偶看新闻2017任丘市委领导班子:中考英语语法精讲精练（3）
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句子的种类目录
反意疑问句练习答案
13.6 反意疑问句练习
1. 1. You’d rather watch TV this evening, ______?
a. isn’t it b. hadn’t you c. wouldn’t you d. won’t you
2. 2. I suppose you’re not going today, ______?
a. are you b. do you c. don’t you d. aren’t you
3. 3. I wish to shake hands with you, ______?
a. shall b. may I c. do I d. will I
4. 4. Three hours ought to be enough time, ______?
a. oughtn’t three hours b. didn’t they c. shouldn’t it d. shouldn’t three hours
5. 5. They have to study a lot, ______?
a. don’t they b. haven’t they c. did they d. hadn’t they
6. 6. When the car crashed, your brother escaped being hurt, ______ ?
a. didn’t he b. did he c. did it d. didn’t it
7. 7. I'm sure dirty, ______?
a. am I b. isn’t I c. aren’t I d. am not I
8. 8. You seem to be dissatisfied with your present post. I don’t think you judged your ability objectively when you applied for it, ______ you?
a. do b. did c. don’t d. didn’t
9. 9. That’s the sort of the book you want, ______?
a. is it d. isn’t that c. is that d. isn’t it
10. 10. All these dictionaries are a great help to you, ______?
a. are they b. aren’t they
c. are all these dictionaries d. aren’t all these dictionaries
11. 11. The movie that we saw last week was quite interesting, ______?
a. wasn’t it b. was it c. didn’t we d. weren’t we
12. 12. Tom has been writing letters all afternoon, but he should have finished them by now,
______?
a. hasn’t he b. has he c. shouldn’t he d. didn’t you
13. 13. David told me that you would take a trip to America, ______?
a. would you b. wouldn’t you c. did you d. didn’t you
14. 14. There appeared to be no better way, _______?
a. was there b. were there c. did there d. didn’t there
15. 15. You has some trouble finding where I live, ______?
a. didn’t you b. hadn’t you c. do I d. don’t I
16. 16. He has his hair cut every month, ______?
a. has he b. hasn’t he c. does he d. doesn’t he
17. 17. Your friend needs to come earlier, ______?
a. does he b. doesn’t he c. need he d. needn’t he
18. 18. The little boy dare not go to church, ______?
a. dare he b. daren’t he c. does he d. doesn’t he
19. 19. Susan’d have worked abroad if she’d had the chance, ______?
a. has she b. hadn’t she c. would she d. wouldn’t she
20. 20. Everyone’s having a good time, ______?
a. is he b. isn’t everyone c. does he d. aren’t they
21. 21. Any one can join the club, ______?
a. can any one b. can’t any one c. can’t they d. can they
22. 22. Tell me how to operate the electronic computer, ______?
a. will you b. shan’t you c. do you d. don’t you
23. 23. Magaret scarcely comes to visit you on Christmas Day, ______?
a. doesn’t she b. does she c. do you d. don’t you
24. 24. Let’s listen to the radio program that the teacher mentioned, ______?
a. do we b. don’t we c. shall we d. shan’t we
25. 25. You think you’re funny, ______?
a. didn’t you b. are you c. don’t you d. do you
26. 26. Janet used to take part in labor in that village, ______?
a. used she b. did she c. didn’t she d. should she
27. 27. What beautiful weather, ______?
a. is it b. isn’t it c. won’t it d. doesn’t it
28. 28. He ought to go to Kwangchow by plane, ______?
a. should he b. shouldn’t he c. would he d. wouldn’t he
29. 29. We never dared to ask him a question, ______?
a. did we b. didn’t we c. dared we d. daren’t we
30. 30. Nobody will believe how difficult his work has been ______?
a. will he b. won’t nobody c. will they d. won’t they
31. 31. You must have made the mistake, ______?
a. mustn’t you b. haven’t you c. didn’t you d. hadn’t you
32. 32. Learning how to repair computers takes a long time, ______?
a. isn’t it b. aren’t they c. doesn’t it d. don’t they
33. 33. Jack has coffee with breakfast, ______?
a. hasn’t Jack b. hasn’t he c. doesn’t Jack d. doesn’t he
34. 34. They must have stayed at hotel last night, ______?
a. mustn’t they b. haven’t they c. didn’t they d. hadn’t they
35. 35. There isn’t anything wrong with the radio, ______?
a. is there b. is it c. does it d. does there
36. 36. You must be hungry, ______?
a. must you b. mustn’t you c. are you d. aren’t you
37. 37. Let’s do the exercises by ourselves, ______?
a. shall we b. shan’t we c. will you d. will we
38. 38. Her daughter had the carpets and curtains cleaned, ______?
a. had she b. hadn’t she c. didn’t she d. didn’t her daughter
39. 39. The teacher had a talk with you, ______?
a. has you b. hadn’t she c. did she d. didn’t she
40. 40. Something’ll have to be done about the air pollution, ______?
a. won’t it b. will it c. has it d. does it
倒装目录
14. 倒装
14.1 倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1） here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如：
Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。
Here is your letter. 你的信。
2） 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。
Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：
Here he comes. 他来了。
Away they went. 他们走开了。
倒装目录
14.2 倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1） 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如：
Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1） Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
倒装目录
14.3 以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等，要倒装。例如：
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句（谓语前置）。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but （also）, no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music。
倒装目录
14.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装
用这些词表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。例如：
Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。
If you won't go, neither will I.你不去，我也不去。
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定，C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。
注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如：
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。
---It's raining hard.---So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。
倒装目录
14.5 only在句首倒装的情况。例如：
Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有这样，你才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才来参加会议。
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如：
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。
倒装目录
14.6 as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。但需注意：
1） 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2） 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。
注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
倒装目录
14.7 其他部分倒装
1） so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，动也不敢动。
2） 在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如：
May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。
3） 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：
Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的话，就再试一次。
典型例题：
1）Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2）Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
答案为B。
3） Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
倒装目录
倒装练习答案
14.8 倒装练习
1. 1. Only when you have obtained sufficient data ______ come to a sound conclusion.
a. can you b. you can c. would you d. you would
2. 2. ______ that this region was so rich in natural resources.
a. Little he knew b. Little did he know
a. Little he did know d. Little he had known
3. 3. Never again ______ political office after his 1928 defeat for the presidency.
a. Alfred E. Smith seriously sought b. seriously Alfred E. Smith sought
c. when did Alfred E. Smith seriously seek d. did Alfred E. Smith seriously seek
4. 4. Only in recent years ______ begun to realize that wild dogs, kept within bounds, often do more good than harm.
a. people have b. since people have c. have people d. people who have
5. 5. _______, we were not going to make any concessions to his unreasonable demands.
a. What may come b. Come what may c. May what come d. What come
6. 6. Not until I shouted at the top of my voice ______ his head.
a. that he turned b. did he turn c. he didn’t turn d. he had turned
7. 7. ______ received law degrees as today.
a. Never so women have b. The women aren’t ever
c. Women who have never d. Never have so many women
8. 8. Heat does not travel by convection in solid, because the solid does not move, ______.
a. so does a liquid b. so a liquid does c. as does a liquid d. so is a liquid
9. 9. On no account ______ to anyone.
a. my name must be mentioned b. must my name mention
c. must my name be mentioned d. my name must mention
10. 10. ______ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent.
a. Such construction robots are clever b. So clever the construction robots are
c. So clever are the construction robots d. Such clever construction robots are
11. 11. ______ do we go for picnics.
a. Certainly b. Sometimes c. Seldom d. Once
12. 12. ______ is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle of medicine.
a. Either b. Often c. Nor d. Usually
13. 13. Her answer is not acceptable, and ______.
a. neither am I b. either is mine c. neither is mine d. mine is neither
14. 14. ______, I must do another experiment.
a. Be it ever so late b. It is ever so late
c. It be ever so late d. So late it be ever
15. 15. So fast ______ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
a. light travel b. travels the light c. do light travel d. does light travel
16. 16. A sneeze cannot be performed voluntarily, ______ be easily suppressed.
a. nor it can b. nor can it c. it cannot d. and cannot it
17. 17. ______ notebook and report that I promised you last week.
a. Here is the b. Here are the c. Is here the d. Are here the
18. 18. ______ a little more time to think, he might have acted more sensibly.
a. If he took b. If he has taken c. had he taken d. Should he take
19. 19. Beneath our feet ______ that our life depends on for food and clothing.
a. the earth lay b. the earth lies c. lie the earth d. lies the earth
20. 20. ______ the beginning of the 19th century did scientists know that all matter is made up of atoms.
a. At b. By c. Up to d. Not until
21. 21. Hardly ______ he got out of the court ______ the reporters raised a lot of questions to him.
a. had … when b. had…than c. did…when d. has…than
22. 22. Among these books ______ a dictionary that his father gave him as a birthday present.
a. have included b. is included c. has included d. are included
23. 23. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; ______ is this more true than in Europe.
a. nowhere b. hardly c. little d. seldom
24. 24. Important ______ his discovery was, it was regarded as a matter of no account in his time.
a. to b. for c. as d. although
25. 25. According to the periodic table, ______ still some elements undiscovered.
a. there seem to be b. it seems c. it seems to be d. here seems
26. 26. Here ______ you want to see.
a. the manager comes b. comes the manager
c. comes a manager d. is coming a manager
27. 27. Barry can hardly drive a car, ______.
a. so can’t Molly b. can’t Molly either c. Molly can’t too d. neither can Molly
28. 28. _______ for the leadership of the Party, we should not have succeeded.
a. Had not it been b. Had it not been c. There was d. Is there
29. 29. ______ no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
a. Were there b. There are c. There was d. Is there
30. 30. Not only ______ the data fed into it, but it can also analyze them.
a. the computer can memorize b. can the computer memorize
c. do the computer memorize d. can memorize the computer
31. 31. Not once ______ his view of life.
a. did the gentleman mention b. the gentleman mentioned that
c. the gentleman mentioned d. does gentleman mentioned
32. 32. By no means ______ their own language well.
a. a. it is true that all English people know
b. b. is it true that do all English people know
c. c. it is true that do all English people know
d. d. is it true that all English people know
33. 33. The molecules of gases move more freely than ______.
a. do liquids and solids b. liquids and solids do
c. do those of liquids and solids d. those do of liquids and solids
34. 34. The world’s birth rates are on a decline and ______ are the death rates.
a. so b. also c. too d. the same
35. 35. _____ is the volume of chemical goods.
a. Constantly growing too b. Too constantly growing
c. Growing constant to d. Too growing constant
36. 36. Many a time _______ me with my English study.
a. have he helped b. has he helped c. he have helped d. did he have helped
37. 37. Typical of the new type of young people ______, who set a shining example to the whole nation.
a. was Lei Feng b. Were Lei Feng c. Lei Feng was d. Lei Feng were
38. 38. What Mr. Smith did was important , but ______.
a. a. more important the way of he did things was
b. b. the way of he did things was more important
c. c. more important was the way he did things
d. d. more important the way were he did things
39. 39. She didn’t want to buy it, ______.
a. however good was it b. however good it was
c. for how good might it be d. for how good it might be
40. 40. ______ , it is always possible to find out its volume.
a. a. Whatever the shape of a body may be
b. b. The shape of a body may be whatever
c. c. May whatever the shape of a body be
d. d. Whatever may the shape of a body be
41. 41. I won’t pay $20 for the coat; it’s not worth ______.
a. all that much b. that much all c. that all much d. much all that
42. 42. Hot air accompanied by high relative humidity feels warmer than ______.
a. is it actually b. it actually is c. actually it is d. actually is it
43. 43. Qingdao is usually cool in summer, but Nanjing ______.
a. is rarely b. scarcely is c. hardly is d. rarely is
44. 44. David, something important has happened. I wish to ______.
a. talk it over with you b. talk over it c. talk over d. talk you over it
45. 45. ______, more than 200 houses and buildings are heated by solar energy, not to mention the big cities in the region.
a. Alone in the small town b. In the small alone town
c. In the small town alone d. In the alone small town
46. 46. Geysers are found new near rivers and lakes, where water drains through the soil ______.
a. surface below the deep b. deep below the surface
c. the deep below surface d. the deep surface below
47. 47. The wallflower ______ because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.
a. so called is b. so is called c. is so called d. called is so
48. 48. The history of painting is a fascination chain of evens that probably began with ______.
a. a. ever made the very first pictures
b. b. the ever made very first pictures
c. c. the very first ever made pictures
d. d. the very first pictures ever made
49. 49. On the side of the hill, there is ______ which was once the entrance to a gold mine.
a. a deep hole in ground b. a hole deep in ground
c. a deep hole in the ground a deep in the ground hole
50. 50. Will the boy who has taken my pen brine ______.
a. back to me b. it back to me c. back it to me d. it to me back
主谓一致目录
15. 主谓一致是指：
1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
主谓一致目录
15.1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
主谓一致目录
15.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
主谓一致目录
15.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
主谓一致目录
15.4 谓语需用单数
1）代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如：
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
主谓一致目录
15.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1）代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：
All is right. 一切顺利。
All are present. 人都到齐了。
2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：
His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：
Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？
3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
主谓一致目录
15.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致
1）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：
Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：
A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。
A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：
Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
主谓一致目录
主谓一致练习答案
15.7 主谓一致练习
1. 1. Each of you ______ responsible for the accident.
a. am b. be c. is d. are
2. 2. Each man and woman ______ the same rights.
a. has b. have c. had d. is having
3. 3. Every means ______ tried but without much result.
a. has been b. have been c. are d. is
4. 4. There ______ in this room.
a. are too much furniture b. is too many furnitures
c. are too much furnitures d. is too much furniture
5. 5. The manager or his assistant ______ planning to go.
a. were b. are c. was d. be
6. 6. Not only I but also David and Iris ______ fond of playing basketball.
a. am b. is c. are d. was
7. 7. Neither Tom nor his parents ______ at home.
a. is b. are c. has d. was
8. 8. Either the dean or the principal ______ the meeting.
a. attends b. attend c. are attending d. have attended
9. 9. ______ was wrong.
a. Not the teacher but the students b. Both the students and the teacher
c. Neither the teacher not the students d. Not the students but the teacher
10. 10. “______ twenty dollars a big sum to her?”
“I suppose so.”
a. Will be b. Is c. Are d. Were
11. 11. Three hours ______ enough for us to finish the task.
a. are b. has c. is d. were
12. 12. Most of his savings ______ in the Xin Hua Bank.
a. has been kept b. is being kept c. have kept d. have been kept
13. 13. All that can be done ______.
a. has done b. has been done c. have done d. have been done
14. 14. One or perhaps more pages _______.
a. is missing b. has been missed c. are missing d. was missing
15. 15. More than one worker ______ dismissed.
a. have been b. are c. has been d. has
16. 16. Many a student ______ the importance of learning a foreign language.
a. have realized b. has realize c. have been realized d. has been realized
17. 17. The gas works ______ near the city.
a. is b. are c. were d. be
18. 18. The surroundings of his house ______ clean now.
a. is b. are c. was d. were
19. 19. The committee ______ over the problem among themselves for two hours.
a. has argued b. has been arguing c. have argued d. have been arguing
20. 20. The public ______ generous in their contributions to the earthquake victims.
a. is b. was c. are d. has been
21. 21. Cattle ______ on the hillside.
a. grazes b. is grazing c. was grazing d. were grazing
22. 22. Her politics ______ neither conservative nor liberal.
a. is b. are c. was d. has been
23. 23. Measles ______ a kind of infectious illness.
a. is b. are c. were d. have been
24. 24. The Philippines ______ to the south-east of China.
a. lies b. lie c. lay d. lays
25. 25. Mary is one of the girls who ______ always on time.
a. is b. am c. are d. was
26. 26. Tom is the only one of the stall members who ______ to be promoted.
a. is going b. are going c. has been going d. have been going
27. 27. What caused the accident ______ on the road.
a. were stone b. were stones c. was stone d. was stones
28. 28. Wisky and soda ______ his favorite drink.
a. is b. are c. were d. have been
29. 29. ______ is to attend our evening.
a. both the singer and the dancer b. Either the singer or dancers
c. The singer or dancers d. The singer and dancer
30. 30. The Smiths ______ their breakfast when the morning post came.
a. had b. has been having c. are having d. were having
31. 31. No one except two students ______ the meeting.
a. has been late for b. have been late for c. was late for d. were later for
32. 32. All but him and me ______ to the exhibition.
a. am going b. is going c. are going d. was going
33. 33. Interest, as well as prospects, ______ important when one looks for a job.
a. are b. were c. is d. was
34. 34. The president, accompanied by his assistants, ______.
a. have arrived b. are arriving c. had arrived d. has arrived
35. 35. A number of cars ______ in front of the park
a. is parked b. was parked c. are parked d. has parked
36. 36. the number of articles published on smoking ______ amazing.
a. is b. are c. were d. have been
37. 37. The majority of doctors ______ smoking is harmful to health.
a. are believed b. had believed c. has believed d. believe
38. 38. The majority of the damage ______ easy to repair.
a. is b. are c. were d. be
39. 39. Four-fifths of the crop ______.
a. are ruined b. was ruined c. were ruined d. have been ruined
40. 40. Three-fourths of the buildings ______.
a. was destroyed b. is destroyed c. were destroyed d. has been destroyed
41. 41. Early to bed and early to rise ______ a man healthy, happy and wise.
a. making b. to make c. make d. makes
42. 42. Mathematics ______ the language of science.
a. is b. has been c. are d. have been
43. 43. The young ______ the vital forces in our society.
a. is b. has been c. are d. have been
44. 44. Every man, woman and child ______ some history, enough at least, to survive in the world.
a. knows b. know c. is known d. are known
45. 45. None of them ______ my friends.
a. is b. are c. was d. has been
46. 46. Not only the whole nation, but the whole Europe , indeed the whole human society ______ to alter its attitude to racial problems.
a. need b. needs c. has a need d. have a need
47. 47. Getting to other planets or to the moon _____ many problems.
a. involve b. involves c. involving d. to involve
48. 48. In that country, the rich ______ richer, the poor, poorer.
a. become b. has become c. becomes d. is becoming
49. 49. The project requires more labor than ______ because it is extremely difficult.
a. has been put in b. have been put in c. being put in d. to be put in
50. 50. Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease ______ likely to develop it.
a. should be b. must be c. is d. are
虚拟语气目录
16. 虚拟语气
1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。
2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
虚拟语气目录
16.1 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：
句型
条件从句
主句
一般现在时
shall/will + 动词原形
祈使句
情态动词一般现在时
例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意：
1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
（错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
（对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
虚拟语气目录
16.2 非真实条件句
1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。
a. 与现在事实相反的假设
条件从句
主句
一般过去时（be用were）
should（would）等 +动词原形
例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。
含义：They are not here, they can’t help you.
b. 与过去事实相反的假设
条件从句
主句
过去完成时
should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词
例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想
条件从句
主句
一般过去时
should/would等 + 动词原形
were+ 不定式
should+ 动词原形
例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.
虚拟语气目录
16.3 混合条件句
有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。
（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。
虚拟语气目录
16.4 虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：
Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。
Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。
注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
典型例题
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Weren't I to do。
虚拟语气目录
16.5 特殊的虚拟语气词should
1）在主语从句中的应用
It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。
It is
可用的词有三类
that
（should）do
suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等
important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等
a pity, a shame, no wonder等
2）在宾语从句中的应用
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。例如：
I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。
He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。
注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
判断改错： （错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.
（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
（错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.
（对） I insisted that you were wrong.
3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：
My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。
I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。
虚拟语气目录
16.6 wish的用法
1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
主句
从句
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were）
现在时
过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词）
过去时
过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望
将来时
would/could +动词原形
例如：I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。例如：
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经理。
I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。
虚拟语气目录
16.7 比较if only与only if
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。例如：
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。
虚拟语气目录
16.8 It is （high） time that
It is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如：
It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
虚拟语气目录
16.9 need "不必做"和"本不必做"
didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。
needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。例如：
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.
约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 （Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）
典型例题
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。
虚拟语气目录
虚拟语气练习答案
16.10 虚拟语气练习
1. 1.Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.
a. a. will be destroyed b. will have been destroyed
a. b. would be destroyed d. would have been destroyed
2. 2.If you hadn’t gone with Tom to the party last night,______.
a. a. you would meet John already b. you won’t have missed John
c. you will have met John d. you would have met John
3. 3.Supposing this ship ______ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?
a. was sinking b. has sunk c. were to sink d. sunk
4. 4.The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if ______ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
a. it is not b. it were not c. were it not d. they were not
5. 5.The teacher suggested that each student ______ a plan for the vacation.
a. made b. make c. makes d. will make
6. 6.Frankly, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.
a. do b. don’t do c. didn’t do d. will not do
7. 7.After the way she treated you, if I ______ in your place.
a. be b. am c. was d. were
8. 8.The idea is that the nation ______ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.
a. sent b. sends c. send d. must send
9. 9.It’s high time you ______.
a. start to work b. would start to work c. started to work d. had started to work
10. 10.“If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger,” the musician says,“I ______ able to play so well now.”
a. wouldn’t be b. won’t be c. wouldn’t have been d. couldn’t have been
11. 11.It is imperative that you ______ there in person.
a. are b. were c. be d. will be
12. 12.The atomic structure is, ______, a miniature solar system.
a. as it were b. as if they were c. as it were d. as if are
13. 13.We required that the machine parts ______ cast iron.
a. is made of b. be made from c. be made of d. is made by
14. 14.The management urged that the cost of production ______.
a. a. to be further reduced b. was further reduced
a. b. be further reduced d. should further reduced
15. 15.The business is risky. But ______ we would be rich.
a. should we succeed b. we should succeed c. might we succeed d. would we succeed
16. 16.I wish our teacher ______ to give another test. I haven’t got prepared yet.
a. isn’t going b. weren’t going c. will not going d. could have gone
17. 17.I wish I ______ to the movies with you last night.
a. went b. did go c. could go d. could have gone
18. 18.I’d just as soon ______ rudely to her.
a. that you won’t speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn’t speak
19. 19.If I ______ in the twenty-first century, I ______ my vacation in a very different way.
a. should live…would spend b. will live ….should spend
c. are living … should have spent d. will be living…would have spent
20. 20.It is required that the machine ______ as frequently as necessary.
a. be oiled b. must be oiled c. is oiled d. will oil
21. 21.His English teacher recommends that he ______ a regular degree program.
a. begins b. begin c. will begin d. is beginning
22. 22.We prefer that the plan ______ before being put into execution.
a. a. is fully discussed b. must be fully discussed
c. be fully discussed d. will be fully discussed
23. 23.What do you think of his proposal that improvements ______ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?
a. be made b. will be made c. would be made d. will have to be made
24. 24.The doctor’s advice is that the patient ______ about his real physical condition.
a. a. be not told b. not be told c. will not be told d. must not be told
25. 25.______,we could not have finished the work on time.
a. a. If they do not help us b. Was it not for their help
c. Should they offer to help us d. But for their help
26. 26.If we had been more careful, we ______ much better results now.
a. got b. had got c. would be getting d. would have got
27. 27.Henry ______ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.
a. would be b. is c. will be d. was
28. 28.They thought it desirable that an armed guard ______ in readiness.
a. stands b. stand c. stood d. would stand
29. 29.All science students, ______,should have a good foundation in basic sciences.
a. a. whether they are future physicists and chemists
b . they are future physicists of chemists
c. c. they should be future physicists of chemists
c. d. be they future physicists or chemists
30. 30.Sally can’t have written tome, or ______ the letter by now.
a. I’ll get b. I’ll have got c. I’d have got d. I’d get
31. 31.I should very much like to have gone to the party but I ______.
a. am not invited b. was not invited c. shall not be invited d. am not being invited
32. 32.There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention ______ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.
a. is given b. gives c. should be given d. must be given
33. 33.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ______ to its burning temperature.
a. be heated b. is heated c. would be heated d. to heat
34. 34.“Did you go to see the football match yesterday?”
“No. I didn’t feel well, but I would have gone if I ______.”
a. a. did b. have c. would d. had
35. 35.If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we ______ her at the bus station.
a. may have met b. might meet c. may meet d. might have met
36. 36.We’re safer in a train than we would be if we ______ any other way.
a. traveled b. had traveled c. travel d. have traveled
37. 37.He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I ______ of hunger and cold.
a. would be died b. would have died c. would die d . will have died
38. 38.______ today, he would get there by Friday.
a. a. Was he leaving b. If he is leaving c. Were he to leave d. If he leaves
39. 39.Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight ______.
a. a. could be not solved b. could not be solved
a. b. could not have been solved d. could not have solved
40. 40.He is a poorly learnt man. But he acts as though he ______.
a. is b. were c. should be d. seems like
41. 41.The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.
a. goes wrong b. go wrong c. went wrong d. would go wrong
42. 42.______ the fog, we should have reached our destination.
a. Because of b. In spite of c. In case of d. But for
43. 43.The old man went to office on foot, but he ______ by bus.
a. might have gone b. ought have gone c. could have gone d. should be gone
44. 44.He is working hard for fear that he ______ to pass the exam.
a. fails b. may fail c. should fail d. would fail
45. 45.She put on her glasses in order that she _____.
a. can see b. saw c. had seen d. might see
46. 46.Whatever ______ we’ll go ahead.
a. had happened b. will happen c. might happen d. may be happened
47. 47.If I ______ out of ink, I might have finished writing the paper.
a. hadn’t run b. shouldn’t run c. didn’t run d. haven’t run
48. 48.But for your advice, I ______ into trouble.
a. would get b. got c. might have got d. should get
49. 49.______ for the traffic jam, I should have covered fifty miles.
a. Had it been b. Had it not been c. It had not been d. It not had been
50. 50.Were it not for the adoption of the open policy, things ______ they are today.
a. would never be b. could have been c. would never have been d. didn’t have
51. 51.If only I ______ there.
a. have not been b. would not been c. will not be d. had not been
52. 52.Tom would buy that bicycle but he ______ no money.
a. had b. has c. had had d. has had
53. 53.I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.
a. was b. were c. had been d. went
54. 54.It is time we ______ up our results.
a. sum b. summed c. will sum d. would sum
55. 55.Dr Bethune worked hard as if he ______.
a. never had felt tired b. had never felt tired c. never felt tired d . was tired never
56. 56.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I ______ the book from which it was made.
a. have read b. should have read c. am reading d. had read
57. 57.It is strange that such a thing ______ in your school.
a. a. will happen b. happens c. should happen d. happened
58. 58.If she could sew,______.
a. a. she make a dress b. she would have made a shirt
c. she will make a shirt d. she would had made a coat
59. 59. “Did you notice John was not at work today?”
“No. If ______ working, I would have noticed it.”
a. a. I’d be b. I wasn’t c. I’d been d. weren’t
60. 60.“Why don’t you explain it to her?”
“I ______ it to her if I thought she would understand.”
a. a. would explain b. will explain c. explain d. would have explained
61. 61.“Your performance was very good.”
“I could have done better if I ______ more time.”
a. have had b. had c. had had d. will have had
62. 62.“She wouldn’t drink her medicine last night, would she?”
“______.”
a. a. No, but I wish she wouldn’t b. No, but I wish she had
a. b. Yes, I wish she drank d. yes, I wish she could
63. 63. I think it advisable that he ______ for Tokyo soon.
a. will leave b. may leave c. leave d. leaves
64. 64. The committee asked that the matter ______ at the next meeting.
a. would be discussed b. will be discussed c. be discussed d. may be discussed
65. 65. ______ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive today.
a. a. If he went b. Were he gone c. should he had gone d. Had he gone
66. 66. ______ the work, he would do it some other way.
a. Was he going b. If he does c. Were he to do d. If he is doing
67. 67. ______,I hardly think I would have recognized him.
a. a. Should his name not be mentioned b. Had someone not mentioned his name
c. If someone did not mention his name d. If someone had mentioned his name
68. 68. I’d just as soon ______ to the theatre tonight.
a. not going b. not to go c. not go d. that I won’t go
69. 69. At the last committee meeting, the motion that the club ______ open until midnight was defeated.
a. remains b. remain c. remained d. would remain
70. 70. The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
a. it being b. be it c. was it d. it was