宰相男妻 下载:词汇基础知识
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词汇基础知识
一.词类。
1. 名词 Nouns ( n . )
2. 代词 Pronouns ( pron. )
3. 形容词 Adjectives ( adj. )
4. 数词 Numerals ( num. )
5. 动词 Verbs ( v. )
6. 副词 Adverbs ( adv. )
7. 冠词 Articles ( art. )
8. 介词 Prepositions ( prep .)
9. 连词 Conjunctions ( conj. )
10.感叹词 Interjections ( int. )
注:
实词 1-6 虚词 7-10
二.构词法。
(一) 转换。
1. 不改变读音、重读音节,只转换单词词性。
(1)动词——名词
swim in theriver have a swim
call sb. give sb. a call
go to work want a go
talk aboutsth. have a talk
waterflowers drink water
stop thebus bus stop
(2) 名词——动词
my name name him Tom
a plate offish fish by the river
twobrushes brush my shoes
my hand hand in
lock andkey lock the door
(3) 动词——形容词
clean theroom make the room clean
dry sth. a piece of dry bread
open thedoor an open gate
tidy thegarden some tidy desks
(4) 介词——副词
outside thegate wait outside
along theriver It’s two metres along
move around thesun He is looking around.
about yourcountry look about
(5)形容词——副词
Greatpeople! Great!
much water much too
I’m well. I study well.
Exercise 判断下列各句中划线部分词性并译成汉语。
① He doesn’t care about himself.
He often takesgood care of others.
② Can you change this fifty-yuan note for me?
There have beenmany changes in my hometown.
③ The maths teacher drew a circle on the blackboard.
A lot ofman-made satellites have been sent up to circle the earth.
④ The end of the film is very sad.
The SecondWorld War ended in 1945.
⑤ I don’t want to listen to any of your excuse.
Excuse me. MayI ask you a question?
⑥ There is a knock at the door.
If you knockinto someone , you should say “Sorry”.
⑦ Don’t read in light which is too bright.
This box is very light.
2.有些双音节词,做名词时,第一个音节重读,做动词时,第二个音节重读。
n. v.
' increase in'crease
'present pre'sent
'record re'cord
'produce pro'duce
3. 有些词可以用读音变化改变词性。
use / s / 名词 use / z / 动词
excuse / s / 名词 excuse / z / 动词
close /s / 形容词 close / z / 动词
(二)派生。
指一个词加上前缀或后缀构成另外一个词。
1. 前缀+词根(一般不改变词性,而改变原词的词义。)
⑴ 否定前缀。
un- unture unhappy unknown uncomfortable unlike
dis- disagree dislike disappear disable
im- impossible impolite
⑵ 重复前缀。
re- retell return rewrite
⑶ 表其他意思的前缀。
mis- 错误地 misunderstand
fore- 预先,前 forecast foretell forefather forefinger forefoot forefront
self- 自我的,自动的 self-study self-respect self-service
⑷ 可以改变词性的前缀。
en- 可以和名词,形容词构成动词。
slave (n.) 奴隶 enslave (v.) 奴役
large (adj.) 大的 enlarge (v.) 扩大
a- 可以和名词构成形容词,副词。
sleep asleep (adj.) 睡着的
side aside (adv.) 在旁边
2. 词根+后缀(一般改变词性)。
⑴ 名词后缀。
表示人:
-er /r / 双写+er : teacher worker cleaner owner player speaker / singer driver dancer writer / runner winner traveler
-or : visitor actor sailor
-ist :scientist artist pianist
-ian :musican physician Australian Russian
-ese :Chinese Japanese
其他:
-ness : business illness happiness
-tion: liberation invention pronunciation action congratulation education operation
-ship: friendship hardship
-hood : childrenhood neighbourhood motherhood
-th: truth health
-tain: mountain captain
-ment: moment agreement argument
-sion: discussion revision
adj.+y: safey difficulty
⑵ 形容词后缀。
n.+ly: friendly lovely
n.+y: cloudy windy rainy lucky snowy healthy sunny
n./v.+ful: helpful useful cheerful careful thankful beautiful forgetful wonderful
n.+ing: interesting surprising
-less: careless hopeless
-tive: active
-en: golden wooden sharpen
-an: American European
-ous: dangerous
⑶ 副词后缀。
-ly: really terribly slowly happily carefully quickly
⑷ 数词后缀。
-teen : fourteen fifteen
-ty: forty fifty
-th: ninth twentieth
Exercise 写出下列各形容词的副词形式。
easy quiet real hard near angry serious sure possible most wonderful
good strong bright bad heavy new loud lucky noisy safe beautiful
写出下列名词的形容词形式。
China colour difference goodness love orange care cleaner danger health
hunger rain darkness north wool friend death dirt anger beauty
(三)合成。
指两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词。
1. 合成名词。
n.+n. : workplace newspaper sunglasses basketball railway handbag
adj.+ n.: blackboard loudspeaker shorthand
n.+Ving: handwriting sunbathing
Ving+ n. : reading-room waiting-room
2. 合成形容词。
adj.+ 现在分词:good-looking
adj.+adj.: kindhearted
n.+ 现在分词:peace-loving
adv.+p.p.: well-known
n.+p.p.: man-made hand-made
3. 合成动词。
adj.+ v.: white-wash blacklist (n./v.)
adv.+ v. : overcome underline
n.+v.: sleep-walk baby-sit
4. 合成副词。
maybe forever upstairs
5. 合成代词。
myself everything ourselves nobody
(四)其他构词法。
1. 缩短法。
telephone /phone examination / exam photograph / photo mathematics / maths
laboratory /lab
2. 混合法。
Chinese English / Chinglish breakfast and lunch / brunch
news broadcast / newscast international police / Interpol
3. 缩写法。
Television / TV doctor / Dr. August / Aug.
the United States of American / U.S.A.
the World Trade Organization / WTO
三.基本词类变化形式。
1. 名词。
单复数变化 / 名词所有格变化
2. 代词。
人称代词:主格和宾格
物主代词:形容词性的物主代词和名词性物主代词。
3. 动词。
三单/ 过去式/过去分词
4. 形容词和副词。
比较级和最高级
注:具体复习以上词类的变化形式。