偶看新闻骨折工伤级别鉴定标准:10年海洋普查 13张惊艳影像
来源：百度文库 编辑：偶看新闻 时间：2024/05/06 07:44:53
雪人蟹
Photograph courtesy A. Fifis, IFREMER
照片提供：A·菲菲斯，法国海洋开发研究院
Its fuzzy, winter-white coat might look at home in the Himalaya, but the yeti crab was discovered skittering around hydrothermal vents about a mile and a half (2.4 kilometers) under the South Pacific off Easter Island (map) in March 2005.
它一身毛茸茸的冬装白外套，会让人以为它就来自喜马拉雅山。但实际上，2005年3月雪人蟹被发现时，正在南太平洋复活节岛附近水下1.5英里（约2.4公里）深处的热水喷口周围漂动。
The 6-inch (15-centimeter), blind crustacean—officially Kiwa hirsuta—is among the more than 6,000 new species discovered during the Census of Marine Life, a ten-year effort to document all sea life that concluded Monday.
这种盲蟹是甲壳纲动物，有六英寸（15厘米）长——学名基瓦多毛怪——是海洋生物普查新发现的6000多种新物种之。海洋生物普查耗时10年，于周一宣告结束，旨在记录所有海洋生物。
(See "Six-hundred-year-Old Worms Among Surprises of Ten-year Sea Survey.")
（了解更多有关雪人蟹资料）
该项目进行了500多次远程考察，积累了大量奇特未知有机生物的影像象资料，“国家地理新闻”从中选定了13幅最精彩的图片，雪人蟹列其中之一。
2冰海天使
SeaAngel
Photograph courtesy Kevin Raskoff, Monterey Peninsula College
图片提供：凯文·雷斯考夫，蒙特雷半岛学院
A 2005 Census of Marine Life expedition to the Arctic Ocean captured a so-called sea angel, Clione limacina, at about 1,148 feet (350 meters) underwater. Despite its nickname, this little angel apparently doesn't mind showing a little skin: It's actually a naked snail without a shell, scientists said in December 2009.
2005年一次远征北冰洋的海洋生物普查，捕获了一个所谓的“冰海天使（学名Clione limacin），它生活在水下大约1,148英尺（约350米）。科学家曾在2009年12月表示，不管它的绰号怎么叫，这个小天使显然根本不在意展露少许的肌肤：实事上它是一种没穿外壳的祼体蜗牛。
Such marine snails—most of them the size of a lentil—are widely eaten by many species, making them the "potato chip" of the oceans, biologist Gretchen Hofmann, of the University of California, said in a 2008 statement.
美国加州大学的生物学家格蕾琴·霍夫曼在2008年的一份声明中曾说，这种海洋蜗牛——大多数只有一个扁豆大小——是许多海洋物种的食物，可说是海洋里的“炸薯片”。
Clione limacina was also among the hundreds of species found living at both Poles during the Census of Marine Life, startling scientists. (See "Odd, Identical Species Found at Both Poles.")
令科学家们震惊的是，海洋生物普查发现了数百种同时生活在南北两极物种，冰海小精灵便是其中之一。
（见“奇迹，同一个物种，在两极发现”）
3
Squidworm
乌贼蠕虫
Photograph courtesy Laurence Madin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
照片提供：劳伦斯·马丁，伍兹霍尔海洋研究所
Squid? Worm? Initially, this new species—with bristle-based "paddles" for swimming and tentacles on its head—so perplexed Census of Marine Life researchers that they threw in the towel and simply called it squidworm.
乌贼？蠕虫？起初，这个新物种长有基于硬毛的“短桨”划水，头上长着触须。这个奇怪的生物深深地困扰着海洋生物普查的研究人员，他们举手投降，干脆就把它简单地称作乌贼蠕虫了。
Found via remotely operated vehicle about 1.7 miles (2.8 kilometers) under the Celebes Sea (see map) in 2007, the four-inch-long (ten-centimeter-long) creature turned out to the first member of a new family in the Polychaeta class of segmented worms.
2007年，研究人员通过远程遥控设备在西伯斯海水下约1.7英里（约2.8公里）深处发现了它，多毛纲多节蠕虫类物种家族横空出世了，长4英寸（约10厘米）的乌贼蠕虫就是它的第一个新成员。
(See pictures: "New 'Green Bomber' Sea Worms Fire Glowing Blobs.")
（见图：“新“绿色轰炸机”海蠕虫点这光团”）
4
Blue Christmas
蓝色圣诞树
Photograph courtesy John Huisman, Murdoch University
照片提供：约翰·惠斯曼，默多克大学
At the slightest touch, these "Christmas trees" temporarily disappear down a hole faster than you can say "Grinch." It's a defense mechanism of the Christmas tree worm, most of which resides in a tunnel it carves into live coral.
只要被轻轻一碰，这些“圣诞树”就会飞速缩回洞里，速度之快超乎想像，让人直呼“见鬼”！这是圣诞树蠕虫的防御机制，它们中的大多数栖身在活珊瑚上挖出的“地道”里。
Photographed off Australia's Lizard Island (map) by a Census of Marine Life expedition, the two blue trees are actually a single worm's "crowns"—each spiral is a series of tentacles used in breathing and in passive feeding on tiny, floating foodstuffs.
这幅照片是一次海洋生命普查时拍自澳大利亚的蜥蜴岛沿海，两棵蓝色的树木实际上是一只蠕虫的“冠”，每个螺旋构成都是一系列触角组成，用于呼吸并被动吞食微小的浮游生物。
5
Mr. Blobby
松胖先生
Photograph courtesy Kerryn Parkingson, NORFANZ
照片提供：科林.帕金森，NORFANZ航运机构
Affectionately nicknamed "Mr. Blobby," this fathead sculpin fish was discovered in 2003 in New Zealand during a Census of Marine Life expedition, according to the Australian Museum in Sydney.
位于悉尼的澳大利亚博物馆称，这种胖头杜父鱼是2003年在新西兰的一次海洋生物普查中发现的，他们亲切地给它起了个绰号“松胖先生”。
Fathead sculpins—named for their large, globe-like heads and floppy skin—live in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans at depths of between about 330 feet (100 meters) and 9,200 feet (2,800 meters).
胖头杜父鱼——以它们巨大的球形头部和软塌塌的皮肤得名——它生活在大西洋、印度洋和太平洋，在330英尺（约100米）至9200英尺（约2800米）之间的区域生活。
(Related: "Bizarre Gelatinous Fish Found in Brazil.")
（扩展阅读：“巴西发现一种奇怪的橡胶鱼”）
Now preserved in 70 percent ethyl alcohol at the Australian Museum, Mr. Blobby's nose has shrunk—"and he no longer retains his 'cute' look," according to the museum's website.
胖头先生现保存在澳大利亚博物馆酒精占70%的溶液中，博物馆网站指出，它的鼻子现在已经皱缩，将“不再拥有‘可爱’的形象。”
6
Dumbo of the Deep
深海小飞象
图片提供：大卫·谢尔
这种“深海小飞象”发现于2009年，是一种深海“飞行章鱼”，它看上去有一种浑身长满耳朵的感觉。事实上这些突出物是它的鳍，帮助它在海下1英里(约1.6公里)漆黑的环境中向前推进。
在向大西洋中脊远征进行海洋生物普查期间捕获了一只“深海小飞象”，它是普查中发现存在的数千种此前不为人知的物种之一。
它长6英尺(约2米)，重13磅(约6公斤)，是目前发现类似章鱼的烟灰蛸属软体动物物种中体型最大的。
（扩展阅读：“海洋普查发现深海新物种”）
恐怖龙虾 图片提供：陈婷雅（音），国立台湾海洋大学，基隆 这是一只盲虾，在2008年的海洋普查时被发现。它的学名Dinochelus ausubeli，分别源自希腊语中的“dinos”,意为恐怖可怕；“chela”,意为前爪；以及“ausubeli”,以纪念耶西·奥索贝尔（Jesse Ausubel），海洋生物普查的联合发起人之一。 这种盲虾可能利用其夸张的前爪，或者螯足来抵御其他甲壳类动物。 水母家族 照片提供：伊恩·麦克唐纳，佛罗里达州立大学 这只粉色的管水母学名“Athorybia rosacea”，是在远征大西洋东部的马尾藻海进行海洋生物普查期间发现的。 就像僧帽水母(Physalia physalis) 一样，这种新物种实际上也是一种群体生物，由许多动物组成。 （可参照：“发现水母繁衍之城”） 致命美丽 照片提供：伊恩·麦克唐纳，佛罗里达州立大学 “它有着惊人的美丽但又是致命的。”美国地质调查局表示，正如它的名字所暗示的那样，墨西哥湾捕虫草海葵会利用触须阵列刺杀猎物。（了解更多关于毒刺海洋生物图片） 海洋生物普查项目的科学家指出，这种生物分布在地中海、中国海、波罗地海以及加勒比海等海域，都是面临人类活动威胁最大的海洋区域。 报告举例称，来自陆地的污水和化肥中的营养物质在这些海域形成无氧的“死亡区域”，使这些海洋栖息地不断退化。 更甚的是，墨西哥湾的溢油事件会把这里恶化成死亡区域，对食物链底端的生物造成难以估量的破坏。 照片提供：凯文·里斯考夫，蒙特利半岛学院 这种2005年发现的（physonect，学名）管水母新物种是一种群体动物。由大量同类动物组成，例如泳钟，或泳鳔，占一半以上，为这个“部落”提供推动力。 在2009年的一次海洋生物普查远征中，观察到的大量Marrus orthocanna（管水母学名）样本生活980英尺（约300米）至4900英尺（约1500米）的深水中。 专家们说，管水母可长达10英尺（约3.1米），有些管水母是深海中的巨无霸之一。 照片提供：皮特帕克斯，SeaPics.com网站，选自《海洋公民》 在一次海洋生物普查远征时发现的婴儿版滑板龙虾，尽管它成长的时候会包着一层厚厚的外壳，但它仍是完全透明的。 据美国国家地理协会的新书《海洋公民：海洋普查发现的完美生物》所说，这种龙虾奇怪的眼睛可能是它在浮游生物或微生物间漂浮的时候，起到迷惑被捕食者的作用。 （参见“气候变化催生超级龙虾？”） 照片提供：戴雷尼·Ａ·莫拉沃斯基，国家地理，选自《海洋公民》 在一次海洋生物普查远征中发现了生活在珊瑚礁上毒海蛞蝓Phyllidia ocellata（学名）。据美国国家地理协会在《海洋公民：海洋普查发现的完美生物》一书中指出，它鲜亮的色彩是警告那些食肉动物可要当心把它列为菜单。 （了解更多海蛞蝓图片请移步：“发现暴躁的海蛞蝓，一只压扁的花边鸡蛋”） 照片提供：凯瑞·柯兰尼奇，昆士兰博物馆 这张未标明日期的照片上，昆士兰热带博物馆的研究人员尼尔·布鲁斯正在澳大利亚蜥蜴岛附近海上借助灯箱观察海洋生物样本。 最终普查报告作者马克·科斯特洛在一份报告中指出，这次大规模海洋生物普查名录“因为两个原因而显行尤为迫切”， “首先，分类学方面专业知识的缺乏削弱了协会发现和描述新物种的能力。其次，海洋物种数量因人类的活动而大幅下降，有些物种损失高达90%，正如很多陆地动物所遭遇的一样，它们可能正走向灭绝。” Ｂy Magnato 20117
"Terrible" Lobster
Photograph courtesy Tin-Yam Chan, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung
This blind lobster, discovered in 2008 during a Census of Marine Life expedition, was given the scientific name Dinochelus ausubeli, which is derived from the Greek dinos, meaning terrible and fearful; chela, meaning claw; and ausubeli, in honor of Jesse Ausubel, a co-founder of the Census of Marine Life.
The lobster likely uses its exaggerated claw, or cheliped, to defend against other crustaceans.
8
Collective Jellyfish Cousin
Photograph courtesy Laurence Madin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
This pink siphonophore, Athorybia rosacea, was found during a Census of Marine Life expedition in the Sargasso Sea (see map) in the eastern Atlantic.
Like the Portuguese man-of-war (see picture), the new creature is actually a colonial organism, made up of many animals.
(Also see "'City of Gonads' Jellyfish Discovered.")
Beautiful but Deadly
Photograph courtesy Ian MacDonald, Florida State University
"Stunningly beautiful but deadly," the Gulf of Mexico's Venus flytrap anemone (pictured) acts much like its terrestrial namesake, stinging its prey with an array of tentacles, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. (See pictures of more stinging and toxic sea creatures.)
The species' native Gulf—along with the Mediterranean Sea, Chinese waters, the Baltic Sea, and the Caribbean Sea—are the ocean regions most under threat from human activities, according to Census of Marine Life scientists.
For instance, nutrients in sewage and fertilizer washed from the land are degrading these marine habitats by creating oxygen-free "dead zones," the report says.
What's more, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill may worsen these dead zones, as well as wield untold damage to the animals at the bottom of the food chain.
10
Fiery Colony
焰火部落
Photograph courtesy Kevin Raskoff, Monterey Peninsula College
Discovered in 2005, this new physonect siphonophore is a colonial animal, made up of many repeated units—such as the nectophores, or swimming bells, on the right half above, which provide propulsion for the colony.
Many specimens of Marrus orthocanna were observed between 980 feet (300 meters) and 4,900 feet (1,500 meters) deep during a 2009 Census of Marine Life expedition.
Reaching 10 feet (3.1 meters) in length, some siphonophores are among the largest animals in the deep sea, experts say.
11
Baby Slipper Lobster
婴儿版滑板虾 
Photograph courtesy Peter Parks, SeaPics.com, from the book Citizens of the Sea
This baby slipper lobster, found during a Census of Marine Life expedition, is completely transparent, though as the creature grows, a thick shell will cover it.
The lobster's bizarre eyes may confuse predators while it floats among plankton, or tiny animals, according to the new National Geographic Society book Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures From the Census of Marine Life. (The Society owns National Geographic News.)
(See "Lobsters to Be Supersized by Climate Change?")
12
Poisonous Sea Slug
毒海蛞蝓 
Photograph by Darlyne A. Murawski, National Geographic, from the book Citizens of the Sea
The poisonous sea slug Phyllidia ocellata, which lives on coral reefs, was found during a Census of Marine Life expedition. Its vibrant coloration warns predators that this slug is off the menu, according to the National Geographic Society book Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures From the Census of Marine Life.
(See more sea slug pictures: "Fiery Sea Slug Discovered, Lays Lacy Egg Case.")
13
Night Watch
黑暗中的观察者 
Photograph courtesy Gary Cranitch, Queensland Museum
Researcher Niel Bruce of the Museum of Tropical Queensland studies marine specimens in a lighted aquarium off Australia's Lizard Island (see map) in an undated picture.
The massive Census of Marine Life inventory "was urgently needed for two reasons," final census report author Mark Costello said in a statement.
"First, dwindling expertise in taxonomy impairs society's ability to discover and describe new species. And secondly, marine species have suffered major declines—in some cases 90 percent losses—due to human activities and may be heading for extinction, as happened to many species on land."