澳门塔蹦极双人跳体重:名词 (Nouns)知识点
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专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。
归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
一般情况加“s”,以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加“es"
单数 复数boat
boats
hat
hats
house
houses
river
rivers
以辅音字母+y结尾,变y 为i再加es
a cry
cries
a fly
flies
a nappy
nappies
a poppy
poppies
a city
cities
a lady
ladies
a baby
babies
1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母 +y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加 s 变复数。例如:
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
以 辅音字母 +y 结尾的名词变复数时,变 y 为 i 再加 es
duty---duties body---bodies
2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes。
3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves,如: half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,
如 handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1)一些特殊变化
单数 复数
woman
women
man
men
child
children
tooth
teeth
foot
feet
person
people
leaf
leaves
half
halves
knife
knives
wife
wives
life
lives
loaf
loaves
potato
potatoes
cactus
cacti
focus
foci
fungus
fungi
nucleus
nuclei
syllabus
syllabi/syllabuses
analysis
analyses
diagnosis
diagnoses
oasis
oases
thesis
theses
crisis
crises
phenomenon
phenomena
criterion
criteria
datum
data
注意:由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2) 2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese 等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
单数 复数
sheep
sheep
fish
fish
species
species
aircraft
aircraft
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:
people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用
如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
news The news is on at 6.30 p.m.
athletics Athletics is good for young people.
linguistics Linguistics is the study of language.
darts Darts is a popular game in England.
billiards Billiards is played all over the world.
d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
trousers My trousers are too tight.
jeans Her jeans are black.
glasses Those glasses are his.
6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods 货物,waters 水域,fishes(各种)鱼。
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
1) 变最后一个词为复数形式。例如:
girl friend 变为 girl friends
grown-up 变为 grown-ups
2) 变主体名词为复数形式。例如:
passer-by 变为 passers-by
3) 当复合名词的第一个组成是man,woman时,两部分都要变成复数形式。例如:
man worker 变为 men workers
gentleman official 变为 gentlemen officials
1)几种特殊情况的物质名词为可数名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:
This factory produces steel. (不可数)
We need various steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2) 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations 四个现代化
3) 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如
a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。
国籍 总称(谓语用复数) 单数 复数 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
下面的列表是国家名称,及其形容词及名词用法
国家: I live in England. 我住在英国。
形容词: He reads English literature.他阅读英国文学。 (表示语言及英国人的)
名词: She is an Englishwoman. 她是英国人。
国家 形容词 名词Africa
African
an African
America
American
an American
Argentina
Argentinian
an Argentinian
Austria
Austrian
an Austrian
Autralia
Australian
an Australian
Bangladesh
Bangladesh(i)
a Bangladeshi
Belgium
Belgian
a Belgian
Brazil
Brazilian
a Brazilian
Britain
British
a Briton/Britisher
Cambodia
Cambodian
a Cambodian
Chile
Chilean
a Chilean
China
Chinese
a Chinese
Colombia
Colombian
a Colombian
Croatia
Croatian
a Croat
the Czech Republic
Czech
a Czech
Denmark
Danish
a Dane
England
English
an Englishman/Englishwoman
Finland
Finnish
a Finn
France
French
a Frenchman/Frenchwoman
Germany
German
a German
Greece
Greek
a Greek
Holland
Dutch
a Dutchman/Dutchwoman
Hungary
Hungarian
a Hungarian
Iceland
Icelandic
an Icelander
India
Indian
an Indian
Indonesia
Indonesian
an Indonesian
Iran
Iranian
an Iranian
Iraq
Iraqi
an Iraqi
Ireland
Irish
an Irishman/Irishwoman
Israel
Israeli
an Israeli
Jamaica
Jamaican
a Jamaican
Japan
Japanese
a Japanese
Mexico
Mexican
a Mexican
Morocco
Moroccan
a Moroccan
Norway
Norwegian
a Norwegian
Peru
Peruvian
a Peruvian
the Philippines
Philippine
a Filipino
Poland
Polish
a Pole
Portugal
Portuguese
a Portuguese
Rumania
Rumanian
a Rumanian
Russia
Russian
a Russian
Saudi Arabia
Saudi, Saudi Arabian
a Saudi, a Saudi Arabian
Scotland
Scottish
a Scot
Serbia
Serbian
a Serb
the Slovak Republic
Slovak
a Slovak
Sweden
Swedish
a Swede
Switzerland
Swiss
a Swiss
Thailand
Thai
a Thai
The USA
American
an American
Tunisia
Tunisian
a Tunisian
Turkey
Turkish
a Turk
Vietnam
Vietnamese
a Vietnamese
Wales
Welsh
a Welshman/Welshwoman
Yugoslavia
Yugoslav
a Yugoslav
3.2 大写的专有名词大写字母用于:
人名及人的职位a. Winston Churchill
b. Marilyn Monroe
c. the Queen of England
d. the President of the United States
e. the Headmaster of Eton
f. Doctor Mathews
g. Professor Samuels.
注意: 人称代词 'I' 永远要用大写出现
书籍作品名称等.
a. War and Peace
b. The Merchant of Venice
c. Crime and Punishment
d. Tristan and Isolde
月份
January
July
February
August
March
September
April
October
May
November
June
December
星期Monday
Friday
Tuesday
Saturday
Wednesday
Sunday
Thursday
季节 Spring Summer Autumn Winter 节假日
Christmas
Easter
New Year's Day
Boxing Day
May Day
Thanksgiving Day
国家及七大洲America
England
Scotland
China
Peru
Albania
Africa
Europe
Asia
区域,州县,省份名称
Sussex
California
Queensland
Provence
Tuscany
Vaud
Florida
Costa Brava
Tyrol
城市,城镇,村名等
London
Cape Town
Rome
Florence
Bath
Wagga Wagga
Vancouver
Wellington
Peking
大洋,河流,湖,海的名称.
the Atlantic
the Dead Sea
the Pacific
Lake Leman
Lake Victoria
Lake Michigan
the Rhine
the Thames
the Nile
地质形态
the Himalayas
the Alps
the Sahara
作形容词的国家名(某国的...)France - French music
Australia - Australian animals
Germany - German literature
Arabia - Arabic writing
Indonesia - Indonesian poetry
China - Chinese food
Park Lane
Central Avenue
Pall Mall
George Street
Sydney Opera House
Central Park
Hyde Park
the Empire State Building
Wall Street
4. 名词的所有格英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,
如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1) 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。
4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。
5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。例如:
John's and Mary's rooms(两间) John and Mary's room(一间)
6) 复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:a month or two's absence