalence changes dramatically over age, increasing almost 10-fold temporarily during adolescence. This article suggests that delinquency conceals 2 distinct categories of individuals, each with a unique natural history and etiology: A small group engages in antisocial behavior of 1 sort or another at every life stage, whereas a larger group is antisocial only during adolescence. According to the theory of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior, children's neuropsychological problems interact cumulatively with their criminogenic environments across development, culminating in a pathological personality. According to the theory of adolescence-limited antisocial behavior, a contemporary maturity gap encourages teens to mimic antisocial behavior in ways that are normative and adjustive.

Recommend 推荐和建议

        Author(s): Nelson, DR; Koymans, L; Kamataki, T;

        Title: P450 superfamily: Update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers and nomenclature

        Source: PHARMACOGENETICS, 6 (1): 1-42 FEB 1996

        《药物遗传学》美国  SCI被引用1535

        This revision supersedes the four previous updates in which a nomenclature system, based on divergent evolution of the superfamily, has been described. For the gene, we recommend that the italicized root symbol 'CYP' for human ('Cyp' for mouse and Drosophila), representing 'cytochrome P450', be followed by an Arabic number denoting the family, a letter designating the subfamily (when two or more exist), and an Arabic numeral representing the individual gene within the subfamily. A hyphen is no longer recommended in mouse gene nomenclature. 'P' ('ps' in mouse and Drosophila) after the gene number denotes a pseudogene; 'X' after the gene number means its use has been discontinued. If a gene is the sole member of a family, the subfamily letter and gene number would be helpful but need not be included. The human nomenclature system should be used for all species other than mouse and Drosophila. The cDNAs, mRNAs and enzymes in all species (including mouse) should include all capital letters, and without italics or hyphens. This nomenclature system is similar to that proposed in our previous updates.

摘要案例：可以修改的摘要

          Continuous mesoporous silica thin films with 3D accessible pore structures (Im3m space groups) have been prepared by a dip-coating technique using F-127 surfactants as the structure-directing agents in nonaqueous media under acidic conditions on Indium-tin oxide glass (ITO). The films can be calcined to remove the surfactant and produce a cubic mesoporous silicate material. XRD study and calculation show that the mesoporous silica film is SBA-16 with Im3m space group symmetry, and SBA-16 powder with unit cell parameters (a) of 193 ? and 186 ? for calcined SBA-16 film.

                The N2 adsportion-desorption experiment indicates that SBA -16 has BET surface areas of 534.45m2/g,  a mean pore sizes of 160? and the total pore volume of 0.376cm3/g.

                Fe nanowire paralleling in arrays have been prepared by direct current electrodeposition in highly ordered SBA-16 films. Homogenerous filling of all the pores of the SBA-16 films is achieved. And the diameter of Fe nanowires can be varied between 100-300?, which corresponds to the diameters of the pores of the template is adjustable by varying adding organic swelling agents 1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene (TMB).

摘要案例：可以修改的摘要  红色部分都应该修改

             首先在第一个句子中有一些语病：

          mesoporous silica thin films------ thin films of mesoporous silica

          3D----three dimensional

          Im3m space groups-----space group Im3m.

          by-------by using.

          Indium----- indium.

          using F-127 surfactants as the structure-directing agents in nonaqueous media under acidic conditions是合成这种介孔分子筛通用的方法，不是本文的贡献，所以可以除去。

         第二句：The films can be calcined to remove the surfactant and produce a cubic mesoporous silicate material. 也是众所周知的，应该删除。

         第三句：XRD study and calculation show that the mesoporous silica film is SBA-16 with Im3m space group symmetry, and SBA-16 powder with unit cell parameters (a) of 193 ? and 186 ? for calcined SBA-16 film. 中只有SBA-16是需要交待的。这种材料的Unit cell parameter也是行内的人都知道的。可以将SBA-16加到第一句，其它全部删除。

           摘要一般是不分段的。

          第二段的一句也是描述SBA-16的基本性质，大家都知道。可以删去。

          第三句是讲用这种多孔的材料做模板，制备多孔铁的薄膜。但是有的用词是不严谨的。比如，Homogenerous filling在论文中没有提供任何证据来说明达到均匀的填充。

          最后一句给人的印象是作者通过加一种有机物来调节介孔分子筛的孔道大小，从而调控铁纳米线的粗细。事实上，作者并没有做这件事，而是凭想象写下这段文字的。实验结果表明，氧化铁的纳米线粗细和孔道大小没有直接的关系。