开放市场准入:过去分词的用法

过去分词在句中可以
1） 构成谓语:
a. 和have一道构成完成时态或非谓语动词的完成形式：
I haven’t been out much recently.我最近没太出门。
I knew you had been busy. 我知道你一直很忙。
I’m sorry not to have given you enough help. 对不起没给你足够的帮助。
Having read the instructions, she snatched up the fire extinguisher. 看完说明书之后，她抓起了灭火器。
b. 和be一道构成被动语态或非谓语动词的被动形式：
The letter has been opened! 信被人拆开了。
He was said to have been arrested. 据说他被捕了。
2） 用作表语：
I am awfully worried. Daddy is ill.我很着急，我爸爸病了。
3） 用作定语：
She had a worried look on her face. 他满面愁容。
4） 构成复合宾语：
She wanted the work finished by Friday. 他要求这工作星期五前完成。
5） 作状语：
Aroused by the crash, he leapt to his feet. 他被撞击声惊醒，一跃站起身来。
过去分词只有一种形式，在大多数时候下都有被动的意思。

2、过去分词作表语编辑本段回目录

1) 过去分词作表语的时候很多（其中有很多已变成形容词）：
He was amazed and enchanted at the sight. 看到这情景他感到惊异着迷。
She was annoyed at your saying that. 你这样讲她很不高兴。
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning. 我们烦得要命禁不住打哈欠。
They were very pleased with the girl. 他们很喜欢这姑娘。
I am afraid I’m slightly drunk. 可能我有一点醉了。
I’m obliged to you for all you’ve done for us. 我很感激你为我们所做的一切。
The couple were devoted to each other. 这对夫妻十分恩爱。
2)这种结构和被动语态是有差别的，“be+表语”结构表示一种状态，而被动语态表示一个动作，比较下面句子：
be+表语结构（表示状态）                   被动语态（表示动作）
the shop is closed now.                        it’s usually closed at 8 o’clock.
The town is surrounded by hills.                Soon they were surrounded by bandits.
The room is deserted.                         She has been deserted by her husband.
be+表语结构都包含be或其他系动词加过去分词，而被动结构必须与其对应的主动结构在时态上一致。例如右边例句的主动结构（Her husband has deserted her.）和它们在时态上是一致的。
注：有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变化而来的形容词：
As an artist, she is quite gifted. 作为画家，她很有天赋。

3、过去分词做定语编辑本段回目录

1) 有很多过去分词可用作定语，特别是表示情绪的词：
The worried look deepened upon her face. 她脸上的愁容加重了。
Martin’s confused sorrows turned to optimism. 马丁烦乱的悲哀情绪转而变成了乐观情绪。
She could hear his agitated voice. 她可以听到他激动的声音。
2) 还有许多其他过去分词可用作定语。
Printed matter印刷品        a written report 书面报告
Guided missile导弹         armed forces 武装力量
Smoke fish熏鱼            canned food  罐头食品
Required courses必修课     classified document 机密文件
Animated cartoons动画片    furnished rooms 有家具的房间
3）还有许多由过去分词构成合成形容词：
Air-conditioned rooms有空调的房间      hand-made goods 手工操作泵
A well-dressed woman穿着讲究的女子    a cautiously-worded statement措辞谨慎的声明
4）绝大部分过去分词都有被动的意思，有少部分过去分词却不然，而带有完成的意思：
The risen sun初升的太阳      vanished jewels消失了的珠宝
Returned students 归国留学生  fallen leaves 落叶
A dated map 过时的地图
注：有些带-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变化而来的形容词：
    Skilled workers 熟练工人    salaried class 工薪阶层
    有些合成形容词也是由“名词+ed”构成：
     Good-natured天性善良的     one-sided片面的
     Absend-minded心不在焉的   muddle-headed糊里糊涂的
5） 有些现在分词短语跟在所修饰词后面，作用接近于一个定语从句：
What’s the language spoken in that country? 那个国家讲的是什么语言？
This is something unheard of in history.这是史无前例的事。
The play put on by the teachers was a big success. 老师们表演的戏很成功。
6） 间或跟在名词后的可能是一个单一的过去分词，而不是短语：
They didn’t allow us to make the alterations suggested. 他们不允许我们作提出的修改。
The designers decided to change the materials used.设计者决定改变所用的材料。
The man concerned was her husband. 有关者即是她的丈夫。
How much time is there left? 还剩下多少时间？
7） 作定语的过去分词常指已经完成的动作，若要表示现在正在进行的动作，要用过去分词的进行形式，也就是现在分词的被动形式：
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. 我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。
What do you think of the summit meeting being held in Vienna? 你对正在维也纳召开的峰会有什么看法？
I knew nothing about the experiment being conducted there. 我对在那里进行的试验一无所知。

4、 过去分词构成复合宾语编辑本段回目录

1）在某些动词后可用过去分词构成复合宾语：
We’ll get her X-rayed.我们要给她透视。
I’ve recently had my appendix removed.我最近把盲肠割了。
Have you ever heard a song sung in Japanese?你听过用日语唱的歌吗？
Rarely had I seen him so worked-up. 我很少见他这样激动过。
He watched the bed carried out of the door. 他看着床被搬出去。
We all wished the problem settled. 我们都希望这问题得到解决。
She didn’t want her daughter taken out after dark. 她不希望天黑后女儿被带出门。
He felt a great weight taken off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。
Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. （谚）少说多看。
The scents made her drunk.. 这些气味使她陶醉。
How would you like your hair cut? 你喜欢把头发剪成什么式样？
He found the house deserted. 他发现房子里空无一人。
At 4:30 p.m the chairman declared the session closed. 下午四点半主席宣布闭会。
He acknowledged himself defeated. 他承认自己被打败了。
Wo do consider ourselves justified in doing so. 我们的确认为我们这样做是有道理的。
2）介词with 后有时也可以跟这类复合宾语：
He sat with his arms clasped round his knees.他双手抱膝坐着。
All afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在家工作。
That year ended with nothing settled.那一年什么事也没解决就结束了。

5、 过去分词做状语：编辑本段回目录

1）过去分词有时可用作状语，修饰谓语（多放在句首，也可放在后面或插在中间）：
Seen from the hill,the city looks magnificent.从山上看这座城市非常壮观。
Convinced that they were trying to poison her,she refused to eat anything.她认为他们想毒害她，便拒绝吃任何东西。
Weakened by successive storms,the bridge was no longer safe.连续的暴雨使桥身受损，这座桥已不再安全。
A bit frightened,I handed it to her.我略带惊恐地把它递给了她。
Greatly interested,I asked how he played these works.大感兴趣之下，我问他是如何演奏这些新作的。
Given good health,I hope to finish the work this year.如果身体好，我希望今年完成这工作。
She entered, accompanied by her mouth.。她由他母亲陪着走进来。
They came in,followed by their wives.他们走了进来，妻子们跟随在后。
He soon felt asleep,exhausted by the journey.由于旅途劳顿，他很快就睡着了。
Henry ,lerribly embarrassed ,blushed too.亨利十分尴尬，脸也红了。
Mr.cooper,deeply moved ,thanked him again and again.库柏先生深为感动，一再向他表示感谢。
Tom ,horrified at what he had done,could at first say nothing.汤姆对他做的事感到恐惧，一时说不出话来。
2）有时一个单独的过去分词也可用作状语：
Depressed,he went to see his elder sister.情绪低沉时他就去看他的姐姐。
Frustrated,he went back to his hometown.他灰心丧气地回到了家乡。
“She’s right.”he said,pleased.他高兴的说：“她是对的。”
He turned away disappointed.他失望地走开了。
Shelley ,astonished ,urged her to explain.雪莱很是吃惊，忙催她解释。
3）过去分词有时和连词一起用：
I went on talking ,though continually interrupted by George.我继续讲我的，尽管不断被乔治打断。
They would never do this unless compelled.除非受到强迫，否则他们绝不会做这样的事。
He will come if asked.若收到邀请，他会来的。
When treated with kindness,he was very amiable. 当别人善待他时，他是非产和蔼可亲的。
He tarted as if awakened from a dream.他吓了一跳，彷佛从梦中惊醒似的。
Whenever asked about it,he could hardly hold back his emotions.每当有人问及此事，他就难以控制自己的感情。
4）在少数情况下，过去分词可引导一个句子状语：
Judged by ordinary standards,he was reliable.用普通标准来判断，他是可靠的。
Granted the exceptions,Tony agreed that all English women are haughty.如果允许有例外的话，托尼同意英国女人都是很高傲的。
Given good weather ,our ship will reach Bombay on Monday evening.如果天气好，我们的船星期一晚上可到达孟买。
Provided(that)there is no opposition,we shall hold the meeting there.如果没有人反对，我们将在那里开会。
分此前有时还有一个逻辑上的主语：
Everybody,myself excepted,said no.除我之外，所有的人都不赞成。
They’ll send you the book for 你若寄去2.75美元，他们就会寄你这本书，邮资在内。
Everything considered,his plan seems better.从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎好一些。