冬季大连周边自驾游:精美的俄罗斯手工工艺品

来源:百度文库 编辑:偶看新闻 时间:2024/03/29 03:40:42

 

 

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Have you ever been captivated by the miniatures in pieces of art? Some masterpieces seem to be pure perfection. This is especially sad to learn that Russia had riches but lost them in hard times for the country. There were so many perturbations in the history of Russia that it is hard to determine which one was the most devastating. But nobody will argue that Russian revolution of 1917 was the most ruining event, which had a crucial effect upon the culture of Great Russian Empire. Many unique collections of valuable items which were cherished in the course of centuries by noble families just vanished from the country within several months. Their houses were nationalized by Bolsheviks, the palaces were ransacked. The Western market was oversaturated with antiques from revolutionary Russia at that time

Fantastic items were dissolved in private collections abroad. Not able to put up with new regime, many Russians emigrated and took their valuable collections with them. Some items which were lost by Russia in those days still present value of universal importance. People collecting antiques are ready to pay millions at the auction for such things. Jeweled Faberge eggs are among these treasures, for instance Rothshild’s Faberge Egg was auctioned at Christie’s and was sold for £ 8,9 million. Russian imperial art is widely presented in the collection of the Hillwood Estate, Museum&Gardens, which is located in Washington, DC. Alongside with 80 Faberge pieces, one can find wonderfully decorated Imperial Catherine the Great Easter Egg.

 

Virginia Museum of Fine Arts contains a precious item – an egg made in rococo style, which was presented by last Russian Tsar Nickolas II to his wife. It dates back to 1903 and was created to mark the celebration of St. Petersburg foundation and is called Peter the Great Egg.

 

The special antiquarian style was formed in Russia in the 18th-19th century. It combined the style of ancient Russia, bright colors of enamel art, classic elements of icon writing. Sometimes the features of foreign school were borrowed too.

 

The pieces of art of Russian empire are presented in museums and private collections in different parts of the United States. Walters Art Museum in Baltimore was founded by the person who visited in the 1900 St Petersburg and got acquainted with Faberge collection.

 

Being in St Petersburg American collector Henry Walters found Russian antiques so amazing that acquired many pieces for his collection.

 

Like nowadays there was Faberge shop in Petersburg at Bolshaya Morskaya, 24 then which sold many wonderful pieces then. You can see the interior of the shop. There were other Faberge shops as well.

Karl Gustavovich Faberge 

Peter Carl Fabergé known as Carl Gustavovich Fabergé (Russian: Карл Густавович Фаберже, May 30 1846 – September 24 1920) was a Russian jeweler, best known for the famous Fabergé eggs, made in the style of genuine Easter eggs, but using precious metals and gemstones rather than more mundane materials.

He was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia to the jeweller Gustav Faberge and his Danish wife Charlotte Jungstedt. Gustav Fabergé’s father’s family were Huguenots, originally from La Bouteille, Picardie, who fled from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, initially to Germany near Berlin, then in 1800 to the Baltic province of Livonia, then part of Russia.

Carl and his younger brother Agaton were a sensation at the Pan-Russian Exhibition held in Moscow in 1882. Three years later, Czar Alexander III appointed him an official Court Supplier, as a reward for making him a splendid Easter egg to give to his wife. Thereafter, Fabergé made an egg each year for the Czar to give to the Empress Maria. The next Czar, Nicholas II, ordered two eggs each year, one for his mother and one for his own wife, Alexandra, a practice which continued from 1885 to 1917.

He became the Czar’s Court Goldsmith in 1885. The Imperial Easter eggs were a sideline; Fabergé made many more objects ranging from silver tableware to fine jewelry. Fabergé’s company became the largest in Russia, with 500 employees and branches in Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Kiev and London. It produced some 150,000 objects between 1882 and 1917. In 1897 the Swedish court appointed Fabergé Court Goldsmith. In 1900 his work represented Russia at the 1900 World’s Fair in Paris.

In 1917, amidst the chaos of the October Revolution, he sold his shares in the company to his employees and fled Russia. He went first to Finland, with assistance from the British Embassy, and then to Wiesbaden, Germany making stops in Riga, Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg. Fabergé and his wife moved to Bellevue Hotel in Lausanne, Switzerland. When he died, he was buried beside his wife Augusta in the Cimetière du Grand Jas in Cannes, France.

Fabergé had four sons: Eugéne (1874-1960), Agathon (1876-1951), Alexander (1877-1952) and Nicholas (1884-1939). Agathon fled to Finland via Terijoki and Viipuri. He settled in Kulosaari in Helsinki and studied philately and died there. He and his wife Maria are buried at the Orthodox cemetery of Helsinki. Their son Oleg Fabergé (1923-1993) is also buried there.

His sons Eugené Fabergé and Alexander Fabergé founded the successor of Fabergé Co.; as of 1989 it was owned by the global cosmetics company Unilever and the jewelry license was given to the jeweller Victor Mayer. The Fabergé work master continues the legacy of the famous brand and is its sole legal successor. Sarah Fabergé and Tatiana Fabergé are the last surviving descendants of Peter Carl.

In 2007 the brands and trademarks associated with the Fabergé name were acquired from Unilever by a consortium of investment partners advised by Pallinghurst Resources LLP[1] (Pallinghurst Resources LLP is headed by ex-BHP Billiton CEO Brian Gilbertson and acts as investment adviser to a number of investors).

Fabergé is currently being re-established as a pre-eminent luxury brand. The Fabergé brand will be relaunched during 2009 [2], in conjunction with the launch of a newly rationalised and revised set of product lines, which will include fine jewelery and precious stones[3].

  

 

These decorative dishes date back to the 17th century. Peter the Great and his family are portrayed on the dish, which is of special interest to many Russian experts when they visit the museum.

 

The items tell us about history which is not written in the text-books. For instance, vase for aroma mix was made by French jeweler who lived in Russia at the second half of the 18th century. According to the legend, Catherine the Great presented it to her lover, Earl Grigory Orlov after she started to reign in Russia. There is even his monogram on the cover held by two angels.

 

Russian try to return back now most of the items lost at that period. For instance, the collection of Faberge eggs Malcolm Forbes collected was acquired by Victor Vekselberg and brought it back to Russia. The sum of the deal was estimated to be between 90 to 120 million dollars. It should be mentioned too that antiquarian business is very widespread in Russia as the history is rich and extraordinary. Antiquarian shops with marvelous items can be found in every ancient city.

 

Going back to Faberge collection, it should be said that the major part of Russian collection can be seen in the Kremlin Armoury, the oldest Moscow museum on the territory of the Kremlin.

 

补充资料:选自“百度百科”,

俄罗斯彩蛋

俄罗斯珠宝有比较悠久的历史,比如一个名叫法贝热的天才俄国金匠创造了令人目眩神迷的沙皇彩蛋,他用自己的巧思将原来平凡的彩蛋变成了一个华丽的传奇。
彼得·卡尔·法贝热1846年出生在圣彼得堡,他的父亲古斯塔夫·法贝热在那里兢兢业业地经营着一间小小的银器和珠宝作坊,从未想到自己的小店有朝一日会变成俄国首屈一指的珠宝行,被俄国和欧洲各国皇族所追捧。卡尔·法贝热在接手父亲的珠宝店之前做足了准备,他先在德国德累斯顿一家商业学校学习了几年,之后又到欧洲各国游历。到1872年他接下家族那爿小小的珠宝作坊时,已经有了丰富的商业知识和非凡的艺术眼光,准备大干一场了。那时,法贝热家的珠宝店和别家并无太大不同,大家都一样做着圣彼得堡上流社会的生意。年轻的法贝热经过思考后认为,只有独树一帜才能让法贝热珠宝扬名于世。当时俄国权贵们在珠宝首饰方面的品味着实令人不敢恭维,在他们眼中,珠宝价值主要还是取决于尺寸和重量,个头越大,分量越重,就越能吸引艳羡的目光。就在这种华而不实、竞相摆阔的风气中,法贝热和弟弟一道,发动了一场小小的革命——当然不是政治革命,而是艺术风格的革命。为了与其他珠宝商区别开来,法贝热将重点由珠宝的克拉数转移到对艺术创造性和工艺水平的追求上。
他一改过去珠宝店一味堆砌名贵材料的做法,大胆使用陶瓷、玻璃、钢铁、木材、小粒珍珠等材料。法贝热最注重的是设计,他的作品体现出歌德、文艺复兴、巴罗克、新艺术等多种风格,有的作品甚至有强烈的现代感,预见了20世纪的简单几何线条和简约风格。当他的对手们还守着传统的白色、淡蓝色及粉红色等颜料不变的时候,法贝热却锐意创新,起用了黄、紫红、橙红和各种各样的绿色——总共有超过140种全新的颜色。法贝热还将到年末尚未售出的所有产品全都毁掉,这是法贝热最伟大的一点,他从不重复自我。
而懂得巧妙地推销自己也正是法贝热所擅长的。虽然他原本只是一个珠宝和金器工匠,他却懂得抓住每一个机会。在得到沙皇赏识之前,他努力争取到皇帝艺苑工作,在那里见识了皇室历代传下来的各种奇珍异宝,同时做一些修补和估价工作。这段经历使他赢得了同行的承认和赞许,并于1882年获邀参加泛俄展览会。法贝热竭尽所能,做了一批精美的珠宝参展,他得到了丰厚的回报——一枚金质奖章,多家报纸对他进行了报道;更重要的是,沙皇亚历山大三世和他的妻子玛利亚·费奥多罗芙娜皇后也来参观了展览,并被别致的法贝热展品所吸引。
1886年,法贝热得到一个珠宝匠人所能得到的最高奖赏:被封为“皇家御用珠宝师”。1885年,他接到了那个著名的订单:沙皇命令他为皇后做一枚复活节彩蛋。
1885年是俄国沙皇亚历山大三世登基20周年,在这一具有特殊意义的复活节里,亚历山大三世想给心爱的妻子——皇后玛利亚·费奥多罗芙娜准备一份特别的节日礼物。亚历山大三世召来一名年轻的珠宝设计师,他就是法贝热。法贝热被沙皇相中是因为这位年轻人的作品曾经吸引过玛利亚的眼光。在复活节当天早上,法贝热向亚历山大三世呈上一只外表看上去简单无奇的复活蛋。但出乎众人意料的是,白色珐琅外层的蛋壳里面竟然有黄金做的鸡蛋,鸡蛋里面是一只小巧的金母鸡,金母鸡肚子里还有一顶以钻石镶成的迷你后冠和一个以红宝石做成的微型鸡蛋。一只小小的复活节彩蛋里隐藏的数层“机关”给皇后带来了无比的惊喜,玛利亚对法贝热的礼物爱不释手。挥酒千金为博红颜一笑的亚历山大三世,马上下谕令要求法贝热以后每年设计一只复活节彩蛋呈贡,并要求每只彩蛋必须是独一无二,而且必须让皇后欢喜不已。精湛工艺再加上与生俱来的艺术原创素质,令法贝热从纸醉金迷的宫廷生活中借来创造灵感,年复一年地胜任挑战,为俄国两朝沙皇与皇后设计了50只独具匠心的复活节彩蛋艺术精品。法贝热自此成为沙俄宫廷的御用艺术家,他把半生的精力服务于沙皇。
马车模型陪衬的一枚加冕彩蛋构思精巧、做工华丽的法贝热彩蛋将珠宝艺术提升到了文艺复兴以来装饰艺术的最高水平。在1900年的巴黎世界博览会上,沙皇彩蛋首次公开展出,让评委大吃一惊,法贝热的盛名由此远播整个欧洲。法贝热成了时髦和高贵的同义词,拥有一件法贝热产品不单是为欣赏,更是一种地位的象征。贵族们互相攀比,几乎每一件私人的物品都必须经过法贝热之手,才能称为珍品。每当沙皇和皇后出访或在俄国四处巡游时,总是随身带着装满了法贝热珠宝的箱子,以备在适当的时候送给别人做礼物。到1896年尼古拉二世继位的时候,俄国沙皇大部分礼物都出自法贝热之手。
除了圣彼得堡总部,法贝热在莫斯科、敖德萨、基辅都设有工作坊,也在伦敦设了分行。在鼎盛时期,法贝热公司员工多达500人,为俄国首屈一指的珠宝行。这时的法贝热已经显示出了杰出的管理才能。由于订单太多,他从各地乃至各国请来顶级工艺大师,让他们共同为法贝热工厂服务。而他本人负责为公司制定目标、提供设计,以及制作产品目录。所以,尽管法贝热的名字已经等同于沙俄帝国那些奢华精美的珠宝,但实际上,没有任何一件作品是由他的手亲自做出来的。沙皇彩蛋也是集体合作的成果:首先经过前期详尽的策划,完成草图和模型;然后由金匠、银器匠、上釉工匠、珠宝工匠、玉石工匠和石工等人进行讨论、综合,各出奇谋,接着才分配到法贝热属下的工厂进行加工。
1918年罗曼诺夫王朝覆灭后,法贝热的家产被充公,部分还遭到洗劫。法贝热和他的家人登上最后一辆前往里加的外交列车离开了俄国,但他们谁也没想到,他们再也没能回到自己深爱的故乡。
革命后不久,罗曼诺夫王朝的财产被新政府没收。以前属于皇室的金、银、珠宝和画像,包括大部分复活节彩蛋被一一记录在册,打包后被运到克里姆林军工厂。有一些彩蛋在皇宫遭到洗劫时流失了。当时唯一没被发现的彩蛋是圣乔治勋爵彩蛋,这也是法贝热制作的最后一枚彩蛋。皇太后是1916年在圣彼得堡的克里米亚收到这份礼物的,她再也没有回到圣彼得堡,而当英国的巡洋舰打到那里时,玛利亚才撤退。她随身带着这枚彩蛋和其他一些贵重物品,乘坐英国的战船马尔波罗号从雅尔塔逃亡到大不列颠帝国。圣乔治勋爵彩蛋也成为她最珍视的彩蛋。
在列宁的命令下,全部的珠宝和彩蛋被送往莫斯科。在克里姆林军工厂黑暗的储藏室的通道里,一些珍宝遗失了,现在没有人知道它们在哪里。在那里,装有彩蛋的柳条箱仍然保存完好,甚至没有开封,克里姆林的军队守卫着它们。但当斯大林上台后,列宁对俄国文化遗产保护所做的努力却被打消了。为了换得西方经济支持他的新政权,斯大林用这些珍贵的俄国皇室遗物去交换。1927年,这些珠宝在其他地方被重新发现。对于新政权来说,他们认为用这些珠宝去换得经济支持是最自然不过的。于是这些珍宝被取了出来,进行估价,最后卖给西方。
由于和腐朽的罗曼诺夫王朝有着如此密切的关系,一开始,法贝热彩蛋的价值一直被低估。在他逃亡前,法贝热的儿子阿格松被革命党人抓了起来,然后又被暂时释放,帮助新政权评估没收来的皇室珠宝和宝石的价值。但阿格松随后又被关了起来,因为他们发现很难按照他说的价钱把这些珠宝卖出去。
莫斯科克里姆林军工厂的负责人为了保护这些珍贵的艺术品尽了他们最大的努力——甚至冒着被处决的危险。但在1930年至1933年之间,还是有14只沙皇复活节彩蛋被卖出并被运出俄国。第一件出卖的物品是被派到巴黎和伦敦的大使带出去的。那个成功得到大多数法贝热复活节彩蛋的人叫阿曼德·汉墨,他在美国非常有名。他是一名成功的企业家,西方石油公司的总裁,而且是列宁的私人朋友,他父亲是美国共产党的创建人。意识到这些文化瑰宝的湮没,阿曼德·汉墨这位杰出的企业家和社会慈善人士在20世纪30年代初期带了10枚彩蛋去美国。汉墨创办起企业,并努力推广这些彩蛋。但在那个经济低迷的年代,即使是最强大的美国金融家也遭遇了很大的危机。一名汉墨的朋友曾不无讥讽地说:“无疑,这些法贝热彩蛋是非常美丽的,但那可以吃吗?”
1931年,汉墨带着数千件法贝热艺术品来到纽约,为俄国新政权出售这些珍品。但那时,大家都没有钱,经济大萧条,没有人对这些艺术品感兴趣。直到汉墨突然想到把这些珍宝寄放在百货商场里销售。他带着它们穿过整个北美,从东海岸到西海岸,经过每个大城市时都会找到当地的大商场,向它们的经理吹捧这些艺术品,说他怎样发现了这些珍宝,并保证它们一定会受到人们追捧的。
在美国,早期有5位主要的法贝热作品收藏者。尽管,一开始在拍卖行,每枚法贝热彩蛋只能卖到400或500美元,但几十年过去了,这些彩蛋已被视为最宝贵的艺术珍品之一。现在,每枚彩蛋的价格都在数百万美元之上。
罗曼诺夫王朝的宫殿里,曾有过数千件法贝热的艺术珍品。如今,这些珍品大部分都散落在世界各地的收藏家手里或博物馆里。法贝热沙皇复活节彩蛋一共有50枚,现在只有10枚仍收藏在克里姆林宫,有8枚不知所终。