戊戌的意思:考点大作战之重点词汇辨析(七)

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考点大作战之重点词汇辨析(七)

 

 

61. who, what,which

  who 指姓名或关系,what 指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.

  who=the person that , what=the thing which

  一、后接名词时的区别

  当用作定语修饰其后接名词时,只用which和what,不能用who。which和what的区别是:前者用于选择范围较小或较明确的场合,后者用于选择范围较大或不明确的场合。如:

  Which color do you like, black or white? 黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?

  Which is bigger, the sun or the earth? 太阳和地球哪个大?

  What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的?

  但是,若指人,即使选择的范围不明确,也可用which。如:

  Which [What] writers do you like? 你喜欢哪些作家?

  二、其后不接名词时的区别

  当其后不接名词时,三者均可用,which和what的用法区别依然是:前者用于选择范围较小或较明确的场合,后者用于选择范围较大或不明确的场合。如:

  Which is in the box, the red one or the black one? 哪一个在盒子里,是红色的那个还是黑色的那一个?

  What is in the box? 盒子里装的是什么东西?

  至于who,它一般只用来指人,不管选择范围大还是小、明确还是不明确均可用。如:

  Who won –– Tom or Mike? 谁赢了,是汤姆还是迈克?

  Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜欢的诗人是谁?

  注:当选择范围比较明确且用作宾语时,who也可以用which或which one代之。如:

  Who [Which / Which one] do you like better, your father or your mother? 你更喜欢谁,父亲还是母亲?

  三、与else以及of短语搭配时的区别

  1. 正由于what和who的选择范围可以很大或不明确,所以其后可以跟 else,但一般不跟表示特定范围的of短语。如:

  What else have you bought? 你还买了些什么?

  Who else was at the party? 聚会上还有谁?

  在你的老师之中,你最喜欢哪一位?

  正:Which of your teachers do you like best?

  误:Who [What] of your teachers do you like best?

  我们当中谁去洗衣服?

  正:Which of us is going to do the washing?

  误:Who of us is going to do the washing?

  这些词典当中哪一本是你的?

  正:Which of these dictionaries is yours?

  误:What of these dictionaries is yours?

  2. 而which 的选择范围相对比较小或明确,所以其后一般不接else,但却常与表特定范围的of短语连用:

  Which of the three girls is the oldest? 这三个女孩中哪个年纪最大?

  Which of the boys is the strongest? 这些男孩当中,哪一个力气最大?

  你还要点别的什么吗?

  正:What else would you like?

  误:Which else would you like?

  四、口语中的用法区别

  比较以下三组对话,注意体会它们的区别:

  A:Who is he? 他是谁?

  B:He is Mary’s husband. 他是玛丽的丈夫。

  注:Who is he? 的意思是要了解他的一些情况。

  A:What is he? 他是干什么的?

  B:He is an English teacher. 他是英语教师。

  注:What is he? 的意思是询问他的职业。

  A:Which is he? 哪位是他?(意思是要在几个人中辨别要找的人。)

  B:The one by the window. 窗户边的那位。

62. what, which

  what 的选择基础是无限制的,which 在一定范围内进行选择

  Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?

  [思路分析]

  由what 引导的名词从句,相当于“the thing(s)+which…”

  In some countries, ______ is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people.

  A)which B)what C)that D)one

  在某些国家,被称为“平等”的东西,并不意味着真正对所有的人平等。 (B)

  By success I don't mean ______ usually thought of when that word is used.

  A)what is B)that we C)as you D)all is

  我说的成功,并不是指我们使用该词时通常所想的东西。(A)

  what从句里常常出现we think, you consider之类的插入语:

  As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ______.

  A)ought to be said B)must say

  C)have to be said D)need to say

  作为教师,我们所关心的,应该是我们所说的话,而不是我们认为该说什么话。(A)

  [解题过程]

  应该注意区别that和which的用法

  1)不用that的情况

  a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。

  (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

  b) 介词后不能用。

  We depend on the land from which we get our food.

  We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

  2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

  a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。

  b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。

  c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。

  d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。。

  e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。

63.other, another

  other 后接名词复数,another 后接名词单数 other students, another student

  other 表示“其他的”或者“另一些”

  是形容词 后面加名词 如果是可数多用复数

  some children like apples, other children like bananas.

  another 另外的一个(有任意性)后面加可数名词单数,也可以不加名词直接使用。

  I have eaten an apple, but I still want another(apple)。

64. not a little, not a bit

  not a little 非常,not a bit 一点也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。

  not a bit= not at all

  -Do you mind if i smoke here?

  -Not a bit. Do, please.

  一点也不。请吧。

  not a little:

  ad. 不少(很多)

  Examples:

  1. I am so sorry to give you not a little trouble.

  真抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。

  2. She was not a little (ie very) worried about the expense.

  她对那笔开支相当苦恼。

65. many, much, a lot of

  many 和可数名词连用,much 和不可数名词连用,a lot of 可数,不可数均可,但不用于否定句

  many books许多书;much water许多水;

  There was a lot of mud on the ground. 地上有许多泥。

  I picked lots of flowers. 我摘了许多花。

  (1)many用来修饰可数名词,多用于疑问句和否定句中,例如:

  Are there many students in his class?

  (他的班上有很多学生吗?)

  I have not many English books.

  (我没有很多英语书。)

  (2)much用来修饰不可数名词,也多用于疑问句和否定句中,例如:

  We don’t have much work to do.

  (我们没有太多工作要做。)

  Is there much ink in the bottle?

  (瓶子里有很多墨水吗?)

  (3)a lot of是口语和书面语中最常见的用语,它既可以修饰可数名词(相当于many),也可以修饰不可数名词(相当于much),通常用在肯定句中,例如:

  There are a lot of books in the library

66. much more … than, many more … than

  much more … than 后接形容词或不可数名词,many more … than 后接可数名词 many more

  people, much more water, much more beautiful

  more than 后跟数字指超过,多于,more …than…用于多音节形容词副,加much修饰比较级,

  There are more than fifty students in our ckass.

  I have made much more progress than before.

  We must work much more carefully than we did.

  They produced many more cars than they did last year.


67. no, not

  no = not a/any no friend = not a/any friend no water = not any water

  no,not

  这两个词在词义和使用场合上都有所不同。

  No可以作副词,也可以作名词和形容词;not只能用作副词。现将它们各种用法分述如下,以便比较:

  作副词时,no有下列两种用法:

  (一)作为yes的反义词,用在回答问题的场合,表示“不”的意思。例:

  No,I won't go to the casino.

  不,我不去赌场。

  (二)用在比较级之前,表示“并不”之意。例:

  The weather today is no better than it was yesterday.

  今天的天气并不比昨天好。

  用作形容词时,no表示not any的意味。例:

  There is no(=not any)time to lose.

  时不可失。

  注:当no用作形容词时,可直接放在名词之前,如果名词的前面有a、any、much、many、enough等词,就要改用not,不用no,因为not是副词,只有副词才有资格修饰a、any、much、many、enough等词。因此,我们说:

  I have no money.或I have not any money.

  作名词时,no表示“否定”的意思。例:

  Two noes make a yes.

  否定的否定就是肯定。

  Not可用于

  (一)修饰动词:

  I do not know any of them.

  这些人我一个都不认识。

  (二)修饰形容词:

  It's not cold today.

  今天天气不冷。

  (三)修饰不定冠词:

  Three decades ago not a year passed without a number of people falling victims to hunger here.

  三十年前,这里每年都有不少人死于饥荒。

  (四)修饰副词:

  Not seldom did I go to Victoria Park while I stayed in Causeway Bay.

  我住在铜锣湾期间常到维多利亚公园去。

  (五)修饰连词:

  They are working hard not because they want to make money but because they know what they are working for.

  他们在努力工作其原因并非是为了赚钱,而是在于他们知道为何而工作。

  请注意下面no和not的区别:

  Mr.Chen is no fool.

  陈先生决不是傻瓜。

  Mr.Chen is not a fool.

  陈先生不是傻瓜。

  He is no good at tennis.

  他的网球打得很不好。

  He is not good at tennis.

  他的网球打得不好。

  I have no more than ten dollars.

  我只有十元钱。

  I have not more than ten dollars.

  我有不超过十元钱。

 68. no more than, not more than

  no more than 相当于 only,仅仅,只有,not more than 至多,不超过

  no more than 不比什么什么(两者否定)

  He is no more clever than me.他和我都挺笨的。

  not more than 不比……怎么样 后者不一定否定

  She is not more beautiful than me.她比我丑

  no more than的习惯用法:合用时表示“只不过、至多、仅仅、就是”;分开用时表示“和……一样、正如……一样”。

  例1:He always looks down upon others, but he himself is no more than nobody.(他总是瞧不起别人,但其实他自己只不过是个庸人而已。)

  例2:He is no more deligent than I am.(他和我一样不勤奋。)

  not more than=less than:不多于,少于

  例:The experiment was done by nor more than 5 persons.(做这个试验的人不到5个)

  not less than=more than多

  请看下面的考题:

  You are _________ careful than your brother. You two can’t do the work that needs care and skill.

  A. not more

  B. no more

  C. not less

  D. no less

  【分析】要做对此题,首先要正确理解以下结构的含义:

  not more … than = 不如……

  no more … than = 和……一样不 (否定两者)

  not less … than = 不如……不 (即指不如 less 后形容词的反面)

  no less … than = 和……一样 (肯定两者)

  比较以下各句的意思:

  You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细。

  You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。

  You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。

  You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细(你比他粗心)。

  You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细(你不如他粗心)。

  You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细。

  通过以上分析,再结合句子语境,可知此题最佳答案为B

69. majority, most

  majority 只能修饰可数名词,most 可数不可数均可 the majority of people

  most adj.最多的, 多数的, 大部分的

  adv.最, 最多, 很, 十分, 最, 最大的, 其中大多数, 极其

  n.大多数, 大部分

  majority n.多数, 大半

  n.[律] 成年

  从词性就可以分析出二者的区别

  most在作名词的时候,可以和majority互换

  通常majority = most people/most part

  most

   a.

  1. (many, much的最高级)最多的;最高程度的

  Which of you has made the most mistakes?

  你们当中谁错得最多?

  2. 多数的;大部分的

  Most birds can fly.

  多数的鸟会飞。

  pron.

  1. 最大量,最多数,最高额[the S]

  I did the most I could.

  我已尽最大的努力去做了。

  2. 大部分,大多数[(+of)]

  Of course most of them don't agree with his opinion.

  当然,他们中大多数人都不同意他的意见。

  ad.

  1. (用以构成形容词或副词的最高级)最

  Of the three questions, this is the most difficult.

  三个问题中这是最难的。

  2. (much的最高级)最多,最大程度地

  She gave money most generously.

  她付钱最大方。

  3. 非常,很

  It is really most unfortunate.

  这真是太不幸了。

  4. 【美】【口】差不多,几乎

  majority

   n.

  1. 多数,过半数,大多数[the S][G][(+of)]

  The majority were on Ben's side.

  大多数人都站在本的一边。

  2. 多数党,多数派[the S]

  The Democrats became the majority in the election.

  民主党在这次选举中变成了多数党。

  3. 多得的票数[C][S1]

  He won by a majority of two: the vote was seven to five.

  他以两票多数获胜:票数是七比五。

  4. 【律】成人;成年[U]

  A person reaches his majority at the age of 21.

  一个人二十一岁达到法定成年。

  5. 少校军阶[U]

70. by oneself,for oneself,in oneself,of oneself

  by oneself 单独的,独自的,for oneself 为自己,to oneself 供自己用的,of oneself 自行的,

  自动的 The door opened of itself.

  by oneself,for oneself,in oneself,of oneself

  这四个词组的意义有所不同。

  By oneself的意思是“单独地”、“靠自己地”( alone or independently)。例:

  His father lives by himself in the village.

  他的父亲独自一个人住在村里。

  All his friends have deserted him and he is all by himself now.

  他所有的朋友都离弃他,现在他孤独一人。

  For oneself的意义为“为自己”(for himself or for herself)。例:

  One should not live only for oneself.

  人不应单为自己而活。

  In oneself的意思是“就其本身或本性而言”。例:

  This wood is hard in itself.

  这种木头本要就是硬的。

  Of oneself的意思是“自然地”、“自发地”、“自动地”(of one's own accord)。例:

  Every day I awake of myself at half past five.

  每天早上我都是五点半就自己醒来。 考试大

  The door opened of itself.

  门是自己开的。

  The fire went out of itself.

  火自己熄灭了。

  与上列四个短语相类似的还有两个词组,即beside oneself和 to oneself,前者义:“失常”、“发狂”;后者是“独自占有或享用”。例:

  He was beside himself with joy.

  他欣喜若狂。

  When one dines in a restaurant,one likes a table to oneself.

  人们在饭店吃饭时,总是喜欢独占一桌。

  Oneself和 one's self的区别也是值得我们注意的。Oneself是反身强调代词,意指自己;one's self则是代词加名词,意指个人的本性。它们的区别如同myself和my self;yourself和your self ;himself和his self;ourselves 和our selves ;themselves和their selves一样。例:

  She made a cup of tea for herself.

  她为自己烧了一杯茶。

  She looked just like her old self.

  她看上去和从前依然一模一样。

  请注意,myself可以在句中表示me的涵义,这是其他反身代词所没有的特性。例:

  They invited my father and myself(=me)to their party.

  他们邀请我父亲和我参加他们的聚会。

  He saw neither myself nor Mary in the street.

  在马路上他既没有看见我,也没有看见玛丽