美国逃税罪犯黄坚:英语句子成分

英语句子成分

句子的组成部分,主要包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语和同位语八种。

1主语是句子叙述的主体。主语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词或主语从句等来担任。

A mooncake is a delicious, round cake.

It is a young forest.

You’d better work hard.

One is not enough for me. I want one more.

Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck.

The old should take morehealthy foods.

To give is better than to receive.

It is difficult to get up early in winter mornings.

Seeing is believing.

That light travels in straight lines is known to all.

What he wants is a useful book.

There is a book, a box and two pens on the desk.　

2谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词构成，依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。

2.1.不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。例如：

I like walking.

She takes good care of hersick mother.　　

2.2.复合谓语可分为两种情况：第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语：

He can speak English veryfluently.

I don’t like walking.

I won’t do it again.

You’d better catch a bus.

第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如：

He looked worried.

I feel tired all the time.

The film is interesting.

3宾语常常表示动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。

I saw a cat in the tree.

She didn’t know what to donext.

He said he could be asuccessful man.

有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,称之为“双宾语”。其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有 bring,buy,give, pass, send, show, tell等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面, 但间接宾语前须加适当的介词。

He gave me a letter.= Hegave a letter to me.

My father bought me a book.=My father bought a book for me.

Our teacher told us astory.= ________________________________.

有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语,否则句子意思不够完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成“复合宾语”。

We all call him LaoWang.  

Please color it red.　　

We found the bookinteresting.

Nobody noticed him enterthe classroom.

4修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语、从句称作定语。定语常由名词，形容词，代词，数词，分词，动名词，动词不定式，短语或从句等担任。

a sports meeting    a woman doctor

ahard-working student

twoclever boys     your dream

awalking stick (动名词)    learning method (动名词)

asleeping child （现在分词） a retired worker (过去分词)  a faded flower  (过去分词)

Shehas a wish to travel around the world. （动词不定式）

Idon’t know the man standing under the tree.（现在分词短语）

Thebook written by Lu Yaois still popular now.（过去分词短语）

Idon’t know the man who/that is standing under the tree. （定语从句）

Thebook which/that was written by Lu Yaois still popular now. （定语从句）

4.1.动名词与现在分词作定语的区别

动名词作定语常表示被修饰名词的用途或性能；现在分词作定语常表示被修饰名词的动作或状态。

sleepingpills （表用途）安眠药  a sleepingboy （表状态）一个酣睡的男孩

a swimmingpool （表用途：a pool for swimming）游泳池

a swimmingfish  （表动作：afish that is swimming）一条游来游去的鱼

4.2.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词---描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）--出处--材料性质--类别-→名词。参考口诀如下：

限定描绘大长高， 

   形状年龄和新老；

   颜色国籍跟材料，

   作用类别往后靠.

其中，“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有all、half、both、分数和倍数；中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等；后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。如:bothmy hands、all/ half his income等。“描绘”性形容词如：beautiful、bad、cold、great等。表示“形状”的词如：square/roundplayground等。“国籍”指表示一个国家或地区的词。“材料”的词如：wooden,woolen, stone,silk等。“作用类别”的词如：medical  college，writing desk，policecar等。例如：a small round table/ atall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ anexpensive Japanese sports car

例： One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.

 A. old Chinese stone　B. Chinese old stone　

C. old stone Chinese　D.Chinese stone old

5状语一般用来说明事情的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,方式,条件,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语有时也可表比较或伴随情况。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词或分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语等来担任。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中，修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句等。

5.1.例句分析

They study hard.

He speaks English well.

He was born in Shouxian in1990.

Ten years ago, I began tolearn English.

At the top we stopped tolook at the view.

Walking in the street, Isaw her .

The parents died, leavinghim an orphan.

When she was 8 years old,she began to live by herself.

If I am not busy tomorrow,I will play football with you.

Having had a quarrel withhis wife, he left home in a bad temper.

Seen from the mountain, thecity looks more beautiful.

5.2.功能分类

I bought a book yesterday /lastweek.（时间）

There are plenty of fish inthe sea.（地点）

At the airport last nightan accident happened.（地点，时间）

For reasons of health hewas unable to finish the book.（原因）

She spoke so softly that Icouldn’t hear what she said.（结果）

I went out for a walk .（目的）

If it is fine tomorrow, wewill go to the park. （条件）

He helped me although hedidn’t know me. （让步）

Despite the difficulties ,theyfinished the work. （让步）

The lecture was veryinteresting .（程度）

He is old enough to go toschool. （程度）

Our teacher went out in ahurry. （方式）

We go to school on foot . （方式）

I am taller than he is .（比较）

They stood there waitingfor the bus .（伴随情况）

5.3. 状语的顺序

1）一般顺序应是方式状语，地点状语，时间状语，原因状语，结果状语，目的状语等。

2）若地点状语和时间状语修饰同一事物或动作时，通常先地点，后时间。

They held a meeting in theoffice yesterday afternoon.

3) 同一句中如果时间状语或地点状语不只一个，则一般按照由小到大的顺序排列。

He arrived here at aboutten o’clock yesterday morning.

I live in a small village inShouxian in the west of Anhui Province.

5.4.单个状语(如always ,often,usually等)在句中的位置：一般放在实义动词之前，be动词、助动词和情态动词之后。

The sun always rises in theeast.

They always make fun ofthe weak.

I am always at homein the evening.

You werealways on my mind。

You have always beenmy closest friend.

I’m alwaysforgetting people’s names. 我总是记不住别人的名字。

You can always resign if youfeel unhappy. 如果你不满意，随时可以辞职。

I will alwayslove you.

6表语主要用来说明主语的身份,特征或状态等。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词或形容词作用的词或短语担任。

I am a student.

I am clever.

She is ten/the first.

This mooncake tastesgood .

This mooncake smellsbad.

The weather hasturned cold.

My work is teachingEnglish.

My wish is to becomean artist.

The dictionary is inthe bag.

My question is howyou knew him.

7补语是起补充说明作用的成分。英语中补语的作用对象是主语和宾语。补充说明主语的叫主语补足语；补充说明宾语的叫宾语补足语。

7.1．主语补足语

He was made monitor lastterm.

They were asked to copy thetext.

7.2.宾语补足语

At the meeting we electedhim monitor.

I found the classroom empty.

Please call the studentsback at once.

We hear him singing in the hall.

Will you please invite themin?

I heard it spoken of in thenext room.

We believe him to beguilty. 我们认为他是有罪的。

8　一个名词或代词后面有时可跟一个名词或起名词作用的成分，对前者作进一步的解释，说明它指的是谁，是什么等。该名词或成分就称作同位语。同位语通常放在其说明的名词或代词之后。

This is Miss Chen, ourEnglish teacher.　　

My parents both likewatching TV.

Weall like sports.

You two come and sithere .

People, old andyoung,went to the street to watch the parade.老老少少都来到街上观看游行。

I’m looking for a jobdriving cars.

They visited manycities, for example, London and Paris.

I had no idea that youwere here.

9 独立成分：当一个词、短语或从句用在句子中，而与句子的其他成分没有语法上的关系时，它就称作独立成分。

Oh! That’s wonderful!

Xiao Wang,what do you have in your mind?

He may not come,I am afraid.

The trees in that area, itis said, are over 100 years.

In other words, weshould be strict with ourselves.

Generally speaking, themore you speak English, the better you will be.(一般来说)

Briefly, we don’t havemuch time.（简而言之）

How long did she say shewould stay here ?

When do you think theywill be back?